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Section 6.9, The Hyperbolic Functions and Their Inverses

This document defines six hyperbolic functions - hyperbolic sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent - and their inverses. It provides formulas for the functions, discusses their properties like being odd or even functions, and derives formulas for their derivatives. Examples are included to demonstrate working with the hyperbolic functions and their inverses.

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133 views3 pages

Section 6.9, The Hyperbolic Functions and Their Inverses

This document defines six hyperbolic functions - hyperbolic sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent - and their inverses. It provides formulas for the functions, discusses their properties like being odd or even functions, and derives formulas for their derivatives. Examples are included to demonstrate working with the hyperbolic functions and their inverses.

Uploaded by

Diego
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Section 6.

9, The Hyperbolic Functions and Their Inverses

Homework: 6.9 #1-51 odds

In this section, we will define the six hyperbolic functions, which are combinations of ex and e−x .

1 Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine, hyperbolic tangent, and their reciprocals are:
ex − e−x
sinh x =
2
ex + e−x
cosh x =
2
sinh x
tanh x =
cosh x
1
csch x =
sinh x
1
sech x =
cosh x
1 cosh x
coth x = =
tanh x sinh x

sinh and cosh satisfy the identity


cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1.
We can see this by writing it out:
e2x + 2 + e−2x e2x − 2 + e−2x
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = − = 1.
2 2
Note that sinh is an odd function since sinh(−x) = − sinh x and cosh is an even function since
cosh(−x) = cosh x.
The graphs of four of these functions are shown in Figure 3 on page 375 of the book (also sketched
on the board in class).
Example
tanh x − tanh y
Verify that tanh(x − y) = . (#10)
1 − tanh x tanh y
Note that:
x −x y −y
e −e e −e
tanh x − tanh y x −x − ey +e−y (ex + e−x )(ey + e−y )
= e +e x −e−x y −e−y ·
1 − tanh x tanh y 1 − ex +e−x · ey +e−y (ex + e−x )(ey + e−y )
e e

(ex − e−x )(ey + e−y ) − (ey − e−y )(ex + e−x )


=
(ex + e−x )(ey + e−y ) − (ex − e−x )(ey − e−y )
ex+y + ex−y − ey−x − e−x−y − ex+y − ey−x + ex−y + e−x−y
= x+y
e + ex−y + ey−x + e−x−y − ex+y + ex−y + ey−x − e−x−y
x−y
2e − 2ey−x
= x−y
2e + 2ey−x
ex−y − ey−x
= x−y
e − ey−x
= tanh(x − y)
(To show identities, it is normally easier to start with the more complicated side and simplify it.)
2 Derivatives
The derivatives of sinh and cosh can be computed as:

e − e−x ex + e−x
 x 
Dx sinh x = Dx = = cosh x
2 2
e + e−x ex − e−x
 x 
Dx cosh x = Dx = = sinh x
2 2

The other derivatives can be calculated using the quotient rule:

Dx sinh x = cosh x
Dx cosh x = sinh x
Dx tanh x = sech 2 x
Dx csch x = −csch x coth x
Dx sech x = −sech tanh x
Dx coth x = −csch 2 x

Note that these are similar to the derivatives of trigonometric functions (with the exception of a few
negative signs).
Examples
1. Calculate Dx [cosh3 (sin x)].

Dx [cosh3 (sin x)] = 3 cosh2 (sin x) · sinh(sin x) · cos x

R
2. Calculate cosh(3x + 1) dx.
Z
1
cosh(3x + 1) dx = sinh(3x + 1) + C
3

R
3. Calculate tanh x dx.
Z Z
sinh x 
tanh x dx = dx = ln cosh x + C = ln cosh x + C
cosh x

3 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions


All of the hyperbolic functions have inverses for an appropriate domain (for cosh and sech , we
restrict the domain to x ≥ 0. The rest hold for all real numbers.). The four we will use most often
are:
p
sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1

p
cosh−1 x = ln x + x2 − 1 x ≥ 1


1 1+x
tanh−1 x = ln , −1 < x < 1
2 1−x
√
1 + 1 − x2
 
sech −1 x = ln , 0<x≤1
x
ex −e−x
Proof of the sinh−1 formula: Using the procedure for finding inverse functions, set y = 2 .
Solving for x, we get:

2y = ex − e−x
0 = ex − 2y − e−x
2
0 = e−x e2x − 2yex − 1 = e−x ex − 2yex − 1 .
 

e−x never equals zero, but we can use the quadratic formula to solve for ex in the second factor.
p p
x 2y ± (2y)2 − 4 · 1 · (−1) 2y ± 4y 2 + 4
e = = .
2 2
Since ex cannot be negative, we can ignore the “−” answer.
p
= y + y 2 + 1. Solving for x, we get:
 p 
x = ln y + y + 12

√
 
So, sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1 .

The book shows the proof of the formula for cosh−1 .


We can use the formulas to get the derivatives for the inverse hyperbolic functions:
1
Dx sinh−1 x = √
x2 +1
−1 1
Dx cosh x= √ x>1
x2 − 1
1
Dx tanh−1 x = , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
−1
Dx sech −1 x = √ , 0<x<1
x 1 − x2

Proof of the formula for Dx sinh−1 x:


 
−1 1 2x
Dx sinh x = √ · 1+ √
x + x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1
√
1 x2 + 1 + x
= √ · √
x+ x +12 x2 + 1
1
=√
2
x +1

Example
Calculate y 0 if y = x3 sinh−1 (x6 ).

6x5 6x8
y 0 = x3 · √ + 3x2 sinh−1 (x6 ) = √ + 3x2 sinh−1 (x6 )
x12 + 1 x12 + 1

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