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CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRIES

T. 9.0
1.Describe Haber Process
2.List 3 uses of ammonia 1. Define alloy.
3.Describe an experiment 2. Explain why the alloy is harder
1. What is the name of to prepare ammonium
industrial process to produce than pure metal.
fertilizer 3. List 2 examples of alloys and
sulphuric acid?
2. Give 3 uses of sulphuric list its compositions respectively.
acid. 4. List 2 examples of alloy and
their compositions.

Synthesising the
Understanding the
manufacture of ammonia
manufacture of Understanding alloy
and its salts
Sulphuric acid

MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY

Evaluating uses of
Composite materials Evaluating uses of
synthetic polymers

Applying uses of glass

1. Define composite material. and ceramics
2. Give an example of composite 1. What is synthetic polymer?
material; explain its properties 2. List two examples of
and its uses. synthetic polymers.
3. List 3 examples of composite 1. List the different between Then state its monomer.
materials and their components glasses and ceramic. 3. List 3 naturally occurring
2. List uses of ceramics. polymers.
3. State properties of glass

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Contact Process
T. 9.1
Stage I: - Formation of sulphur dioxide
Combustion of sulfur in oxygen/ metal sulphide in oxygen
S + O2 SO2

Stage II: - Formation of sulphur trioxide

Combustion in the excess oxygen
V2O5
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
o
450 C, 1 atm.

Stage III: - Formation of sulphuric acid

Sulphur trioxide is added to concentrated sulphuric acid.
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
Oleum
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4
Sulphuric acid

Manufacturing of
sulphuric acid

MANUFACTURE OF
Environmental SULPHURIC ACID Uses
pollution

Explaination 1. Production of fertilizer

e.g.:
1. Manufactured materials of sulphuric acid are (a) …………………………
usually non-biodegradation (b)……………………………
2. The combustion could evolve sulphur dioxide to (c)……………………………
causes acid rain. 2. Drying agent (dehydration agent)
3. The fertilizer may cause water pollution if use it
in excess. 3. Manufacture of detergent.
4. Detergent may cause water pollution.
4. Electrolyte in battery

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T. 9.2

Iron filings
1. Pungent smell N2 + 3H2 2NH3
2. Colourless
3. Base 300atm.,
4. Dissolved in water to form 500oC
alkali
Haber process

Properties of
ammonia Manufacturing ammonia in
industry

MANUFACTURE OF
AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

To produce ammonium
fertilizer in laboratory

Preparation of ammonium
sulphate (NH4)2SO4

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T. 9.3

Metal
Weight atoms

Iron ball Pure metal

Atoms of Pure metal are the same in sizes and are
Metal block arrange in a regular arrangement. Therefore the atoms
can slide over each other easily by force.

Experiment
Metal Foreign
atoms atoms
Compare the hardness of pure
metals and alloys//Rate of Alloy
corrosion of iron and steel Metal atoms and foreign atoms are not the
same in sizes and arranged in irregular
arrangement. Therefore the atoms are
difficult to slide over each other using force.
Definition

ALLOYS
Mixture of two or more elements ALLOYS Structural of atoms
whereas one of them is metal (particles) in pure
mixed in a certain composition. metal and alloy

Composition and Aim of making

uses of alloy alloy

Alloy Composition Usage

Steel Fe , C Vehicle, ,bridge
Brass Cu , Zn Electrical componen *To increase hardness
Bronze Cu, Sn Medal, statue *To improve appearance.
Duralumi Al , Mg/Cu Airplanes *To prevent rusting
Cupronickel Cu, Ni Coin
Pewter Sn , Cu/Sb Souvenir,

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Polymer Monomer Uses T. 9.4

Starch glucose food

Protein amino acid food

Natural rubber isoprene Tyre

Natural polymer,
A substance form by linking monomer & its uses
together many simpler units
calls monomers.

Natural polymers
Synthetic polymers
Definition
SYNTHETIC Synthetic polymers
POLYMERS monomers & uses
Environmental
pollution
Polymer & formula Monomer & formula Uses

Most of the synthetic

polymers are non- Polythene Ethene Plastic bottle
biodegradable and
producing poisonous gas
on burning
Polypropylene Propene Plastic bag

PVC Vinyl chloride Water pipe

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T. 9.5
1. Hard
2. Transparent
3. Water impermeable. Type of glass Special properties Usage
4. Brittle Fused silica High melting
5. Compress resistance glass Point High viscosity
6. Electrical insulation
7. Heat insulation. Soda-lime Low melting Window glass,
8. Inert to chemical glass point. bottle
substance. Borosilicate Less expand and Dishes, Laboratory
glass contract, High Apparatus (boiling
melting point. tube, conical flask etc.)
Properties
of glass Lead crystal High density, Glass accessory,
Type of glass and glass Easy to shape, prism
composition

Type of glass, special

Silica molten silica fused silicaglass properties and uses
Freeze Glass
Freeze
(SiO2)
Ceramic is produced by heating clay
Molten silica + CaCO3 soda-lime glass
at high temperature. Basic
+ Na2CO3 composition of ceramic is Al, Si, O.
GLASS AND Ceramic cannot be melt repeatedly
CERAMICS like glass.
Molten silica + B2O3 Borosilicate glass
Freeze
Silica + PbO Lead crystal glass. Ceramic General properties of ceramic
(Sand)
Improvement the quality of
the ceramic for certain
purposes: Uses of 1. Very hard.
Explain; ceramics: 2. High melting and boiling point.
1. Optic fibre 1. 3. Able to extend high pressure.
2. 4. Very good as heat insulation/ electric insulation.
2. Photo chromic glass 3. 5. Inert toward chemicals.
6. Weak toward extension.
3. Ceramic glass. 7. Density less then most of metals.

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T. 9.6

Reinforced concrete: Super conductor Fiber glass: Photo chromic

material: glass:

Examples and Compare the properties of

its components composite material and its
and uses original component:

Definition COMPOSITE
MATERIAL

PROJECT:
My composite
material... The future of composite material

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CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A. SULPHURIC ACID

1. Complete the diagram.

Paint pigment

USES OF
SULPHURIC ACID

Metal cleaning Producing

Detergent

2. Complete the following equations and conditions involve in the three stages of
Contact Process as shown below.

Stage I: Production of sulphur dioxide

Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air.

............... + ................... SO2(g)

The gas produced is purified and cooled.

Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide

SO2(g) + ................ ................

Optimum conditions:
(i) Temperature : .................
(ii) Pressure : .................
(iii) Catalyst : .............................

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Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid

Sulphur trioxide is reacted with concentrated acid to form oleum.

SO3(g) + .................. .....................

The oleum is diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid in large
quantities.

....................... + H2O (l) ......H2SO4(l)

3. Sulphur dioxide can cause acid rain. Acid rain occurs when pH of the rain is
between 2.4 and 5.0.

Balance the equation below to show the reaction of sulphur dioxide with
rainwater.

....... SO2(g) + O2 (g) + .....H2O(l) ......H2SO4(aq)

4. Explain how sulphuric acid and its byproducts ( sulphur dioxide) cause
environmental pollution.

Environmental Explaination
Pollution
Air

Water -The combustion could evolve sulphur dioxide to

cause acid rain.
-Acid rain corrodes buildings and metal structures
-Acid rain flow into lakes and river.
-Lakes and river becomes acidic
-Fish and other aquatic organisms die

Soil

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B. AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

1. Fertilisers
e.g. .............................
.............................

Synthetic fibre

USES OF
AMMONIA

Raw material in the

Ostwald Process

2. Properties of Ammonia.,NH3 ....

(i) Is alkaline
(ii) Is a .....................gas
(iii) Has a ........................smell
(iv) Is ...............dense than air
(v) Is very ....................in water
(vi) Gives a ............................ when reacted with hydrogen chloride gas,
HCl.

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3. The diagram below shows the process in manufacturing of ammonia. Complete

the diagram.

Liquid air Natural gas

React with
Fractional steam
distillation

Hydrogen

Haber Process

.............. + ....H2 (l) ..........

(i) Temperature : .........................

(ii) Pressure : .........................
(iii) Catalyst : .........................

Unreacted N2
Ammonia gas, nitrogen and H2 are
gas, hydrogen gas recycled

cooled

Liquid ammonia

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4. To prepare ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 fertiliser

Apparatus: Retort stand and clamp, burrett, conical flask, white tile,
evaporating dish, fiter funnel, Bunsen burner, wire gauze.

Material; Methyl orange, 2 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution , 1.0 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Sulphuric acid

Ammonium
sulphate solution

Ammonia solution
+ methyl orange
Heat

Based on figure above, describe how you can prepare ammonium

sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 crystals.

List of
apparatus and
materials
Procedure

Observation

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Discussion

C. ALLOYS

1. What are alloys?

…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..

2. The aim of making alloys:

(i) ……………………………………..
(ii) ……………………………………..
(iii) ……………………………………..

3. The composition, properties and use of alloys:

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Brass
70% Cu
30% Zn

Bronze
Hard and strong
Do not corrode easily

Duralumin
Body of aeroplane

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Pewter
96% Sn
3% Mg

Steel
Hard and strong

Stainless steel
99% Fe Cutlery
8% C Surgical instruments

4. Draw the arrangement of atoms in pure metal and alloy;

Pure metal alloy

5. Relate the arrangement of atoms in pure metal to its ductile and maleable
properties.
………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….

6. Explain why an alloy is harder than its pure metal.

……………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….

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7. Experiment: To compare the hardness of pure metal and its alloy

Weight

Iron ball

Copper block

Referring to the above set-up of the apparatus, design a laboratory experiment to

compare copper and brass based on the hardness property.

Problem Statement: Are alloys harder than pure metal?

Hypothesis:

All the variables :

Manipulated :
Responding :
Constant :

List of Apparatus :

List of Materials :

Procedure:

Tabulation of data:

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D. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

1. Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-units

called ……………….. which are joined together by covalent bonds.

2. ………………………. Is a process whereby monomers are ……………………

3. Polymers can either be ……………………. or synthetic polymer.
4. List three natural occurring polymers.
(i) …………………………..
(ii) …………………………..
(iii) ………………………….

5. Complete the table below for the the name of monomer and the uses of the given
synthetic polymers.

Synthetic polymer Monomer Uses

Nylon

Perspex

Polypropene

Polyvinyl chloride, chloroethane

PVC

Terylene

6. Synthetic polymer s are non biodegradable. It is important to safely dispose these

Polymers to prevent pollution to the environment. The best way is to recycle
these items.
E. GLASS AND CERAMICS

1. Complete the table below:

Type of glass Special properties Uses

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-transparent -laboratory apparatus

Borosilicate glass - -
- -

Fused silica glass

-High density -lens

Lead glass - -
- -

Soda glass

2. State six propertise of ceramics:

(i) …………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………
(iii) …………………………………………………
(iv) …………………………………………………
(v) …………………………………………………
(vi) …………………………………………………

3. List three uses of ceramics

(i) …………………………………………………….
(ii) ……………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………

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F. COMPOSITE MATERIAL

1. A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or

more difference substances such as ……metals…………, ……………..,
……………., ………………. and …………………

2. New composite materials formed are usually more improved in quality over its
original components.

3. Complete the table below

Type of composite Components Special properties Example/Uses

material

Fiber glass

Photo chromic
glass

Reinforced concrete

Superconductor
material

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CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

Objective Questions:
Knowledge

1. What are the raw materials used for manufacturing sulphuric acid?

A. Sulphur and air

B. Sulphur and water
C. Sulphur dioxide and air
D. Sulphur trioxide and water

2. Which of the following is a harmful effect which results from the release of
sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere?

A. Acid rain
B. The green house effect
C. Thinning of the ozone layer
D. Breeding of algae in rivers and lakes

3. N2 + 3H2  2NH3
The formation of ammonia according to the equation above is named the
A. Haber Process
B. Contact Process
C. Ostwald Process
D. Faraday Process

4. Pewter is an alloy material used for making souvenirs and cups. Which of the
following metals is not found in pewter?
A. Tin
B. Iron
C. Copper
D. Antimony

5. The parts of the bridge shown in figure 1 are made from alloy Y.

What is alloy Y?
A . Duralumin C. Brass
B. Bronze D. Steel

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6. The body of the aeroplane shown in the figure is made of alloy X .

Alloy X

What is alloy X?

A Pewter
B Bass
C Bronze
D Duralumin

7. Of the following , which is not an advantage of an alloy compared to its pure

metal?
A. stronger
B. shinier
C. withstand corrosion better
D. more malleable

8. Ceramic is suitable than a metal for making the engine blocks of vehicles because
ceramic is….

A. lighter
B. harder
C. cheaper
D. more heat resistant

9. Which of the following is not a composite material?

A. Fiber glass
B. Superconductor
C. Synthetic polymer
D. Photochromic glass

10. Which of the following is true about the alloy and its main constituent?
Alloys Main constituent
A Duralumin Aluminium
B Bronze Tin
C Steel Copper
D Pewter Zinc

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Understanding
11. The following chemical equation shows the reaction of the Haber process.
Catalyst X

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Temperature Y,
Pressure Z

Which of the following represent catalyst X, temperature Y and pressure Z ?

Catalyst X Temperature Pressure Z /

Y/ 0 C atm
A Platinum 900 5
B Platinum 450 1
C Iron 900 450
D Iron 450 300

12. Which of the the following shows the arrangement of atoms in an alloy?

13. Steel is harder than pure iron because the carbon atoms in steel make ……

A. the iron atoms have more empty spaces

B. the iron atoms remain in their fixed position
C. the iron atoms become more orderly arranged
D. the iron atoms less able to slide on one another

14. Which of the following chemicals can be used to test for the presence of
ammonia?

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A. Sulphur dioxide gas

B. Nitrogen dioxide gas
C. Concentrated sulphuric acid
D. Concentrated hydrochloric acid

15. Which of the following is the monomer of polyvinyl chloride?

A. CH2=CH2
B. CH2 = CHCl
C. CHCl= CHCl
D. CH2 Cl CH2 Cl

16. Polymerization of phenyl-ethene produces….

A. Teflon
B. Perspex
C. Polystyrene
D. Polyvinyl chloride

17. When a mixture of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and silicone dioxide is
heated to a temperature of 1500°C, which type of glass is produced?

A. Soda-lime glass
B. Borosilicate glass
C. Fused silica glass
D. Photochromic glass

18. Which of the following is mixed with glass to produce photochromic glass?

A. Silver chloride
B. Lead (II) oxide
C. Sodium chloride
D. Aluminium oxide

19. Figure 3 shows a polymerisation process.

Figure 3
Of the following which may be compond X and compound Y?
Compound X Compound Y
A Starch Glucose
B Ethene Polythene
C Polyvinyl chloride chloroethane
D Amino acid Glycerol

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20. Figure 5 shows the arrangement of atoms in bronze. Which of the following
could be atoms X and Y?

Figure 5

Atom X Atom Y
A Copper Tin
B Zinc Copper
C Tin Copper
D Copper Zinc

Application

21. Which of the following fertilizers contains the highest percentage of nitrogen?
( Relative atomic mass: H, 1, C,12, N,14,O,16,S,32,Cl, 35.5)

A. Urea, (NH2)2CO
B. Potassium nitrate, KNO3
C. Ammonium nitrate, NH4 NO3
D. Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2 SO4

22. Of the following mixture of elements, which forms a suitable alloy for making
coins
A. copper and nickel
B. zinc and copper
C. iron and copper
D. copper and stanum
X
23. sulphur  sulphur dioxide  sulphur trioxide  sulphuric acid  oleum

Figure 6
Figure 6 shows the stages in the manufacturing of sulphuric acid in The Contact
Process. What is done in stage X?
A. heated strongly
B. dissolves in water
C. compressed under high pressure
D. dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid

24.  Very transparent

 High refractive index
 High density
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A type of glass has the above characteristics. This glass is suitable for the
manufacture of
I prism
II lense
III pot
IV plate

A I and II only
B III and IV only
C I,II and III only
D I,II,III and IV

25. Figure 7 shows the structure formula of a molecule

H

N
H H

Figure 7
Of the followings, which are the uses of the molecule?
I Manufacture of plastic bag
II Manufacture of dry cell electrolyte
III Manufacture of nitric acid
IV Manufacture of chemical fertiliser

A II and III only

B II and IV only
C I,II and III only
D II,III and IV only

Structural Questions:

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1. (a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction used in

Haber Process for the industrial production of ammonia.
[tuliskan persmaan kimia bagi tindakbalas proses haber di dalam industri
pembuatan ammonia]

[ 2 marks ]

(b) State the optimum conditions required in the Haber process

[Nyatakan keadaan optimum yang diperlukan di dalam Proses Haber]

[2 marks]

(c ) Ammonia from the haber process can be used to manufacture ammonia

fertilizer, NH4NO3 ,
Ammonia daripada Proses Haber boleh digunakan untuk membuat baja
ammonia
(i) State one other use of ammonia nitrate.
[Nyatakan satu kegunaan ammonium nitrat]

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Complete the chemical equation below for the preparation of

ammonia nitrate fertilizer, NH4NO3 ;
[lengkapkan persamaan kimia di atas untuk penyediaan baja
ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3]

+  NH4NO3 (s)

[ 2 marks ]

(iii) The apparatus below is used to make ammonium nitrate solution.

Next to the arrow, draw a diagram of set up of the apparatus used
in the preparation of ammonium nitrate crystals.

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[Alat radas di bawah digunakan untuk menyediakan larutan

ammonium nitrat. Disebelah gambar anak panah, lukiskan
susunan alat radas yang digunakan untuk menyediakan kristal
ammonium nitrat]

[ 2 marks ]

(d) Calculate the percentage content of nitrogen by weight in the

Fertilizer in (c) (iii).
(Relative atomic mass; H, 1;N, 14;O, 16)
[hitungkan peratus kandungan nitrogen berasaskan berat di dalam
baja c (iii) . [jisim atom relatif : ; H, 1;N, 14;O, 16)

[2 marks]

2. Polymers are long chain molecules made by joining together thousands of smaller
molecules called monomers.

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[polimer adalah molekul berantai panjang yang dihasilkan dengan cara

menggabungkan beberapa juta molekul yang dinamakan monomer]

a) Polypropene and polyvinyl chloride are examples of polymers. State the name of
their monomers.
[Poliropene dan polivinil klorida adalah contoh bagi polimer. Nyatakan nama
setiap monomer]
i. Polypropene :_____________________________
[polipropene]
ii. polyvinyl chloride
[polivinil klorida] [2 marks]

b) Plastic bag used in our daily life is a type of synthetic polymer. State one
advantage and one disadvantage of plastic bag.
[beg plastik yang digunakan di dalam kehidupan seharian kita adalah polimer
sintetik. Nyatakan satu kelebihan dan kelemahan beg plastik]
i. Advantage:
[kelebihan]
ii. Disadvantage:
[kelemahan] [2 marks]
c) Bronze is an alloy formed from copper and tin.
[Gangsa adalah aloi yang terbentuk daripada kuprum dan timah.]
i. State one aim of alloying [1 mark]
[nyatakan satu tujuan pengaloian.]
ii. State one use of bronze [1 mark]
[nyatakan satu kegunaan gangsa]

iii. Draw the arrangement of particles in bronze. [1 mark]

[Lukiskan susunan zarah di dalam gangsa]
iv. Bronze is harder than copper. Explain why. [1 mark]
[Gangsa lebih keras daripada kuprum. Terangkan mengapa?]

3. Reinforced concrete and photochromic glass are some examples of composite

materials
[Konkrit yang diperkukuhkan dan kaca fotokromik adalah beberapa contoh
bahan komposit,]
a) What is the meaning of composite material?
[apakah maksud bahan komposit]
[2 marks]
b) Name the material used to make reinforced concrete.
[namakan bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat konkit yang diperuuhkan]

[1 mark]

c) Photochromic glass has a special property that makes it better than glass. State
the special property of photochromic glass.

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[kaca fotokromik mempunyai sifat istimewa yang menjadikannya lebih baik

daripada kaca. Nyatakan apakah sifat istimewa kaca fotokromik]
[1 mark]
d) Name the substance that is added to make photochromic glass change colour in
response to sunlight.
[Namakan bahan yang di tambah kepada kaca fotokromik bertukar warna bila
terdedah kepada cahaya matahari]
[1 mark]
e) Give two example of composite materials.
[Berikan 2 contoh bagi bahan komposit]
[2 marks]
f) The use of synthetic polymers extensively in our daily lifes has become an issue
of environmental pollution.
[Penggunaan polimer sintetik secara berlebihan di dalam kehidupan seharian
telah menjadi isu kepada pencemaran alam sekitar]
i. State two ways in which synthetic polymer can cause pollution to the
environment.
[Nyatakan dua cara bagaimana polimer sintetik boleh menyebabkan
pencemaran alam sekitar]

[2 marks]
ii. Give one method to overcome the environmental pollution problems
cause by synthetic polymers
[Berikan satu kaedah untuk mengatasi masalah pencemaran alam
sekitar yang disebabkan oleh polimer sintetik]

[1 mark]

ESSAY QUESTION PAPER 2

4. (a) Figure 3.1 shows an industrial preparation of sulphuric acid by the contact

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process.
[Gambarajah 3.1 menunjukkan penyediaan asid sulfurik di dalam industri oleh
Proses Sentuh]

Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV

S SO2 SO3 H2S2O7 H2SO4
Oxygen Oxygen Concentrated Water
sulphuric acid

Figure 3.1

Write the chemical equation for the reactions in stage II and IV.
[Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di peringkat II dan IV]

[ 2 marks ]

(b) Figure 3.2 shows the waste product from a factory which affects the
quality of the environment.

[gambarajah 3.2 menunjukkan sisa pencemaran daripada kilang di mana

memberi kesan terhadap kualiti alam sekitar]

Sulphur
dioxide gas
Factory
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Figure 3.2
Based on Figure 3.2, describe how the waste product affects the quality of
the environment.
Your description should include the following aspects:
 Source
 Process
 Effect

(c )

Sarah could easily bend her bangle which is made of pure metal but
she could not bend her mother’s bangle which is made of its alloy

[Sarah senang untuk membengkokkan gelang dimana diperbuat daripada

logam tulen tetapi tidak mudah untuk membengkokkan gelang ibunya yang
diperbuat daripada aloi].

By using one suitable example, describe a laboratory experiment to show

the hardness of the alloy compared to its pure metal.

[Dengan menggunakan satu contoh yang sesuai , huraikan satu

eksperimen untuk menunjukkan aloi lebih keras berbanding]

Explain the difference in hardness of the metal and its alloy in term of
atomic arrangement

[terangkan perbezaan kekerasan logam dengan aloi dari segi susunan

atom]

[10 marks]

5.a) i. State the aim of alloying

[Nyatakan tujuan pengaloian]

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ii. Diagram 1 shows an airplane [3 marks]

[gambarajah 1 menunjukkan kapalterbang]

Explain why duralumin and not pure aluminium is used to build the body of the airplane
[terangkan mengapa duralumin dan bukan aluminium tulen yang digunakan untuk
membina badan kapalterbang]

[7 marks]

b) Diagram 2 shows the three stages of producing sulphuric acid.

[Gambarajah 2 menunjukkan tiga peringkat pembuatan asid sulfurik]

Explain briefly how sulphuric acid is manufactured from sulphur and air.
[Terangkan dengan jelas bagaimana asid sulfurik diperbuat daripada sulfur dan
udara]
[10 marks]
6. Diagram 3 shows a tyre

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[Gambarajah 3 menunjukkan tayar]

The tyre made of vulcanised rubber instead of natural rubber

[tayar itu diperbuat daripada getah tervulkan hasil dari getah asli]
i. give two reason why the natural rubber is not used to manufacture tyres [2m]
[berikan dua sebab mengapa getah asli tidak digunakan untuk membuat tayar]

ii. give four advantages of vulcanised rubber over natural rubber [4 marks]
[berikan empat kelebihan getah tervulkan berbanding getah asli]
i. describe an experiment in the laboratory to show how vulcanization of natural
rubber can be carried out [8 marks]
[huraikan eksperimen di dalam makmal untuk menunjukkan bagaimana
pemvulkanan getah boleh dilakukan]
b) Name three types of glass and give one use of each type in daily life.
[Namakan tiga jenis kaca dan berikan satu kegunaan bagi setiap jenis di dalam
kehidupan seharian]
[6 marks]

7.

Diagram 4 shows a polymerization process whose product is Polymer M.

[gambarajah 4 menunjukkan proses pempolimeran yang mana produknya adalah
polimer M]
a) Based on the information given ,
[Berdasarkan kepada maklumat yang diberi,
i. Name the monomer [1 mark]
[namakan monomer tersebut]
ii. State the type of polymerisation [1mark]
[Nyatakan jenis pempolimeran tersebut]
iii. State the name and write the structural formula of polymer M. [2 marks]
[Nyatakan nama dan tuliskan formula struktur bagi polimer M]
iv. State the uses and properties of polymerM [2 marks]
[Nyatakan kegunaan dan sifat polimer M]

b) Diagram 5 shows products made from two types of rubber

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[Gambarajah 5 menunjukkan hasil daripada dua jenis getah.]

Based on the diagram , compare the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber.
[Berdasarkan kepada gambarajah, bandingkan sifat getah tervulkan dan getah tak
tervulkan]
[6 marks]

Do you know that on average , everyone of us produce 1 kg of rubbish each day?

The improper disposal of synthetic polymers creates major environmental problems.
Adakah anda tahu secara purata setiap individu daripada kita menghasilkan satu kg
sampah setiap hari.pembuangan yang tidak terurus bagi polimer sintetik mencetuskan
masalah besar kepada alam sekitar

c) Based on the above statement , explain how synthetic polymers create environmental
pollution. Suggest two scientific method on how to reduce pollution caused by synthetic
polymers. [8marks]
[Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas , terangkan bagaimana polimer sintetik mendatangkan
pencemaran alam sekitar. Cadangkan dua kaedah saintifik bagaimana untuk
mengurangkan masalah pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh polimer]

Essay Question: (Paper 3)

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ALLOY

1. You are required to study the hardness of bronze and pure copper. Your
explanation should include the following:
[ Anda diminta untuk mengkaji kekerasan gangsa dan kuprum tulen. Penerangan
anda haruslan mengandungi perkara berikut: ]
(a) Aim of the experiment
[tujuan eksperimen]
(b) All the variables
[semua pembolehubah]
(c) Statement of the hyphotesis

[hipotesis]
(d) List of substances and apparatus
[senarai alat radas dan bahan kimia]
(e) Procedure of the experiment
[kaedah]
(f) Tabulation of the data
[penjadualan data]

[17 marks]

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