IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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Petroleum system of Northwest Java basin based on gravity data
analysis
To cite this article: E Widianto 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 106 012106
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The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
106 (2018) 012106 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012106
Petroleum system of Northwest Java basin based on gravity
data analysis
E Widianto
Geology Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology Earth and Energy,
Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract. Energy management in the upstream oil and gas sector becomes very important for
the country's energy security. The renewal of energy resources and reserves becomes necessary
and is a must. In the oil and gas industry, gravity data is usually used only for regional surveys,
but with the development of instrumentation technology and gravity software development, this
method can be used for assessing oil and gas survey stages from exploration to production. This
study was conducted to evaluate aspects of petroleum system and exploration play concept in the
part of Northwest Java Basin, covering source rock deposition regions (source kitchen area,
migration direction), development of reservoirs, structural and stratigraphic trap, based on
gravity data. This study uses data from Bouguer gravity anomaly map by filtering process to
produce a residual map depicting sedimentation basin configuration. The mapping generated 20
sedimentary basins in Java Island with the total hydrocarbon resources of 113 BBOE (Billion
Barrel of Oil Equivalent). The petroleum system analysis was conducted in the Northwest Basin
section. The final map produced illustrates the condition of petroleum system and play concept
that can be used as exploration direction, expectedly reducing the risk of drilling failure.
Keyword : energy management, gravity data, hydrocarbon resources, petroleum system
1. Introduction
Energy management in the upstream sector of oil and gas becomes very important for the energy security
of a country. Indonesia is known today as an oil and gas producer with 60 sedimentary oil basins. The
history of the number of oil basins in Indonesia shows the dynamics concerning the technological and
geological concepts used [1].
In the petroleum industry from the exploration to the production phase, there are challenges and
opportunities that each has specific methods and technologies for its solution (see Figure 1). Each
technology has advantages and disadvantages, but in principle must meet the requirements of the
economy, can be applied in every field and geological conditions, as well as is environmentally friendly.
The gravity method is considered excellent for use in the exploration phase until production from oil
and gas fields. The gravity method can be used for surveys in every field and any geological conditions
while being environmentally friendly and very economical at the same time [2].
So far, gravity data have been used only for regional surveys in oil and gas industries, but with the
development of instrumentation and software technology and interpretation methods, they can be used
for evaluation from the exploration phase to reservoir monitoring until the end of life of oil and gas field.
This paper attempts to study the petroleum system and play concepts in part of Northwest Java basin
based on sedimentary basin map generated by gravity data. This study is expected to be a reference for
the exploration in the area, as well as data base management of oil and gas energy.
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
106 (2018) 012106 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012106
Figure 1. Oil and gas business challenges and technology application.
2. Research Method
The primary data used in this research are Bouguer gravity data. The frequency spectrum contained in
the Bouguer gravity data has a quite wide range, covering density contrast layer response from shallow
depth to the deepest [2]. Considering the objective of the research is to determine the basement of
sedimentary basin, a further process is required. The methodology used in this research is filtering
Bouguer gravity anomaly to produce regional and residual maps [3]. The resulting residual map will be
an overview of the sedimentary basin configuration of the mapping area. In this research, sedimentation
basin mapping is conducted throughout Java Island, but the focus of petroleum system analysis is carried
out merely in Northwest Java basin. By combining tectonic elements and stratigraphy, the petroleum
system and exploration play concept of Northwest Java basin can be defined. Figure 2 depicts the
RESEARCH WORKFLOW
workflow of this study.
Bouguer Gravity
Anomaly
Filtering
Residual Regional
Anomaly Anomaly
Basin Tectonic and Basin
Stratigraphy Configuration
Petroleum System Definition
Exploration Play Concepts Resources Calculation
Figure 2. Workflow of study.
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The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
106 (2018) 012106 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012106
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Gravity maps
Mapping of sedimentary basins in Java Island using gravity data has been done [4]. Figure 3 shows the
Java Island’s residual gravity map of the Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) process result that describes
the configuration of sedimentary basins in Java. On the other hand, in Figure 4 as the depiction and
naming of sedimentary basins in Java based on the residual map (Figure 3), it can be seen that there are
20 sedimentary basins in Java Island. This outcome shows that there is always a need for a renewal
based on the technological developments and increasing data.
Figure 3. Residual gravity map of Java Island based on SVD process [1].
Figure 4. Sedimentary basin map of Java Island [1].
The total speculative hydrocarbon generated in the basin can be calculated using [2]. The average
case of total hydrocarbons generated and trapped is 113 BBOE (Table 1).
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The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
106 (2018) 012106 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012106
Table 1. Hydrocarbon resources calculation of Java Island [1].
SPECULATIVE HYDROCARBON TRAPPED (BBOE)
AREA BASIN
Minimum Maximum Average
West Java ANYER 0.345 1.565 0.936
BANTARKALONG 0.350 1.755 1.064
BEKASI 1.264 5.881 3.316
BOGOR 0.441 1.940 1.243
CIANJUR 0.657 3.565 2.085
MAJALENGKA 2.684 14.384 8.935
PANGALENGAN 1.125 6.991 4.072
PELABUHAN RATU 1.382 8.037 4.910
RANGKASBITUNG 1.992 7.034 4.732
TANGGERANG 1.252 8.086 4.915
TASIKMALAYA 0.436 2.495 1.672
Sub Total 12 62 38
Central Java BANJARNEGARA 0.321 1.187 0.753
PANGANDARAN 0.712 3.600 2.414
PEMALANG 1.543 8.131 4.730
Sub Total 3 13 8
East Java BANYUWANGI 2.018 7.616 4.449
BOJONEGORO 0.830 5.528 3.347
KENDENG 18.463 76.080 45.876
LUMAJANG 0.274 1.471 0.918
PATI 0.865 5.001 2.749
PROBOLINGGO 4.405 16.600 9.695
Sub Total 27 112 67
TOTAL 41 187 113
3.2. Petroleum System of Northwest Java Basin
Northwest Java basin is one of the largest oil and gas producing basins in Indonesia. Hydrocarbon
resources are present in several sub-basins located both in onshore and offshore of Java Island [1].
A key component of a petroleum system is the presence of an effective source rock. In Northwest
Java basin, there are three main types of source rocks: lacustrine (oil prone), coal and fluvial deltaic
(oil and gas prone), as well as marine shale (bacterial gas). A brown to gray lacustrine shale,
deposited during the syn-rift period, is an excellent source rock as an oil producer.
In the Northwest Java Basin, almost all formations, ranging from the basement to limestone of
Parigi Formation, are very potential reservoir rocks. Talangakar and Cibulakan Formations of the
upper part are the reservoirs with the largest hydrocarbon production. In some fields, Baturaja
Formation also contains significant hydrocarbons. In Jatibarang Field, oil is produced from layers
of volcanoclastic rocks of the Jatibarang Formation as well as the clastic sediments of the Banuwati
Formation that are good reservoirs [3]. Hydrocarbons can migrate from the source rock either
laterally or vertically. Lateral migration occurs within the bedding of sedimentary rocks, which have
decent horizontal permeability.
3.3. Exploration play concept of Northwest Java Basin
Exploration play concept is a particular combination of a reservoir, seal, source, and trap associated with
proven hydrocarbon accumulations. In the Northwest Java basin, all existing formations including
basement have been proven as hydrocarbon producers. From the type of rock view, starting from
metamorphic rocks, igneous rocks, volcanic rocks, sandstones, and limestone, all can be a good
reservoir. Thus, exploration play concepts in West Java can be categorized as basement play type,
volcanic play type, sandstone play, and reef play type (Figure 5).
4
The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
106 (2018) 012106 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012106
Figure 5. Exploration Play summary of Northwest Java Basin [4].
Figure 6. Exploration Play Concepts of Jakarta – Lembang area based on residual gravity map [1].
The case study of gravity map usage for evaluation of exploration play concept in
Jakarta – Lembang area, part of Northwest Java basin (Figure 6).
Based on the play type model in Northwest Java Basin, the research area is expected to have
sandstone play type and Baturaja reef play type. The development of limestone reefs is strongly affected
by environmental factors of sedimentation, one of which is the depth factor that is relatively shallow
compared to the surrounding area. Since the sedimentation basin map in Figure 6 is a representation of
the depth of basement configuration, the development of the Baturaja Formation reef is still influenced
5
The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
106 (2018) 012106 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012106
by the map. Thus, it can be estimated that the basement high of the Jakarta–Lembang directed NW–SE
is a potential area as the development of Baturaja reef. This appraisal has been proven by several drilling
wells that were discovered as limestone reef reservoirs such as the Jatinegara well and the excellent reef
indication of seismic data in Jonggol area.
The development of sandstone play type can be found on the slopes of the basement height located
in the west and the east. This evaluation is expected to be a reference for hydrocarbon exploration in the
area to reduce the risk of failure.
4. Conclusion
The gravity method is one of the methods used in the oil industry, from the exploration to the production
phase. Other prime properties of this approach are its lower price than seismic methods, as well as its
environmentally friendly being. All aspects of petroleum system can be analyzed with gravity map to be
used as the reference in exploration activities in the area. For the future, it is advisable to use more
gravity methods for oil as well as gas field exploration and development activities.
References
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