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95% found this document useful (22 votes)
16K views820 pagesEssential Oils Desk Reference
reference for essential oils
Uploaded by
Tania PopaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Section Guide
Section 1
Introduction
Section 2
Products
Section 3
Section 4
Special Issues
Section 5
Personal Usage
Section 6
Appendix is
err eer ee)
me YOU U
Section 1
Introduction
Table of Contents
Preface ........
‘Acknowledgments:
CHAPTER 1 Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny .
Essential Oils: The Missing Link in Modern Medicine.
Early History of Essential Oil Extraction
The Rediscovery
Biblical References
CHAPTER 2 How Essential Oils Work...
Understanding Essential Oil Chemistry ..
Different Essential Oil Species
Standards and Testing...........
Powerful Influence of Aromas
CHAPTER 3 Scientific Research and Documentation. .
Essential Oil Science .
Worldwide Research
CHAPTER 4 Producing Therapeutic-Grade™ Essential Oils .
Therapeutio-Grade™ Essential Oils.
Seed to Seal®.... ee
The Distillation Process ..........s0000+
Plant Parts Used to Distill Essential Oils,
(CHAPTER 5 How to Safely Use Essential Oils .
Basic Guidelines for Safe Use ........
Essential Oils Certified as GRAS. .
Before You Start ....
Topical Application... Been
Diffusing,
Other Uses.
Sixth Eoition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | i }
Essential Oils Desk Reference | Sixth Edition 3
Product Directory . 5
Sectio a Z CHAPTER 6 Single Oils.
Products Quality Assurance...
Single Essential Ol Application Codes... sss...
Single Oils
CHAPTER 7 Essential Oil Blends.
Formulating Essential Oil Blends. .
Essential Oil Blends ...
Essential Oil Blends Application Codes
CHAPTER 8 Nutritional Support .
Nutrition Today «2.22... athe
Enzyme Quick Reference Guide .
Nutritional Supplements... .
CHAPTER 9 Ningxia Wolfberry ..
Chinese Wolfberry Comes to the Modern World .
Nutritional Products with Ningxia Wolfberries .
Personal Care Products with Ningxia Wolfberries
NingXia Red Recipes ..
CHAPTER 10 Hormones and Vibrant Health .
Understanding Hormone Health
Dangers of Synthetic Hormones
Products for Hormone Support.
CHAPTER 11 Personal Body Care...
All Natural Soaps .
Deodorants
Hair Care ..
Massage Oils......
Oral Health Care...
Bath & Shower Gels
Skin Care...
Body Lotions .......
Hormone Balancing . .
Lip Balms..........
Hygiene ..
CHAPTER 12 Healthy Choices for Children
KidScents* Body Care for Children. .
KidScents® Nutritional Support for Children
CHAPTER 13 Fortifying Your Home with Essential Oils .
Protecting Your Home.
Thieves Products.
Home Use of Essential Oils
ii | Table of Contents Sicreii(eya)
(oni)
Section
Special Issues
‘Table of Contents
CHAPTER 14 Animal Gare........0.0000+ . 367
Veterinary Medicine +1367
Animal Products = 874
Animal Treatment -.375
Specific Care for Horses. . 2377
Raindrop Technique for Horses. . cons cece 880
Essential Oil Testimonials About Animals....... 383
(CHAPTER 15 Techniques for Essential Oil Application ....... 389
The Use of Different Techniques.......---...20200+ 389)
Neuro Auricular Technique ... 390
Lymphatic Pump ibe = 892
Vita Flex Technique. S65 eon - 893
Raindrop Technique™ ....... aanitaasiaeh 398
Overview of Application and Explanation of Terms cece 404
CHAPTER 16 Essential Oils: Spiritual, Mental, and Emotional. . .415
Support with Essential Oils = 415
“Letting Go” with Essential Oils....... se
Gils for Specific Emotional Challenges... aout 424
CHAPTER 17 Cleansing and Diet +425
The Importance of Cleansing eae Leaner ADS
Liver Health peer). Tree ee 426
Alkalinity. 429
Cleansing Programs aa oe 431
Good Health ...
Environmental Protection
Daily Maintenance. .
Reclpes-Delicious and Nutritious
CHAPTER 18 Building Blocks of Health
Enzymes—The Key to Digestion. .....
Enzymes—Quick Reference Guide
Minerals—We Can't Live Without Them. .
Water—The Purity of Life.
CHAPTER 19 Longevity and Vitality—Special Features .
Living Longer—With Essential Ols:........4.0+00+0
‘Aging—The Power of Essential Oils.
Brain Function—Essential Oils to the Rescue.
Clove Oil-A Powerful Antioxidant...
Fluoride—Good and Bad
Frankincense-A Gift to the World.......
Frequency—Our Electrical Energy...
Sixth Evition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | iii Essontial Oils Dosk Reference
Sierelie)ane-s
Section 5
Personal Usage
Section 6
Appendix,
Bibliography,
Index
ly | Table of Contents
Microbes—How Essential Oils Fight Them veneths 486
Microwave Cooking—The Scientific Facts. wee 486
MSM—Sulfur: An Important Mineral 491
Radiation—Protecting Our Environment cee 492,
Secrets of Longevity—Living to 100 sae sees 487
Sweeteners—Making the Right Choice ........... aesanau SO
Personal Usage Directory. .
CHAPTER 20 Personal Usage...
Taking Charge of Your Health
Getting Started . .
Developing Your Program
Quick Usage Guide......
Personal Usage Guide ............
APPENDIX A Common and Botanical Plant Names
APPENDIX B Single Oil Data
APPENDIX Essential Oil Blends Data .
APPENDIX D Flash Points for Essential Oils ..
723
727
- 739
745
APPENDIX E Product Usage for Body Systems . 747
APPENDIX F Scientific Research on Essential Oils . . 757
APPENDIXG AIRASE . Jatvicess 168
APPENDIX H Glossary of Medical Terminology .. . 77
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 779
INDEX. . oaaee 793 VGQOOV0VVVVVUL
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Preface
The aromatherapy industry has really stepped into the limelight
PI
in the last decade, Aromatherapy started as an introduction of the therapeutic usage
of essential oils but has since evolved into the synthetic world of misinformation and
adulteration of God’s oils for financial gain. Ir would be hard to find an aromatherapy-
labeled product that did not contain adulterated oils. This is what makes Young Living
‘Therapeutic-Grade™ Essential Oils so important. Pure essential oils are some of nature's
most powerful therapeutic substances available, if only we could get that message to
the millions of people who are looking for therapeutic benefits.
Most people today are unaware of the extensive
documentation of the use of essential oils and their
ancient history of healing and anointing. Many
references about essential ofls can be found in Judeo-
Christian religious texts, and records show that at one
time they were used to treat virtually every ailment
known ro man. Frankincense, myrch, lotus, cedarwood,
and sandalwood oils ae some of the oils that were widely
used in ancient Egyptian purification and embalming
rituals. Oils like cinnamon, clove, and lemon were
highly valued as antiseptics hundreds of years before the
development of today's laboratory-developed medicines.
With the advancement of over-the-counter and pre-
scription drugs during the last century, the knowledge
of nacursl therapeutic substances, especially essential
oils, has been lost to the general public. Only two de-
cades ago in the United States did essential ils begin to
gain a place on the shelves in the health food stores and
perfume shops
Many researchers and health-care professionals have
come to discover that there sa fascinating broad spectrum
of therapeutic action in their healing pocential. As we
hhave opened the pages of history, we have discovered
that in theie pure state, essential oils ate some of the
most concentrated natural extracts known, exhibiting
significant and inmediate antiviral, anti-inflammatory,
ancidepressive, antibacterial, and hormone-balancing
effects as well as having calming; sedating, uplifing, and
positive emotion-stimulating properties
In clinical practice, essential oils have been shown to
have a profound influence on the central nervous system,
helping to reduce or eliminate pain and release muscle
tension, The benefits of essential oils are numerous, and
years of study are required to learn about the complexity
of essential oil chemical constituents.
Even when pure essential oils were available, little was
known about their therapeutic effects. The perfume
industry was the greatest purchaser of pure oils and,
unfortunately, adulterated them for the perfection and
consistency of the aroma. Ir quickly became evident
that chemical components were easier and cheaper to
produce in the laboratory, which made it possible to
increase che volume, putting millions of more dollars in
the coffers of the manufacturers
Sixin Eaitlon | Essential Oils Desk Reference | v th Edition
Today we find sy
soaps, cleaning agents, cosmetics, skin care, food, and
Aavorings, as well as, sadly, in the industry of health and.
wellness. When the oils are extended and adulterated for
‘commercial use, their therapeutic biochemical structure
is descroyed, making them useful only as perfume for
scentingall types of productsand as flavoring compout
On the
essential oil can rapidly penetrate cell membranes, travel
throughout the body, and enhance cellular function. For
health profe
grade essential oils on patients, iis very clear that there
ther hand, the chemical structure of @ pure
jonals who have used pure, therapeutic
vi | Pretace
is a powerful
‘which gives them an unmatched ability to interact with
lls in che human bo
ce inherent in these substances,
ve that essential oils are God's
je critical medical
solutions in the future. Essential oils could very well
Many people bel
medicine for mankind and will prov
be the missing link of modern health care, bringing
allopathic and holistic practices together for optimal
health in the 21s¢ century
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Acknowledgments
‘When D. Gary Young brought back 13 essential oils
from Europe in 1985, virtually no written information
was available about their usage and application. The
essential oils that were sold in a few heath food and
novelty stores were perfume grade with no suggested
therapeutic usage.
This opened the door and led the way to a new and
exciting frontier that propelled Gary into the research of
an ancient knowledge that had been lost to the synthetic
production of perfumes and food Aavorings. His work
began a resurgence oF healing modalities from out of the
dust of history. He was ridiculed and laughed at for his
ideas about therapeutic usage, even though the medical
world was beginning to awaken in Europe.
He has spent decades conducting clinical research
on the ability of essential oils ro combat disease and
improve health. He has also developed new methods
of application from which thousands of people have
benefited, especially his integration of therapeutic-grade
‘essential oils with dietary supplements and personel care
products. In our research, we have found no evidence
of anyone formulating these types of quality products
with essential oils in North America prior to those
formulated by Gary Young
Gary grew up leaning to love and work the land
asa farmer and rancher in Idaho, which made it easy
for him to see the vision of developing his own farms.
‘That vision soon became realty ashe purchased is frst
farm in 1992, His passion for extracting God's healing
coils from Mother Nature's bounty made him one of the
world’ leading growers of aromatic herbs and plants for
the distillation of essential oils.
‘With six privately owned farms and distillation
operations in Urah, Idaho, France, Oman, and Ecuador,
‘over 5,000 acres of purchased land under cultivation, and
numerous partnerships and contract growers stretching,
to the far corners of the world, Gary has set new standards
for excellence for the production of therapeutic-grade
essential gils in today’s modern world.
Gary's long experience asa grower, distiller, researcher,
and alternative-care practitioner not only gives him
unsurpassed insight inco essential oils bur also makes
hhim an ideal lecturer and educator on the therapeutic
properties of essential oils and their applications. He
is sought after by thousands of people to share his
knowledge on the powerful porential of essential oils
and on how to produce che highest quality cherapeuti
grade essential ols,
The dedication co his belief, his Anowing, brought
about the research and discovery that we have compiled
into this publication. His tremendous contr
to this new frontier of medicine is immeasurable.
‘The material contained in this book is compiled
from his research, lectures, seminars, workshops, and
scientific publications as well as from the work of other
practitioners and physickans who are at the forefront
of understanding the therapeutic and clinical potential
of essential oils to maincain physical and emotional
wellness as wel as aid in alleviating physical, emotional,
and spirieual dysfunction.
‘To these researchers, the publisher is deeply indebted
to be able to bring this information to all those in search
of natural healing modalities found in the world of
essential oils.
Sixth Esition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | vil 5
S
<
ij (REM RURR Y
Section 1
Introduction
Clo cn A eo eee)
Col a =e a
Chaar cea eee a eae
Oa ae Re ete a Se eS
Clea Cn ee eae aed Chapter 1
Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow’s Destiny
Essential Oils
The Missing Link in Modern Medicine
Plants not only play a vital role in the ecological
balance ofour planet, but they have also bee
linked tw the physical, emotional, and spi
being of mankind since the beginning of time.
intimately
well
The plant kingdom continues to be the subject of an
enormous amount of research and discovery. Most often,
prescription drugs are based on naturally occurring
compounds from plants. Each year millions of dollars
ate allocated to private laboratories and universities
searching for new therapeutic compounds that
undiscovered in the bark, roots, flowers, seeds, and
that
foliage of jungle canopies, river bottoms, forests, hillsides,
and vast wilderness regions throughout the world
Essential ols and plant extracts have been woven into
history since the beginning of time and are considered
by many wo be the missing link in modern medicine.
They have been used medicinally to kill bacteria, Fungi
and viruses and to combat insect, bug, and snake bites
in addition to treating all kinds of mysterious maladies.
Oils and extracts stimulate tissue and nerve regeneration
Essential oils also provide exquisite fragrances to
balance mood, lift spirits, dispel negative emotions, and
create a romantic atmosphere.
Definition of an Essential Oil
An essential oil is chat aromatic, volatile liquid that
is within many shrubs, flowers, trees, roots, bushes,
and seeds and chat is usually extracted through steam
distillation
‘The chemistry of an essential oil is very complex
and may consist of hundreds of different and unique
chemical compounds. Moreover, essential oils are
highly concentrated and far more potent than dried
herbs because of the distillation process hat makes
them so concentrated. Tt requires a large volume of
plant material to produce small amounts of a distilled
essential oil, For example, it rakes 5,000 pounds of rose
petals to produce 1 kilo of rose oil
Essential oils are also different from vegetable oils
such as com oil, peanut oil, and olive oil. Vegetable oils
are greasy and may clog the pores. They also oxidize
and become rancid over time and have no antibacterial
properties. Most essential oils, on the other hand, do not
go rancid and are powerful antimicrobials. Essential oils
are high in plant waxes, such as patchouli
and sandalwood, if not distilled propery, could go rancid
after time, particularly if exposed to heat for extended
petiods of time.
Essential oils are substances that definitely deserve
the respect of proper education. Users should have
a basic knowledge about the safety of the oils, and
having a basic understanding of the chemistry of
essential oils is very helpful, However, it is difficult to
find this knowledge taught in universities or private
seminars. Chemistry books are difficult to understand
for most people, and they don't usually address the
specific chemistry of essential oils. There is very little
institutional information, knowledge, and training on
essential oils and the scientific approach to their use.
The European communities have tight controls
and standards concerning boranical extracts and who
may administer them. Only practitioners with proper
training and certification can practice in the discipline
called “aromatherapy.
In the United States, regulatory agencies have not
recognized these disciplines or mandated the type and
degree of training required to distribute and use essential
Sixth Edition | Essential Olle Desk Reference | 3 Oils Desk Reference | Sixth sition
oils This means that in the United States, individuals can
call themselves *aromatherapists” after attending, brief
classes in essential oils and can apply oils to anyone—
even though the so-called “aromatherapists” may not
have the experience or training to properly understand
and use essential oils. This may not only undermine
and damage the credibility of the entire discipline of
aromatherapy, but i is also dangerous to the patient
Essential oils are not simple substances. Each oil is a
complex structure of hundreds of different chemicals.
A single essential oil may contain anywhere from 80
to 300 or more different chemical constituents. An
essential oil like lavender is very complex, with many
of ts constituents occurting in minute quantties—but
all contributing to the oil’s therapeutic effects to some
degree. To understand these constituents and their
functions requires years of study.
Even though 2m essential oil may be labeled as “basil”
and have the botanical name Ocim basilm, ic can
have widely different therapeutic actions, depending on ics
chemistry. For example, basil high in linalool or fenchol is
prinvarily used for its antiseptic properties. However, basil
high in methyl chavicol is more anti-inflammatory than
antisepdc. A third type of basil high in eugenol has both
anchinflammatory and antiseptic effects.
Additionally, essential oils can be distilled orextracted
in different ways thac will have dramatic effects on their
chemistry and medicinal action. Oils derived from a
second oF third distillation of the same plant material
are usually not as potent as oils extracted during the
firse distillation. Yet with certain ils, there may be
additional chemical constieuents that are sleased only
in the second or chird distillation
Oils subjected co high heat and. high pressure have
a noticeable simpler and inferior profile of chemical
constituents, since excessive heat and temperature
fracture and break dows many of the delicate aromatic
compounds within the oil—some of which are
responsible for its therapeutic action. In addition, oils,
that are steam distilled are far differen from those that
are extracted with solvents
OF greatest concern is the fact thar some oils are
adulterated, engineered, or “extended” with the use of
synthetic-made compounds chat ate added to the oi.
For example, pure frankincense is often extended with
colorless, odorless solvents such as diethylphthalace or
dipropylene glycol. The only way to distinguish the
“authentic” from the “adulterated” is chrough analytical
testing using gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy,
and an optical refractometer.
Unfortunately, a large percentage of essential oils mar-
kketed in the United States fallin this adulterated catego-
ry. When you understand the world of synthetic oils as
well as low-grade oils cut with synthetic chemicals, you
realize why the vast majority of consumers never know
the difference. However, ifyou do know the smell of the
pure oil or the rechnique for recognizing adulteration
through scent, ic may be possible to perceive a difference.
Different Schools of Application
Therapeutic treatment using essential oils follows three
different models: the English, French, and German.
‘The English model putsasmall amount of an essential
oil in a large amount of vegetable oil 10 massage the
body for the purpose of relaxation and relieving stress.
“The French model prescribes neat (undiluted) ropical
application of therapeutic-grade essential oils and/or the
ingestion of pure essential oils. Typicaly, a few drops of
an essential oil are added ro agave nectar, honey, a small
amount of vegetable oil, or put on a piece of bread.
Many French practitioners have found thar taking the
oils internally yields excellent benefits,
‘The German model focuses on inhalation of essential
oils—the true aromatherapy. Research has shown
that the effect of Fragrance on the sense of smell can
exert strong effects on the beain—especially on the
hypothalamus (the hormone command center of the
body) and limbic system (che seat of emotions). Some
essential oils high in sesquiterpenes, such as myrth,
sandalwood, cedarwood, vetiver, and melissa can
dramatically increase oxygenation and activity in the
brain, which may directly improve the function of
many systems of the body.
‘Together, these three models show the versatility anc
power of essential oils. By integrating all three models
with various methods of application such as Vita Flex,
auricular technique, lymphatic massage, and Raind:op
‘Technique, the best possible results may be abrained.
4 | chapter + | Yostorday's Wiscom, Tomorrow's Destiny Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomonow's Destiny | Chapter 1
Tn some cases, inhalation of essential oils might
be preferred aver topical application, if the goal is to
increase growth hormone secretion, promote weight
loss, or balance mood and emotions. Sandalwood,
peppermint, vetiver, lavender, and white fir oils are
effective for inbalation.
In other cases, however, topical application of essential
oils would produce better results, particularly in the case
of back or muscle injuries or defects. Topically applied,
marjoram is excellent for muscles, lemongrass for
ligaments, and wintergreen for bones. For indigestion,
a drop or two of pepperminc oil taken orally or put in a
lass of water may be very effective. Howeves, this does
not mean that peppermint cannot produce the same
results when massaged on the stomach. In some cases,
all three methods of application {‘opical, inhalation,
and ingestion) are interchangeable and may produce
similar benefits,
The ability of essential oils co act on both the
mind and the body is what makes them truly unique
among natural therapeutic substances. The fragrance
of some essential oils can be very stimulacing—both
psychologically and physically. The fiagrance of other
essential oils may be calming and sedating, helping to
overcome anxiety or hyperactivity, On a physiological
level, essential oils may stimulate immune function
and regenerate damaged tissue. Essential oils may also
combat infectious disease by killing viruses, bacteria,
and other pathogens,
Probably the two most common methods of essential
oilapplication arecold-aie diffusing and neat undiluced)
topical application. Other modes of application include
incorporating essential oils into the disciplines of
reflexology, Vita Flex, and acupressure. Combining
these disciplines with essential oils enhances the
healing response and often produces amazing results
thar cannor be achieved by acupuncture or reflexology
alone. Jusc 1-3 drops of an essential oil applied ro an
acupuncture meridian or Vita Flex point on the hand oF
foot can produce results within a minute or two.
Several years ago, a professor well known in the
field of aromatherapy ridiculed the use of essential oils
against disease. However, there are many people who
are living proof that essential oils dramatically aided in
the recovery of serious illness. Essential oils have been
pivotal in helping many people live pain free after years
of intense pain, Patients have also witnessed firsthand
hhow essential oils have helped with scoliosis and even
restored partial hearing in those who were born deaf
and complete hearing with someone who had had some
loss of hearing
Forexample,awoman from Palisades Park, California,
developed scoliosis after surviving polio as a teenager,
which was further complicated by a serious fall that
dislocated her shoulder. Suffering pain and immobility
for 22 years, she had traveled extensively in a fruitless
search to locate a practitioner who could permanently
reset her shoulder. Upon learning about essential
oils, she topically applied the oils of helichrysum and
wintergreen, among others, ro the shoulder. Wichin a
shore time her pain began co diminish and eventually
‘was completely gone, and she was able to raise her arm
over her head for the fist time in 22 years.
‘When one sces such dramatic results, it i difficult to
discredit the value and the power of essential oils and
the potential chey hold. One would certainly think thar
ic would be well worth investigating further. I isso sad
that many turn away because of traditional belies
Man’s First Medicine
From ancient writings and traditions, it seems that
aromatics were used for religious rituals, che treatment of
illness, and other physical and spiritual needs. Records
daring back to 4500 BC describe the use of balsamic
substances with aromatic properties for religious rituals
and medical applications. Ancient writings tell of scented
barks, resins, spices, and aromatic vinegars, wines,
and beers that were used in sicuals, semples, astrology,
embalming, and medicine, ‘The evidence certainly
suggests that the people of ancient times had a greater
understanding of essential oils than we have coday.
‘The Egyptians were mascers in using essential oils and
other aromatics in the embalming process. Historical
records describe how one of the founders of “pharaonic”
medicine was the architect Imhotep, who was the Grand
Vizier of King Djoser (2780 - 2720 BC). Imhotep is
often given credit for ushering in the use of oils, herbs,
and aromatic plants for medicinal purposes. In addition,
the Egyptians may have been the first to discover the
Sixth Egition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 5 Essential Oils Desk Reference | Sixth Edition
potential of fragrance. ‘They created various aromatic
blends for both personal use and for religious ceremonies.
Many hieroglyphics on che walls of Egyptian temples
depict the blending of oils and describe numerous oil
recipes. An example of this is the Temple of Edfu,
located on the west bank of the Nile River. Over the
centuries ic was buried beneath sand drifts, which
preserved the temple nearly intact. The smaller of two
hypostyle halls leads to a small room called a laboratory,
where perfumes and ointments were compounded,
On the walls are hieroglyphics listing recipes for these
aromatic perfumes, including two recipes for kyphi, a
blend of incense that contained frankincense, myrth,
honey, raisins soaked in wine, sweet fag, pine resin,
and juniper. Another recipe was for “Hekenu” to anoint
divine limbs. Similar medicinal formulas and perfume
recipes were used by alchemists and high priests t0
blend aromatic substances for rituals.
Well before the rime of Christ, che ancient Egyptians
collected essential oils and placed them in alabaster
vessels. These vessels were specially carved and shaped for
housing scemced oils In 1922, when King Turankhamen's
tomb was opened, some 50 alabaster jars designed co
hold 350 liters oFoils were discovered. Tomb robbers had
stolen nearly all of the precious oils, leaving the heavy
jars behind chat still contained traces of oil. The robbers
literally chose oils over a king's wealth in gold, showing
how valuable the essential oils were to them.
In 1817 the Ebers Papyrus, a medical scroll over
870 feet long, was discovered that dated back to 1500
BC. The seroll included over 800 different herbal
prescriptions and remedies. Other scrolls described a
high success rate in treating 81 different diseases. Many
of the remedies contained myrth and honey. Myeth is
still recognized for its abil
of the skin and throat and to regenerate skin tissue
Because of its effectiveness in. preventing bacterial
t0 help with infections
‘growth, myrrh was also used for embalming,
The physicians of lonia, Attia, and Crete, ancient
civilizations based on islands of the Mediterranean
Sea, came to the cities of the Nile to increase their
knowledge. Ac this time, the school of Cos was founded
and was attended by Hippocrates (460-377 BC), whom
the Greeks, with perhaps some exaggeration, named
the “Father of Medicine.”
‘The Romans purified their temples and political
buildings by diffusing essential oils and also used
aromatics in their steam baths to invigorate themselves
and ward off disease.
6 | Chapter 1 | Yesterday's Wisciom. Tomorrow's Destiny eon
Early History
of Essential Oil Extraction
Ancient cultures found that aromatic essences of oils
could be extracted from the plant by avasiery of methods.
One of the oldest and crudest forms of extraction was
known as enfleurage. Raw plant material such as stems,
foliage, bark, or roots was crushed and mixed with olive
oil, animal far, and some vegetable oils. Cedar bark was
stripped from the trunk and branches, ground into a
povider, soaked with olive oil, and placed in a woo! cloth
‘The cloth was then heated. The heat pulled the essential
oil out of the bark particles into the olive oil, and the
wool was pressed to extract the essential oil. Sandalwood
oil was also extracted in this fashion,
Enfleurage was also used to extract essential oils from
flower petals. In fact, the French word enfleurage means
licerally “to saturate with the perfume of flowers.” For
‘example, petals from roses or jasmine were placed in
{goose oF goat fat. The essential oil droplecs were pulled
from the petals into the fat and then separated from
the fat. This ancient technique was one of the most
primitive forms of essential oil extraction.
Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny | Chapter 1
Other extraction techniques were also used such as:
Soaking plant parts in boiling water
Cold: pressing
Soaking in alcohol
Steam distillation, meaning thac as the steam
travels upward, it saturates the plant material,
causing the plant membranes containing the oil to
break open and release the oil, which then becomes
a gas that travels with the steam into the condenser,
where it returns to its oily texture and is then
separated from the water.
Many ancient cosmetic formulas were «
at and goose fat and camel milk. Ancient
Egyptians made eyeliners, eye shadows, and other
a base of
ccasmeties this way. They also stained their hair and nails
with a variety of ointments and perfumes. Fragrance
“cones” made of wax and essential oils were worn by
women of royalty, who enjoyed che rich scent of che oils
as the cones melted with the heat of the day.
In the temples oils were commonly poured into
evaporation dishes so that the aroma could ill the
chambers associated with sacred rituals and religious
rites throughout the day.
Sixth Evition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 7 Essential Olls Desk Reference | Sixth Faition
Ancient Arabians also developed and refined the
process of distillation. They perfected the extraction of
rose il and rose water, which were popula in the Middle
East during the Byzantine Empire (330 AD - 1400 AD).
Biblical History of Essential Oils
‘The Bible contains over 200 references to aromatics,
incense, and ointments, Aromatics such as frankincense,
myrth, galbanum, cinnamon, cassia, rosemary, hyss0p,
and spikenard were used for anointing and healing the
sick. In Exodus, the Lord gave che following recipe to
‘Moses for 2 haly anointing oil:
Myrrh “five hundred shekels” (about 1 gallon)
Ginnamon ‘wo hundred and fifty shekels”
Calamus “two hundred and fifty shekel™
Gosia ‘ve hundred shekels”
Olive Oil “an hin” (about 1 1/3 gallons)
Psalms 133:2 speaks of the sweetness of brethren
dwelling cogether in unity: “Ie is like the precious
ointment upon the head, thar ran down the beard,
even Aaron's beard: that went down to the skirts of his
gatments.” Another scripture chat refers to anointing
and the overflowing abundance of precious oils is
Ecclesiastes 9:8: “Let thy garments be always white; and
lec thy head lack no ointment.”
‘The Bible also lists an incident where an incense of.
fering by Aaron stopped a plague. Numbers 16:46-50
records that Moses instructed Aaron to take a censer,
add burning coals and incense, and “go quickly inco
the congregation to make an atonement for them: for
there isa wrath gone out from the Lord; the plague is
begun.” ‘The Bible records that Aaron stood between
the dead and the living, and the plague was stayed. Ic is
significant that according to the biblical and Talmudic
recipes for incense, three varieties of cinnamon were in-
volved, Cinnamon is known to be highly ancimicrobial,
anti-infectious, and antibacterial. the incense ingredi-
ent listed as “stacte” is believed to be a sweet, myrsh-
related spice, which would make it ant-infectious and
ancivical as well.
‘The New Testament records that wise men presented.
the Christ child with frankincense and myrrh. There is
another precious aromatic, spikenard, described in the
anointing of Jesus:
And being in Bethany in the house of Simon
the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman
having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard
very precious; and she brake the box, and poured ic
con his head. Mark 14:3.
“The anointing of Jesus is also referred coin John 12:
Then took Mary « pound of ointment of
spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of
Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the
house was filled. the odour of the ointment.
See additional biblical references at the end of this
chapter
Other Historical References
‘Throughout world history, Fragrant oils and spices
have played a prominent tole in everyday life.
Herodotus, the Greek historian who lived from 484
BC 10 425 BC, recorded thar during the yearly feast of
Bel, 1,000 talents’ weight of frankincense was offered
con the great altar of Bel in Babylon.
‘The Roman historian Pliny che Elder (AD 23-79)
complained that “by our lowest reckoning India, China
and the Arabian peninsula cake from our empire 100
million sesterces every yeas, for aromatics.”
Diodorus of Sicily lived ia the 1* century BC and
wrote of the abundance of frankincense in Arabia and
hhow it “suffices for the service and worship of gods all
the world over.”
Napoleon is reported to have enjoyed cologne water
made of neroli and other ingredients so much that he
ordered 162 bottles of i.
After conquering Jerusalem, one of the things che
Crusaders brought back ro Europe was solidified
essence of roses.
‘The 12*-century herbalist Hildegard of Bingen used
herbs and oils extensively in healing, This Benedictine
nun founded her own convent and was the author of
numerous works. Her book, Plysica, has more than
200 chapters on plants and their uses for healing.
8 | Chapter 4 | Yesterday's Wisiom. Tomorrow's Destiny Yesterday's Wiseom, Temarrow's Destiny | Chapter 1
René:Maurice Gatiefossd, PnD Vainat, MD
The Rediscovery
‘The reintroduction of essential oils into modern
medicine first began during the late 19 and early 20°
During World War I, che use of aromatic essences in
civilian and military hospitals became widespread. One
physician in France, Dr. Monciére, used essential oils
extensively for their antibacterial and wound-healing,
properties and developed several kinds of aromatic
refossé, PhD, a French cosmetic
René-Maurice
chemist, is widely regarded as the father of aromatherapy.
He and a group of scientists began studying essential oils
in 1907.
In his 1937 book, Aromatherapy, Dr. Gactefossé
told the real story of his now-famous use of lavender
essential oil thar was used to heal a serious burn. The
tale has assumed mythic proportions in essential oil
literature. His own words about this accident are even
more powerful than what has been told over the years.
Dr. Gattefossé was literally aflame—covered in burn-
ing substances—following a laboratory explosion in
July 1910. After he extinguished the flames by rolling
oon a grassy lawn, he wrote that “both my hands were
covered with rapidly developing gas gangrene.” He fur-
ther reported that “just one rinse with lavender essence
stopped the gasification of the tissue. This treatment
was followed by profuse sweating and healing which
began the next day.”
Jean-Claude Lapraz, MD ‘Danie! én, MD
Robert B. Tisserand, editor of The International
Journal of Aromatherapy, searched for Dr, Gattefosse's
book for 20 years. A copy was located and Tisserand
edited the 1995 reprint. Tisserand noted that Dr.
Gatrefossé’s burns “must have been severe to lead to gas
gangrene, a very serious infection.”
Dr. Gatrefossé shared his studies with his colleague
and friend Jean Valnet, a medical doctor practicing
in Paris. Exhausting his supply of antibiotics as a
physician in Tonkin, China, during World War Il, Dr.
‘Valner began using essential oils on patients suffering
bactlefield injuries. To his surprise, the essential oils
showed a powerful effect in fighting infection. He
was able to save the lives of many soldiers who might
otherwise have died.
‘Two of Dr. Valnet’s students, Dr. Paul Belaiche and
Dr. Jean-Claude Lapraz, expanded his work. They
clinically investigated the antiviral, antibacterial,
antifungal, and antiseptic properties in essential ols.
In 1990, Dr, Daniel Pénoél, a French medical doc-
tos, and Pierre Franchomme, a French biochemist, col-
laborated together to co-author the firs reference book
thar cataloged the various medical properties of over
270 essential oils and how to use them in a clinical e
vironment. Their work was based on Franchomme’s
laboratory experience and Pénotl’s clinical experience
of administering the oils to his patients. The book,
published in French, was titled Zrromathérapie exacte-
‘ment and became the primary resource for dozens of
authors worldwide in waiting about the medical ben-
efits of essential ols
Sinth Eaition | Ei Essential Olls Desk Reference |
Sixth Eeition
D. Gary Young sought our the best and brightest ex:
perts in distillation and chromatographic analysis as he
began his essential oil company. He frst studied essential
oils wich Jean-Claude Lapraz in 1985 in Geneva, Swit-
zerland. Then he went to Paris to study with one of Jean
Valnee’s students, Paul Belaiche, MD. Gary also studied
with Daniel Pénoél, co-author of laromarhérapie exacte-
‘ment. In the early ‘90s he studied with Radwan Farag,
PhD, at Cairo University and Professor K. Hiisnti Can
Baser at the Andalou University in Eskisehir, Turkey.
Gary Young’ training in the arc of distillaion and
essential ol testing began with his lavender partnership
with Jean-Noel Landel in Provence, France. Jean-Noel
introduced Gary to Henri Viaud, a chemist and distiller
of essential ils and author of the 1983 book on quality
considerations for essential oils (Huiles Eixentielle—H-
drolat:). Mr. Viaud had his own laboratory and small
distiller. Gary was his only scudent to whom he taught
the finer points of distilling.
After studying at the Albert Vieille Laboratory in
Grasse, France, in 1994, Gary traveled to Lyon, France,
where he studied with the world’s foremost authority in
chromatography, Hervé Casabianca, PhD, Dr. Casabi-
anca traveled ro Young Living laboratories in the U.S.
and Ecuador to train staf scientists in gas chromatogra-
phylmass spectrometry.
From D. Gary Young to Jean-Claude Lapraz to Jean
Valner to René-Maurice Gattefossé—Gary Young was a
pioneer in the world of essential oils, just as they were
From 1994 to 2014, knowledge and use of essential
oils has spread throughout the world (see map on page
11), making Young Living Essential Oils the World
Leader in Essential Oils.”
Health-minded people che world over havellearned the
value of using high quality natural herbs. Interestingly,
‘most therapeutic herbs can be distilled into an essential
oil. The key difference is that of concentration. The
can be from 100 to 10,000 times more
therefore more potent—than
the herb itself. Even though they are many times
essential
concentrated—and
more porent than narural herbs, essential oils, unlike
prescription drugs, very rarely generate any negative side
effects, which carries profound implications for chose
‘wanting to maintain or regain their health naturally
Sometimes the effects of administering essential
oils are so dramatic that the patients themselves call i
“miraculous.” And while no one fully understands yer
“why” or “how” essential oils provide such significant
benefits, the fact is chat they do. Wich pure essential
oils, millions of people can find relief from disease,
infections, pain, and even mental difficulties. Their
therapeutic potential is enormous and is only just
beginning to be tapped.
10 | Chapter 1 | Yesterday's Wiscom, Tomorrow's Destiny Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomarrow's Destiny | Chapter 1
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Because of the research being conducted by many
scientists and doctors, the healing power of essential
oils is again gaining prominence. Today, it has become
evident that we have noc yet found permanent solutions
for dreaded diseases such as SARS, the Ebola virus,
hanta virus, ATDS, HIV, and new strains of tuberculosis
and influenza like bird and swine flu.
Essential ofls may assume an increasingly important
role in combating new mutations of bacteria, viruses,
and fungi. More and more researchers are undertaking
serious clinical studies on the use of essential oils 10
‘combac these types of diseases.
Research conducted at Weber State University in
cooperation with D. Gary Young, as well as other
documented research, indicates that most viruses,
fungi, and bacteria cannot live in the presence of most
essential oils, especially those high in phenols, carvacrol,
thymol, and terpenes. It may also help us understand
why 2 nororious group of thieves, reputed 10 be spice
traders and perfumers, was protected from the Black
Plague as they robbed the bodies of the dead and dying,
during the 15% century.
‘A vast body of anecdotal evidence (testimonials)
suggests that those who use essential oils are less likely
to contract infectious diseases. Moreover, oil users who
do contract an infectious illness tend to recover faster
than chose using antibiotics,
Our modern world has only begun the discovery of
the power of God's healing oils—something that the
ancient world knew well. Their time was one without
laboratories, manufacturing facilities, high technology
and equipment, or chemicals. The earth and its healing
gifts were the ancient world’s medicine—something our
modern world should tale note of and embrace. Modern
medicine is certainly not without its miracles. Millions
of lives have been saved in crisis and malfunctions of
the body. But the way to live with strength and vitality
without pain and disease les in what God has created,
not in what man has altered.
Essential oils are no longer the missing link in
modern medicine. Millions of people are applauding
their power, and millions more are being introduced
and educated co their potential each year. As more
and more health practitioners, doctors, scientists, and
users of all ages venture ino the world of this ancient
knowledge, the methods of medicine will take on new
dimensions, and exciting discoveries will be made that
will benefit mankind today and tomorrow.
Sixin Edition | Essential Oils Desk Ret Essential Olls Desk Reference | Sixth Edition
Biblical References
Cedarwood
Leviticus 14:51—“And he shall take the cedar wood,
and the hyssop, and the scarler, and che living bird,
and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the
running water, and sprinkle the house seven times.”
Leviticus 14:52—"And he shall cleanse the house
with the blood of the bird, and with the running
water, and with the living bird, and with the cedar
‘wood, and with the hyssop, and with che scarlet.”
Numbers 19:6—“And the priest shall take cedar
wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast ir into the
‘midst of the burning of the heifer.”
Numbers 24:6—“As the valleys are they spread
forth, as gardens by the river's side, asthe trees of ign
aloes which the Lord hath planted, and as cedar trees
beside the waters.”
2 Samuel S:l1—“And Hiram king of ‘Tyre sent
messengers to David, and cedar trees, and carpenters,
and masons: and they built David an house.”
2 Samuel 7:2—“That the king said unto Nathan the
propher, See now, I dwell in an house of cedar, but the
ark of God dwelleth within curtains.”
2 Samuel 77—"In all zhe places wherein I have
walked with all the children of Israel spake | a word
with any of the «ibes of Israel, whom T commanded
to feed my people Israel, saying, Why build ye not me
an house of cedar?”
1 Kings 4:33—"And he spake of trees, from the
cedar tree that i in Lebanon even unco che hyssop
that springeth our of the wall: he spake also of beasts,
and of fowl, and of cteeping things, and of fishes.”
1 Kings 5:6—“Now therefore command thou thar
they hew me cedar trees out of Lebanon; and my
servants shall be with thy servants: and unto thee
will I give hire for thy servants according ro all that
thou shale appoint: for thou knowest that ehere ir not
among us any that can skill to hew ti
the Sidonians.”
ber Tike wnco
1 Kings 5:8—‘And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying,
Thave considered the things which thou sentest to me
for: and \ will do all thy desire concerning timber of
cedar, and concerning timber of fr.”
1 Kings 5:10—"So Hiram gave Solomon cedar trees
and fir trees according to all his desire.”
1 Kings 6:9—“So he buile the house, and finished
it; and covered the house with beams and boards of
cedar.”
1 Kings 9:11—“(Now Hiram the king of Tyre had
furnished Solomon with cedar ttees and fir trees, and
with gold, according to all his desire.) shar then king
Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of
Galilee.”
2 Kings 19:23—"By thy messengers thou hast
reproached the Lord, and hast said, With the
multitude of my chariots 1 am come up to the height
of the mountains, to the sides of Lebanon, and will
cut dowa the tall cedar trees thereof, and the choice fir
trees thereof: and I will enter into the lodgings of his
borders, and into the forest of his Carmel.”
1 Chronicles 22:4—“Also cedar trees in abundance:
for the Zidonians and chey of Tyre brought much
cedar wood to David.”
2 Chronicles 1:15—*And rhe king made silver and
gold at Jerusalem as plenteous as stones, and cedat
tees made he as the sycomoze trees that are in the
vale for abundance.”
2 Chronicles 2:8—"Send me also cedar trees, fir
trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon: for I know
that thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon;
and behold, my servants shall be with chy servants.”
2 Chronicles 9:27—‘And the king made silver in
Jerusalem as stones, and cedar trees made he as the
sycomore trees that arein the low plains in abundance,”
Ezra 3:7—"Ihey gave money also unto the masons,
and to the carpenters; and meat, and drink, and
oil, unto them of Zidon, and to them of ‘lyre, to
bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea of Joppa,
according to the grant chat they had of Cyrus king of
12 | Chapter 1 | Yesterday's Wiodom, Tamarrow’s Destiny Yestarday's Wisdom, Tomarrow's Destiny | Chapter 1
Isaiah 41:19—"I will plane in the wilderness che
cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oll
tree; [will sec in the deserc the fir tree, and the pine,
and the box tree rogether*
Ezekiel 17:3—"And say, Thus saith the Lord God;
A great eagle with great wings, longwinged, full
of feathers, which had divers colours, came unto
Lebanon, and took the highest branch of the cedar”
Ezekiel 17:22—"Thus saith the Lord God; T will
also take of the highest branch of the high cedar, and
will ser #; 1 will crop off from the top of his young
‘wigs a tender one, and will plant i upon an high
mountain and eminent."
Ezekiel 17:23—"In the mountain of the height of
Istucl will I plane it: and ie shall bring forth boughs,
and bear fruit, and be a goodly cedar: and under it
shall dwell al fowl of every wing; in the shadow of the
branches thereof shall they dwell.”
Zechariah 11:2—*Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is
fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, Q ye
‘oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vincage is come
down.”
Cinnamon
Revelation 18:13—‘And cinnamon, and odours,
and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil,
and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and
horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.”
Fir
1 Kings 6:15—“And he buile che walls of the house
within with boards of cedar, both the foor of the
house, and the walls of the ceiling: and he covered
them on the inside with wood, and covered che floor
of the house with planks of fi.”
1 Kings 6:34—“And the cwo doors were of fir tee:
the owo leaves of the one door were folding, and the
two leaves of the other door sveve folding.”
1 Kings 9:11—"(Now Hiram the king of Tyre had
furnished Solomon with cedar trees and fir trees, and
with gold, according to all his desire,) that then king
Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of
Galilee”
2 Kings 19:23—"By thy messengers thou hast
teproached the Lord, and hast said, With the
multitude of my chariots Tam come up to che height
of the mountains, to the sides of Lebanon, and will
cur down the tall cedar trees thereof, and the choice fir
trees thereof: and I will enter into the lodgings of his
borders, and into the forest of his Carmel.”
2 Chronicles 2:8—"Send me also. cedar trees, fir
trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon: for 1 know
that thy servants can skill 1o cut timber in Lebanon;
and, behold, my servants shall be with thy servants.”
2.Chronicles 3:5—“And the greater house he cicled
‘with fir tre, which he overlaid with fine gold, and ser
thereon palm trees and chains.”
Psalms 104:17—"Where the birds make their nests:
a for the stork, the fir trees are her house.”
‘The Song of Solomon 1:17—""The beams of our
house are cedar, and our rafters of fi.”
Isaiah 14:8—"Yes, the fir trees rejoice at thee, and
the cedars of Lebanon, saying, Since thou art laid
down, no feller is come up against us.”
Isaiah 37:24—*By thy servants bast thou reproached
the Lord, and hast said, By the multitude of my
chariots am I come up to the height of the mountains,
to the sides of Lebanon; and I will cut down the tall
cedars thereof, and the choice fir ttees thereof: and I
will enter into the height of his border, and the Forest
of his Carmel.”
Isaiah 41:19—"I will plant in the wilderness the
cedar, the shittah tree; and che myrtle, and the oil
tee; will set in the desert the fir tree, and the pine,
and the box tree together.”
Isaiah 55:13—"Instead of the thorn shall come up
the fir tree, and instead of che brier shall come up the
-myrele tree: and it shall be to the Lord for 2 name, for
an everlasting sign that] shall not be cut off.”
Isaiah 60:13—"The glory of Lebanon shall come
unto thee, the fir tree, che pine tree, and the box
rogether, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and T
‘will make the place of my feet glorious.”
Ezekiel 27:5—"They have made all thy ship boards
of fir trees of Senir: chey have taken cedars from
Lebanon ro make masts for thee”
Sixth Edition | Essential Oile Desk Reference | 18 Essential Olls Desk Reference | Six Eoition
Ezekiel 31:8—"The cedars in the garden of God
could not hide him: the fir wees were nor like his
boughs, and che chestnut trees were not like his
the garden of God was like
Hosea 14:8—"Ephraim shail say, What have | to do
any more with idols? Thave heard him, and observed
him: I am like @ green fir tree. From me is thy ftuit
found.”
Nahum 2:3—“The shield of his mighty men is made
red, che valiant men are in scarlet: the chariors shall be
with flaming torches in the day of his preparation, and
the fir trees shal be terribly shaken.”
Zechariah 11:2—"Howl, fir tree: for the cedar is
fallen; because the mighty ate spoiled: how, O ye
‘oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is come
down.”
Frankincense
Leviticus 2:15—‘And thou shalt put oil upon ie, and
lay frankincense thereon: ie isa meat offering”
Leviticus 2;16—"And the priest shall burn che
memotia! of it, part of the beaten corn thereof, and
pare of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense
thereof: it isan offering made by fire unto the Lard.”
Levisicus 5:11—"Bue if he be nor able to bring two
turtledoves, or wo young pigeons, then he that sinned
shall bring for his offering the tench part of an ephah
of fine flour for a sin offerings he shall pur-no oil upon
it, neither shall he put any frankincense thereon: for ic
isa sin offering”
Leviticus 6:15—“And he shall rake of it his handful,
of the flour of the meat offering, and of the oil thereof,
and all the frankincense which # upon the meat
offering, and shall burn # upon the altar for a sweet
savout, even the memorial of it, unta the Lord.”
Leviticus 24:7—"And thou shalt put pure frankin-
cense upon each row, that it may be on the bread for
rial, even an offering made by fire unto the
Numbers 5:15—"Then shall che man bring his wife
unto the priest, and he shall bring her offering for her,
the tenth pare of an ephah of barley meal; he shall
pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense thereon; for
it i: an offering of jealousy, an offering of memorial,
bringing iniquity to remembrance.”
1 Chronicles 9:29—“Some of them also were
appointed to oversee the vessels, andall the instruments
of the sanctuary, and che fine flour, and the wine, and
the oll, and the frankincense, and the spices.”
Nehemiah 13:5—"And he had prepared for him a
great chamber, where aforetime they laid the meat
offerings, the frankincense, and the vessels, and the
tithes of the corn, che new wine, and the oil, which was
commanded ro be given to the Levites, and the singers,
and the porters; and che offerings of the priests.”
Nehemiah 13:9—“Then { commanded, and they
cleansed the chambers: and thither brought T again
the vessels ofthe house of God, with the meat offering
and che frankincense.”
The Song of Solomon 3:6—"Who is this that cometh
out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed
with myzth and frankincense, with all powders of the
merchant?”
‘The Song of Solomon 4:6—“Until the day break,
and the shadows flee away, 1 will ger me to the
mountain of myrrh, and to the hill of frankincense.”
‘The Song of Solomon 4:14—"Spikenard and saffron;
calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense;
amyrth and aloes, with all the chief spices:”
Matthew 2:11—"And when they were come into
the house, they sav the young child with Mary his
mother, and fell down, and worshiped him: and when
they had opened their creasures, they presented unto
him gifes; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh.”
Revelation 18:13—“And cinnamon, and odours,
and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil,
and fine fous, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and
horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.”
14 | Chapter 1 | Yesteraay’s wisaom, Tomorrow's Destiny Hyssop
Leviticus 14:49—“And he shall take to cleanse the
house two birds, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and
hyssop:"
Leviticus 14:51—“And he shall take the cedar wood,
and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and the living bird,
and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the
running water, and sprinkle the house seven times”
Leviticus 14:52—“And he shall cleanse the house
with the blood of the bird, and with the running
water, and with the living bird, and with the cedar
wood, and wich the hyssop, and wich the scarlet?”
Numbers 19:6—'And the priest shall take cedae
wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast i¢ into the
midst of the bucning of the heifer.”
Numbers 19:18—"And a clean person shall take
hhyssop, and dip i in the water, and sprinkle i upon
the tent, and upon al the vessels, and upon the persons
thac were there, and upon him that touched a bone, or
one slain, or one dead, or a grave:”
1 Kings 4:33—“And he spake of crees, ftom the
cedar tee that is in Lebanon even unto the hyssop
thar springeth out of the wall: he spake also of beasts,
and of fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes.”
Psalms 51:?—"Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be
clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.”
John 19:29—"Now there was set a vessel full of
vinegar: and they filled a spunge with vinegar, and
put if upon hyssop, and put i¢ to his mouth.”
Hebrews 9:19—"For when Moses had spoken every:
precept to all the people according to the law, he
‘00k the blood of calves and of goats, with water, and
scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book,
and all the people.”
Myrrh
Esther 2:12—“Now when every maid’s turn was
come to go in to king Ahasuerus, after that she had
been twelve months, according to the manner of the
women, (for so were the days of their purifications
accomplished, to wit, six months with oil of myzsh,
and six months with sweet odours, and with obher
things for the purifying of che women)”
‘Yestercay’s Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny | Chapter +
Psalms 45:8—"All thy garments smell of myrrh, and
aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby
they have made thee glad.”
Proverbs 7:17—"I have perfumed my bed with
mytth, aloes, and cinnamon.”
“The Song of Solomon 1:13—*A bundle of myrch is
my well-beloved unto me; he shall lie all night betwixt
sy breasts.”
“The Song of Solomon 3:6—"Who isthis that cometh
cout of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed
with myrth and frankincense, with all powders of che
merchant?”
The Song of Solomon 4:6—"Until the day break,
and the shadows flee away, | will get me to the
mountain of myrrh, and to the hill of frankincense.”
“The Song of Solomon 4:14—*Spikenard and saffron;
calamus and cinnamon, with all rrees of frankincense;
myrth and aloes, with all the chief spices!"
The Song of Solomon 5:1—"I am come into my
garden, my sister, my] spouse: T have gathered my
myrrh with my spice; Ihave eaten my honeycomb with
my honey; I have drunk my wine wich my milk: eat,
O friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O beloved.”
‘The Song of Solomon 5:5—"I rose up to open to my
beloved; and my hands dropped with myrrh, and my
fingers with sweet smelling myrrh, upon the handles
of the lack.”
‘The Song of Solomon 5:13—“His cheeks are asa bed
of spices, as sweet flowers: his lips like lilies, dropping
sweet smelling myrrh.”
Matthew 2:11—"And when they were come into
the house, they saw che young child wich Mary his
mother, and fell down, and worshiped him: and when
they had opened their treasures, they presented unto
him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh.”
Mark 15:23—“And they gave him to drink wine
mingled with myrrh: but he received ir nor.”
John 19:39—"And there came also Nicodemus,
which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought
a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred
pound weigh
Sistt Eaition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 15. Essential Oils Desk Reference | Sixth Euition
Myrtle
Zechariah 1:8—"I saw by night, and behold a man
riding upon a red horse, and he stood among the
imyrtle trees that were in the bottom; and behind him
were there ted horses, speckled, and white,"
Zechariah 1:10—“And the man that stood among
the myrtle trees answered and said, These are they
whom the Lord hath sent ro walk to and fra through
the earth.”
Zechariah 1:11—"And they answered the angel of
the Lord that stood among the myrtle trees, and said,
‘We have walked to and fro through the earth, and,
behold, all the earth sitcech still, and is at rest.”
Spikenard
‘The Song of Solomon 4:14—"Spikenatd and saffron;
calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense,
myrth and aloes, with all chief spices.”
Mark 14:3—“And being in Bethany in the house of
Simon the leper, as he sar at meat, there came a woman
having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very
precious; and she brake the box, and poured ion his
head.”
John 12:3—“Then took Mary 2 pound of ointment
of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of
Jesus, and wiped his feec with her hair: and the house
‘was filled with the odour of che ointment.”
16 | Chapter + | Yostorday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny JOOCO CREE ST
Understanding
Essential Oil Chemistry
Essential oils are navure's volatile aromatic compounds
generated within shrubs, flowers, trees, roots, bushes,
and seeds. They are usually extracted through steam
distillation, hydrodistillation, or cold-pressed extraction,
“The power of an essential oil lies in its constituents
and their synergy. Each essential oil is composed of
200-500 different bioconstituents, which make them
very diverse in their effects. No two oils are alike.
Lavender oil, for example, contains approximately
200 different constituents, of which linaly! acetate,
linalool, cis-beta-ocimene, trans-bera-ocimene, and
rerpinene-4-ol are the major components. Lavencler oil
has been used for burns, insect bites, headaches, PMS,
insomnia, stress, and hair growth. Because essential oils
dreds of different consticuents,
each oil can exert many different effects on the body.
are composites of hu
Essential oils have a unique ability to penetrate cell
membranes and cravel throughout the blood and tissues
The unique lipi
similar to the makeup of our cell membranes, and the
soluble structure of essential olsis very
molecules of essential oils are also relatively small, which
enhances their ability co penetcace into the cells. When,
topically applied to the feet or soft tissue, essential oils
can travel throughout the body ina matser of minutes.
Basic Structure of Essential Oil
Constituents
‘The aromatic constituents of essential oils (ie.
terpenes, monoterpenes, phenols, aldehydes, etc.) are
constructed from long chains of carbon and hydrogen
coms, which have a predominancly ring-like structure.
Links of carbon atoms form the backbone of these chains,
Chapter 2
How Essential Oils Work
with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other
carbon atoms attached at various points of the chain.
Essential oils have different chemistry than fatty oils
(also known as fatty acids). In contrast ro the simple
linear carbon-hydrogen structure of fatty oils, essential
oils have a far more complex ring structure and contain
sulfur and nicrogen atoms that fatty oils do not have.
‘The terpenoids found in all essential oils are accually
constructed out of che same basic building block—a
five-carbon molecule known as isoprene. When two
isoprene units link together, they create a monorerpene:
when three join, they create a sesquiterpene; and so on,
Essential Oil Constituent Categories
“There are 14 categories of essential oil constituents. We
will list exch category with examples of oils containing
such constituents. The information below has been
adapted from The Chemistry of Exsential Oils by David
Scewart, PhD," which is highly recommended, and
from lromavhérapie exactement’ by Pierte Franchomume
and Daniel Pénodl
1, Alkanes: Fev essenci
those thar do usually n Fess than 1. percent.
alkanes undecane, dodecane, and hexadecane
are found in ginger oil. Alkane alcohols are found in
Jemon oil and ginger oil. Rose oil stands alone as an
essential oil that contains 11 to 19 percent alkanes,
which may be why this exquisite oil exhibits so
many unique characteristics
2. Phenols: Common phenols found inessential oils are
thymol (thyme and mountain savory) and eugenol
(Cove, cinnamon, basil, and bay laurel). Phenol is
found in very minute quantities (<1 percent) in
cassia, cinnamon, and ylang ylang. Phenols are
believed to be antiseptic, antimicrobial, and may
Sixth Edition | Essential Olls Desk Reference | 17 Essential Oils Desk Reference | Sixth Edition
boost the immune system in various ways. Some
phenols are stcong and may cause skin irritati
3. Monoterpenes: This class of constituents is the
most common and is found in every essential cil
Ici estimated that there are 1,000 different mono-
terpenes found in essential oils. Monoterpenes con.
tain 10 carbons and are characteristially similar to
alkanes. Many oils are composed of mostly mono-
terpenes, including grapefruit and frankincense.
They have light fragrances, are supportive, and
enhance the therapeutic talents of other constitu
cents. They are commonly the first aroma detected
when smelling an essential oil. The monoterpenes
‘-pinene, d-limonene, Limonene, sabinene, myt~
cene, f-phellandrene, camphene, and ocimene are
abundant in pine, orange, balsam fir, juniper, frank-
incense. ginger, spruce, and basil, respectively.
4, Sesquiterpenes: There are as many as 3,000 differ-
ent sesquiterpenes found in essential ils. This class
of constituents contains 15 carbons and is character-
istcally similar wo alkanes and monoterpenes. The
sesquiterpenes beta-caryophyllene, bisabolen, and
guaiene are found in black pepper, myrth, and pa-
tchouli, respectively. Oils with high sesquiterpene
content include cedarwood, patchouli, sandalwood,
singer, vetiver, blue cypress, and myrrh, Many ses-
quiterpenes are specific to one oil only, and most
have light aromas, but not all. Caryophyllene, for
example, is one exception, that has a strong, woody,
18 | Chapter 2 | How Essential Oils Work
spicy aroma and is found in a variety of oils. Ses-
quiterpenes are soothing to inflamed tissue and can
also produce profound effects on emotions and
hormonal balance.
Other terpenes:
Diterpenes (20 carbons) are the heaviest
‘molecules found in distilled essential oils. Jasmine
absolute contains about 14 percent diterpencs.
Therapeuticaly, diterpenes have some of the same
properties as sesquiterpenes and are considered to
be expectorants and purgatives.
‘Triterpenes (30 carbons) and tetraterpenes (40
carbons) are larger molecules than diterpenes and
are found mostly in the cold-pressed citrus oils of
‘orange, tangerine, lemon, grapefruit, and lime and
also in solvent-extracted oils like jasmine and neroli.
I was once believed chat diterpene and criterpene
molecules were too large to make it through
distillation, but diterpenes like incensole have
been documented in essential oils through
GC-MS analyses, and triterpenic acids (such as
boswellic acids) are detectable in frankincense
essential oil through High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) testing
Alcohols: The names of these constituents end in
ol. Borneo! is found in levandin; eitronelll is in
103¢; linalool is in rosewood; a-terpineol and ver- a
og rriod + chm don mezisuan em 20-2
ETE | Siemens eres
[rrr arora aor —
How Essential Oils Wark | Chapter 2
pinen-4-ol are in melaleuca; and lavendulol is in
lavender. Alcohols are also found in eucalyptus and
fennel oils, as well as many more. Aleohols are en
exgizing, cleansing, antiseptic, antiviral, and have a
sweet floral aroma,
Ethers: ‘This constituent form is not as common
in essential oils as others like terpenes, alcohols, ot
ketones. The names of these constituents end in
“cole,” “-cin.” or “-ether.” Examples of ethers are
anethole, in fennel and anise; elemicin, in elemis
estragole, in tarragon; and myristicin, in nucmeg.
Ethers are balancing and calming, help release
emotions, and have an antidepressant effect.
‘Aldehydes: The names of these constituents end
al” or "-aldehyde.” Benzoic aldehyde is found
in onycha; cinnamaldchyde, in cassia; citral, in
lemongrass; cumminal, in cumin; neral, in melissa:
and phellandral, in eucalyptus dives. The aldehyde
octanal isin rose, lavender, and citrus ils. Decanal is
found in coriander, lemongrass, and mandarin oils.
Aldehydes. are antimicrobial, anci-inflammacory,
cooling, and have strong aromas. They can also be
calming 10 the nervous system, emotional stress
relievers, and blood pressure reducers
Ketones: A strong, distinctive odor characterizes
ketones. Ketones usually end in *
is found in rosemary: fenchone, in fennel; jasmone,
‘one.” Camphor
in jasmine; pentanone, in myrth; piperitone, in
enon
peppermint; B-thujone, in Western red cedar; and
fone, in vetiver. Ketones are thought t0 be
calming, with decongesting and analgesic benefits;
promote healing (cell regeneration); and cleanse
receptor sites
9. Carboxylicacids: These constituents arc only minor
parts of an essential oil, rarely comprising more
than 1-2 percent. They are easy to recognize because
they always have the word “acid” in their name.
Examples are cinnamic acid, in cinnamon; geranic
acid, in geranium; and valerinic acid, in valerian.
Carboxylic acids are stimulating and cleansing and
are very reactive with other components.
10, Esters: Oils composed mainly of esters include
birch and wintergreen. The names of esters end in
“vate.” Esters usually have a strong sweet aroma.
alyl acetate is Found in bergamot; neryl acetate,
in helichrysum; isoburyl angelate, in Roman
chamomile; citronelly! formate, in geranium;
menthyl acetate, in peppermint; and bornyl
acetate, the main constituent in pine, spruce,
juniper, and fir. To make an ester, a carboxylic acid
and an alcohol are combined. Esters are soothing,
balancing, antifungal, and stress and emotional
releasing,
11, Oxides: These are oxygenated hydrocarbons and
are usually derived from. terpenes, alcohols, or
ketones that have been oxidized. Examples are
Sixth Eoition | Essential Olls Desk Reference | 19 Exeontia! Oils Desk Reference | Sixth Edition
bisabolol axide found in German chamomile;
pipertone oxide, in peppermint; linalool oxide, in
hhyssop; rose oxide, in rose; sclareo! oxide, in clary
sage; and humulene oxide, in clove. ‘These oxides
au in very small quanties, but most oils produce
the oxide 1.8-cineole, also known as eucalyptol, in
varying amounts, ‘This is more abundandy found
fn eucalyptus (E, globulus), rosemary, and thyme,
Oils with 1,8-cineole are known for respiratory-
decongesting and sinus-cleaing benefits,
12.Lactones: This constituent group is characterized
by congue-cwisting names. Bergaptene is found in
fennel essential oil; furanogermacrene, in myrths
and umbelliferone, in anise. Celery seed isanoil with
higher amounts of lactones. Lactones, like ketones,
are generally decongesting and expectorant. They
generally have mild aromas. They seem to have
antiseptic, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory
properties, according to Dr. Daniel Péndel.
13.Coumarins: Dr. Stewart notes thar coumarins
are a subgroup of lactones and are found widely
in mature. Because there is a similarity to the
name of the blood-thinning drug Coumadin’, he
explained that coumarins and Coumadin are jor
similar. One is nawural, one synthetic, and. hey
have very different chemical formulas, Coumarins
hhave the frageance of freshly cut hay or grass. In
fact, when you mow your lawn, you ace celeasing
coumarins into the air. They are found in Heabane,
bitter orange, lavandin (in very minute quantities),
and cassia essential oils. Coumarins are powerful
and can have strong therapeutic effects, even in
small quantities. Coumarins have antispasmodic,
antiviral, ancibacterial, and ancifuungal properties.
14. Furanoids: Furanoids or furans are lactones or
names starting with “furano-” or
0-" or ending with “furan.” Most of the essential
oils that conrain furans are certain expressed citrus
oils. Some essential ols with furanoids are photoroxic
(they amplify che effees of the sun) like bergamer,
ruta (graveolen), grapefruit, and lemon, Other oils
containing furanoids, like myrth, mandarin, sweet
orange, and tangerine are not phorotoxic, Myrh
is interesting in chae it contains more furanoid
components than any other essential oil (up eo 27
percent), yet ic is nor phorotoxic. Furanoids can have
the benefits of lactones or coumarins,
With this brief explanation of constituent chemistry,
lavender’s components are categorized as esters (linalyl
acetate), alcohols (linalool and terpinen-4-ol), and
monoterpenes (cis--ocimene and trans--ocimene).
Sacred frankincense essential
us thar it is composed of monoterpenes (a-pinene,
limonene, sabinene, myrcene, a-thujenc, p-cymene),
the sesquiterpene f-caryophyllene, and many more
components.
consticuents cell
Lemoris constiquents can be categorized as
monoterpenes (limonene, gamma-terpinene, B-pinene,
-pinene, and sabinene).
The constiments of peppermint are categorized as
alcohols (menthol), ketones (menthone), furanoids
(menthofuran), monoterpenes (1,8-
