Chapter 1

Relations and
Functions

• Mathematics XII
• Exercise 1.4

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Exercise 1.4
Question 1: www.tiwariacademy.com
Determine whether or not each of the definition of given below gives a binary
operation. www.tiwariacademy.com
In the event that * is not a binary operation, give justification for this.
(i) On Z+, define * by a * b = a − b www.tiwariacademy.com
(ii) On Z+, define * by a * b = ab www.tiwariacademy.com
(iii)On R, define * by a * b = ab2
(iv) On Z+, define * by a * b = |a − b|
(v) On Z+, define * by a * b = a www.tiwariacademy.com

Answer 1:
(i) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = a − b.
It is not a binary operation www.tiwariacademy.com
as the image of (1, 2) under * is 1 * 2 = 1 − 2 = −1 ∉ Z+.

(ii) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = ab. www.tiwariacademy.com

It is seen that for each a, b ∈ Z+, there is a unique element ab in Z+.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = ab in Z+.
Therefore, * is a binary operation. www.tiwariacademy.com

(iii)On R, * is defined by a * b = ab2. www.tiwariacademy.com

It is seen that for each a, b ∈ R, there is a unique element ab2 in R.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = ab2 in R.
Therefore, * is a binary operation. www.tiwariacademy.com

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(iv) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = |a − b|. www.tiwariacademy.com

It is seen that for each a, b ∈ Z+, there is a unique element |a − b| in Z+.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = |a − b| in Z+.
Therefore, * is a binary operation. www.tiwariacademy.com

(v) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = a. www.tiwariacademy.com

It is seen that for each a, b ∈ Z+, there is a unique element a in Z+.
This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = a in Z+.
Therefore, * is a binary operation. www.tiwariacademy.com

Question 2:
For each binary operation * defined below, determine whether * is commutative
or associative. www.tiwariacademy.com
(i) On Z, define a * b = a − b
(ii) On Q, define a * b = ab + 1
𝑎𝑏
(iii)On Q, define a * b = www.tiwariacademy.com
2
(iv) On Z+, define a * b = 2ab
(v) On Z+, define a * b = ab www.tiwariacademy.com
𝑎
(vi) On R − {−1}, define 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 =
𝑏+1

Answer 2:
(i) On Z, * is defined by a * b = a − b. www.tiwariacademy.com
It can be observed that 1 * 2 = 1 − 2 = −1 and 2 * 1 = 2 − 1 = 1.
∴1 * 2 ≠ 2 * 1, where 1, 2 ∈ Z
Hence, the operation * is not commutative. www.tiwariacademy.com

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Also, we have
(1 * 2) * 3 = (1 − 2) * 3 = −1 * 3 = −1 − 3 = −4 www.tiwariacademy.com
1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (2 − 3) = 1 * −1 = 1 − (−1) = 2
∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3), where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Z
Hence, the operation * is not associative.

(ii) On Q, * is defined by a * b = ab + 1. www.tiwariacademy.com

It is known that: ab = ba for all a, b ∈ Q
⇒ ab + 1 = ba + 1 for all a, b ∈ Q
⇒ a * b = a * b for all a, b ∈ Q www.tiwariacademy.com
Therefore, the operation * is commutative.
It can be observed that
(1 * 2) * 3 = (1 × 2 + 1) * 3 = 3 * 3 = 3 × 3 + 1 = 10
1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (2 × 3 + 1) = 1 * 7 = 1 × 7 + 1 = 8 www.tiwariacademy.com
∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3), where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Q
Therefore, the operation * is not associative.

𝑎𝑏
(iii) On Q, * is defined by a * b =
2

It is known that: ab = ba for all a, b ∈ Q

ab ba
⇒ = for all a, b ∈ Q www.tiwariacademy.com
2 2
⇒ a * b = b * a for all a, b ∈ Q
Therefore, the operation * is commutative.
For all a, b, c ∈ Q, we have www.tiwariacademy.com
𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑏 ( 2 ) 𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = ( ) ∗ 𝑐 = =
2 2 4
and

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𝑏𝑐
𝑏𝑐 𝑎 ( ) 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) = 𝑎 ∗ ( ) = 2 =
2 2 4

∴ (a*b)*c = a*(b*c), where a, b, c ∈ Q

Therefore, the operation * is associative. www.tiwariacademy.com

(iv) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = 2ab.

It is known that: ab = ba for all a, b ∈ Z+ www.tiwariacademy.com
⇒ 2ab = 2ba for all a, b ∈ Z+
⇒ a * b = b * a for all a, b ∈ Z+
Therefore, the operation * is commutative. www.tiwariacademy.com
It can be observed that
(1 ∗ 2) ∗ 3 = 21×2 ∗ 3 = 4 ∗ 3 = 24×3 = 212 and

1 ∗ (2 ∗ 3) = 1 ∗ 22×3 = 1 ∗ 26 = 1 ∗ 64 = 21×64 = 264

∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3), where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Z+
Therefore, the operation * is not associative.
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(v) On Z+, * is defined by a * b = ab. www.tiwariacademy.com
It can be observed that
1*2 = 12 = 1 and 2*1 = 21 = 2
∴ 1 * 2 ≠ 2 * 1, where 1, 2 ∈ Z+
Therefore, the operation * is not commutative.
It can also be observed that
(2 ∗ 3) ∗ 4 = 23 ∗ 4 = 8 ∗ 4 = 84 = 212 and

2 ∗ (3 ∗ 4) = 2 ∗ 34 = 2 ∗ 81 = 281 www.tiwariacademy.com

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∴ (2 * 3) * 4 ≠ 2 * (3 * 4), where 2, 3, 4 ∈ Z+
Therefore, the operation * is not associative.
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𝑎
(vi) On R, * − {−1} is defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 =
𝑏+1
It can be observed that
1 1 2 2
1∗2= = and 2 ∗ 1 = = =1
2+1 3 1+1 2

∴1 * 2 ≠ 2 * 1, where 1, 2 ∈ R − {−1}
Therefore, the operation * is not commutative.
It can also be observed that
1
1 1 1
(1 ∗ 2) ∗ 3 = ∗3= ∗3= 3 =
2+1 3 3 + 1 12
and
2 2 1 1 1 2
1 ∗ (2 ∗ 3) = 1 ∗ =1∗ =1∗ = = =
3+1 4 2 1+1 3 3
2 2
∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3), where 1, 2, 3 ∈ R − {−1}
Therefore, the operation * is not associative.
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Question 3:
Consider the binary operation ∧ on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by a ∧ b = min
{a, b}.
Write the operation table of the operation ∧. www.tiwariacademy.com
Answer 3: www.tiwariacademy.com
The binary operation ∧ on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as a ∧ b = min {a, b}
for all a, b ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
Thus, the operation table for the given operation ∧ can be given as:

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∧ 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 3 3 3
4 1 2 3 4 4
5 1 2 3 4 5
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Question 4:
Consider a binary operation * on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by the following
multiplication table.
(i) Compute (2 * 3) * 4 and 2 * (3 * 4)
(ii) Is * commutative?
(iii) Compute (2 * 3) * (4 * 5).
(Hint: use the following table)
* 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 1 3 1 1
4 1 2 1 4 1
5 1 1 1 1 5
Answer 4: www.tiwariacademy.com
(i) (2 * 3) * 4 = 1 * 4 = 1
2 * (3 * 4) = 2 * 1 = 1
(ii) For every a, b ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, we have a * b = b * a. Therefore, the operation
* is commutative.
(iii) (2 * 3) = 1 and (4 * 5) = 1
∴ (2 * 3) * (4 * 5) = 1 * 1 = 1

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Question 5:
Let *′ be the binary operation on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by a *′ b = H.C.F.
of a and b. Is the operation *′ same as the operation * defined in Exercise 4 above?
Justify your answer.
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Answer 5:
The binary operation *′ on the set {1, 2, 3 4, 5} is defined as a *′ b = H.C.F of a
and b.
The operation table for the operation *′ can be given as:
*′ 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 1 3 1 1
4 1 2 1 4 1
5 1 1 1 1 5
We observe that the operation tables for the operations * and *′ are the same.
Thus, the operation *′ is same as the operation*.
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Question 6:
Let * be the binary operation on N given by a * b = L.C.M. of a and b. Find
(i) 5 * 7, 20 * 16 (ii) Is * commutative?
(iii) Is * associative? (iv) Find the identity of * in N
(v) Which elements of N are invertible for the operation *?
Answer 6: www.tiwariacademy.com
The binary operation * on N is defined as a * b = L.C.M. of a and b.
(i) 5 * 7 = L.C.M. of 5 and 7 = 35
20 * 16 = L.C.M of 20 and 16 = 80

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(ii) It is known that

L.C.M of a and b = L.C.M of b and a for all a, b ∈ N.
∴a*b=b*a
Thus, the operation * is commutative.

(iii) For a, b, c ∈ N, we have

(a * b) * c = (L.C.M of a and b) * c = LCM of a, b, and c
a * (b * c) = a * (LCM of b and c) = L.C.M of a, b, and c
∴ (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
Thus, the operation * is associative.

(iv) It is known that:

L.C.M. of a and 1 = a = L.C.M. 1 and a for all a ∈ N
⇒ a * 1 = a = 1 * a for all a ∈ N
Thus, 1 is the identity of * in N. www.tiwariacademy.com

(v) An element a in N is invertible with respect to the operation * if there exists

an element b in N, such that a * b = e = b * a.
Here, e = 1
This means that
L.C.M of a and b = 1 = L.C.M of b and a
This case is possible only when a and b are equal to 1.
Thus, 1 is the only invertible element of N with respect to the operation *.

Question 7: www.tiwariacademy.com
Is * defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by a * b = L.C.M. of a and b a binary
operation? Justify your answer.

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Answer 7: www.tiwariacademy.com
The operation * on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as a * b = L.C.M. of a
and b.
Then, the operation table for the given operation * can be given as:
* 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5
2 2 2 6 4 10
3 3 6 3 12 15
4 4 4 12 4 20
5 5 10 15 20 5
It can be observed from the obtained table that
3 * 2 = 2 * 3 = 6 ∉ A,
5 * 2 = 2 * 5 = 10 ∉ A,
3 * 4 = 4 * 3 = 12 ∉ A,
3 * 5 = 5 * 3 = 15 ∉ A,
4 * 5 = 5 * 4 = 20 ∉ A
Hence, the given operation * is not a binary operation.

Question 8: www.tiwariacademy.com
Let * be the binary operation on N defined by a * b = H.C.F. of a and b. Is *
commutative? Is * associative? Does there exist identity for this binary operation
on N?

Answer 8: www.tiwariacademy.com
The binary operation * on N is defined as: a * b = H.C.F. of a and b
It is known that
H.C.F. of a and b = H.C.F. of b and a for all a, b ∈ N.

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∴a*b=b*a
Thus, the operation * is commutative.
For a, b, c ∈ N, we have
(a * b)* c = (H.C.F. of a and b) * c = H.C.F. of a, b and c
a *(b * c) = a *(H.C.F. of b and c) = H.C.F. of a, b, and c
∴ (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
Thus, the operation * is associative.
Now, an element e ∈ N will be the identity for the operation * if a * e = a = e* a
for all a ∈ N.
But this relation is not true for any a ∈ N.
Thus, the operation * does not have any identity in N.

Question 9: www.tiwariacademy.com
Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers as follows:
(i) a * b = a − b (ii) a * b = a2 + b2
(iii) a * b = a + ab (iv) a * b = (a − b)2
𝑎𝑏
(v) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = (vi) a * b = ab2
4
Find which of the binary operations are commutative and which are associative.

Answer 9: www.tiwariacademy.com
(i) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a − b. It can be observed that:
1 1 1 1 3−2 1
∗ = − = =
2 3 2 3 6 6
and
1 1 1 1 2 − 3 −1
∗ = − = =
3 2 3 2 6 6

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1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ ∗ ≠ ∗ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 , ∈ 𝑸
2 3 3 2 2 3
Thus, the operation * is not commutative.
It can also be observed that www.tiwariacademy.com

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 − 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 − 3 −1
( ∗ )∗ =( − )∗ =( )∗ = ∗ = − = =
2 3 4 2 3 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 12 12
and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4−3 1 1 1 1 6−1 5
∗( ∗ )= ∗( − )= ∗( )= ∗ = − = =
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 12 2 12 2 12 12 12

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ ( ∗ ) ∗ ≠ ∗ ( ∗ ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 , , ∈ 𝑸
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4

Thus, the operation * is not associative. www.tiwariacademy.com

(ii) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a2 + b2.

For a, b ∈ Q, we have
a * b = a2 + b2 = b2 + a2 = b * a
∴a*b=b*a
Thus, the operation * is commutative.
It can be observed that www.tiwariacademy.com
(1 * 2) * 3 = (12 + 22 ) * 3 = (1 + 4) * 3 = 5 * 3 = 52 + 32 = 34 and

1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (22 + 32 ) = 1 * (4 + 9) = 1 * 13 = 12 + 132 =170

∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3), where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Q
Thus, the operation * is not associative.
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(iii)On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a + ab.

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It can be observed that

1 * 2 = 1 + 1×2 = 1 + 2 = 3
2 * 1 = 2 + 2×1 = 2 + 2 = 4
∴ 1 * 2 ≠ 2 * 1, where 1, 2 ∈ Q
Thus, the operation * is not commutative.
It can also be observed that
(1 * 2) * 3 = (1+ 1×2 ) * 3 = (1 + 2) * 3 = 3 * 3 = 3 + 3×3 = 3 + 9 = 12 and

1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (2 + 2×3 ) = 1 * (2 + 6) = 1 * 8 = 1 + 1×8 =1 + 8 = 9

∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3), where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Q
Thus, the operation * is not associative.
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(iv) On Q, the operation * is defined by a * b = (a − b)2.
For a, b ∈ Q, we have
a * b = (a − b)2
b * a = (b − a)2 = [− (a − b)]2 = (a − b)2
∴a*b=b*a
Thus, the operation * is commutative.
It can be observed that

(1 * 2) * 3 = (1 – 2)2 * 3 = (– 1)2 * 3 = 1 * 3 = (1 – 3)2 = (– 2)2 = 4

and

1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (2 – 3)2 = 1 * (– 1)2 = 1 * 1 = (1 – 1)2 = 0

∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3), where 1, 2, 3 ∈ Q

Thus, the operation * is not associative.

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www.tiwariacademy.com
ab
(v) On Q, the operation * is defined as a*b = .
4
For a, b ∈ Q, we have
ab ba
a*b = = = b*a
4 4
∴a*b=b*a
Thus, the operation * is commutative.
For a, b, c ∈ Q, we have
𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑏 ( 4 ) . 𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = ( ) ∗ 𝑐 = =
4 4 16
and
𝑏𝑐
𝑏𝑐 𝑎. ( ) 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) = 𝑎 ∗ ( ) = 4 =
4 4 16
∴ (a * b) * c = a * (b * c), where a, b, c ∈ Q
Thus, the operation * is associative.
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(vi) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = ab2
It can be observed that
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
∗ = .( ) = . =
2 3 2 3 2 9 18
and
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
∗ = .( ) = . =
3 2 3 2 3 4 12

1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ * ≠ * , where 2 and 3
∈Q
2 3 3 2

Thus, the operation * is not commutative.

It can also be observed that

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1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
( * )* = [ ( ) ] ∗ = ∗ = .( ) = =
2 3 4 2 3 4 18 4 18 4 18 × 16 288
and www.tiwariacademy.com
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
∗( ∗ )= ∗[ ( ) ]= ∗ = ( ) = =
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 48 2 48 2 × 2304 4608

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ ( ∗ ) ∗ ≠ ∗ ( ∗ ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 , , ∈ 𝑸
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4

Thus, the operation * is not associative. www.tiwariacademy.com

Hence, the operations defined in (ii), (iv), (v) are commutative and the operation
defined in (v) is associative.
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Question 10:
Find which of the operations given above has identity.
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Answer 10:
An element e ∈ Q will be the identity element for the operation *
if a * e = a = e * a, for all a ∈ Q.
However, there is no such element e ∈ Q with respect to each of the six operations
satisfying the above condition.
Thus, none of the six operations has identity.
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Question 11:
Let A = N × N and * be the binary operation on A defined by
(a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d) www.tiwariacademy.com
Show that * is commutative and associative. Find the identity element for * on A,
if any.
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Answer 11:
A = N × N and * is a binary operation on A and is defined by
(a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
Let (a, b), (c, d) ∈ A
Then, a, b, c, d ∈ N
We have:
(a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
(c, d) * (a, b) = (c + a, d + b) = (a + c, b + d)
[Addition is commutative in the set of natural numbers]
∴ (a, b) * (c, d) = (c, d) * (a, b)
Therefore, the operation * is commutative.
Now, let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈ A
Then, a, b, c, d, e, f ∈ N
We have
[(𝑎, 𝑏) ∗ (𝑐, 𝑑)] ∗ (𝑒, 𝑓) = (𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑) ∗ (𝑒, 𝑓) = (𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑒, 𝑏 + 𝑑 + 𝑓)
and www.tiwariacademy.com
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∗ [(𝑐, 𝑑) ∗ (𝑒, 𝑓)] = (𝑎, 𝑏) ∗ (𝑐 + 𝑒, 𝑑 + 𝑓) = (𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑒, 𝑏 + 𝑑 + 𝑓)

∴ [(𝑎, 𝑏) ∗ (𝑐, 𝑑)] ∗ (𝑒, 𝑓) = (𝑎, 𝑏) ∗ [(𝑐, 𝑑) ∗ (𝑒, 𝑓)]

Therefore, the operation * is associative.

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Let an element e = (e1 , e2 ) ∈ A will be an identity element for the operation *

if a * e = a = e * a for all a = (a1 , a2 ) ∈ A

i.e., (a1 + e1 , a2 + e2 ) = (a1 , a2 ) = (e1 + a1 , e2 + a2 )

Which is not true for any element in A. www.tiwariacademy.com

Therefore, the operation * does not have any identity element.

Question 12:
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify.
(i) For an arbitrary binary operation * on a set N, a * a = a ∀ a ∈ N.
(ii) If * is a commutative binary operation on N, then a * (b * c) = (c * b) * a

Answer 12: www.tiwariacademy.com

(i) Define an operation * on N as a * b = a + b ∀ a, b ∈ N
Then, in particular, for b = a = 3, we have
3*3=3+3=6≠3
Therefore, statement (i) is false.
(ii) R.H.S. = (c * b) * a
= (b * c) * a [* is commutative] www.tiwariacademy.com
= a * (b * c) [Again, as * is commutative]
= L.H.S.
∴ a * (b * c) = (c * b) * a
Therefore, statement (ii) is true.

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Question 13: www.tiwariacademy.com

Consider a binary operation * on N defined as a * b = a3 + b3. Choose the correct
answer. www.tiwariacademy.com
(A) Is * both associative and commutative?
(B) Is * commutative but not associative?
(C) Is * associative but not commutative?
(D) Is * neither commutative nor associative?

Answer 13: www.tiwariacademy.com

On N, the operation * is defined as a * b = a3 + b3.
For, a, b, ∈ N, we have
a * b = a3 + b3 = b3 + a3 = b * a [Addition is commutative in N]
Therefore, the operation * is commutative.
It can be observed that www.tiwariacademy.com
(1 * 2) * 3 = (13 + 23) * 3 = (1 + 8) * 3 = 9 * 3 = 93 + 33 = 729 + 27 = 756 and
1* (2 * 3) = 1 * (23 + 33) = 1* (8 + 27) = 1*35 = 13 + 353 = 1 + 42875 = 42876
∴ (1 * 2) * 3 ≠ 1 * (2 * 3), where 1, 2, 3 ∈ N
Therefore, the operation * is not associative.
Hence, the operation * is commutative, but not associative.
Thus, the correct answer is B. www.tiwariacademy.com

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