ICSSSA Denpasar 5-6 Agustus 2015

2015

Air Quality Monitoring System Based On Microcontroller AVR ATMEGA16

With Communication TCP/IP Protocol
Chrismast. A. Kurniadi, Yono Hadi Pramono, Melania. S. Muntini
Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya,
[email protected]
Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya,
[email protected]
Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya,
[email protected]

Abstract-This study will be carried out air quality monitoring system design. In designing this monitoring system, will be the
detection levels of air pollution. Source of air pollution is an indicator of this measurement is CO, CO2, NOx gas. The gas detection
using gas sensors, among others the MQ-7 for gas CO, MQ-135 for the CO2 and NOx. The sensor is then connected to the AVR
microcontroller series, the AVR ATmega16. Furthermore, from the microcontroller is connected to a PC via a data communication
serial protocol and TCP / IP to perform monitoring of air quality data. The aim of this study is to see how much air pollution levels.
Benefits that can be drawn from this study is that we can monitor the air quality through the communication protocol TCP / IP is
associated with gas sensor and microcontroller atmega16. Then, from the results obtained we can conclude whether the detected air
quality is quite good, Monitoring conducted indoor air quality. The working principle of the air quality monitoring system when the
gas is detected by a gas sensor, in the form of analog data is converted to digital via microcontroller programming, and forwarded to
the serial module Wiznet which will then be transferred to a computer. Wiznet serial module then connected to the access point, for
monitoring air quality based wifi. Access point that is used has a range as far as 5 dbi. Air quality indicators using IAQI (Indoor Air
Quality Index) and AQI (Air Quality Index). The results showed levels of indoor air concentration average of the index falls into
either category, occur only at certain times of CO2 gas concentration is high enough because of the presence of smoke in the
combustion products enter the room. Then, the average concentration of the detected gas in accordance with the standards of WHO
and FEPA index.

Keywords: Air pollution, sensors, MQ-7 sensor, MQ-135 sensor, AVR microcontroller ATmega16, TCP / IP protocol,
Access point, IAQI, AQI

1. INTRODUCTION concentration of the gas. Unlike other types of

measurement, types that are relatively straight forward
The phenomenon of pollution or air pollution occurs
and deal with voltage, temperature, and humidity, the
in several stages: the generation of pollutants from
measurement of gases is much more complicated.
various sources; transport and transformations that occur
Because there are literally hundreds of different gases,
in the atmosphere is released; and the effects on human,
and there is a wide array of diverse applications in
material, and ecosystems [1]. Air pollution as a condition
which these gases are present, each application must
when a substance atmospheric pollutant concentrations
implement a unique set of requirements. For example,
exceed the limits of normal ambient air concentration
some applications may require the detection of one
which causes a measurable impact on humans, animals,
specific gas, while eliminating readings from other
plants and materials. Further, the substance can be
background gases. Conversely, other applications may
derived from nature or human activity or a mixture of the
require a quantitative value of the concentration of
two [2]. Density of population and housing is also a
every gas present in the area [3]. For example, gas
factor for air pollution. The largest percentage of air
sensor was using in this study is semiconductor gas
pollution comes from gas NOx, and CO, and CO2. So, to
sensor.
find out the air quality was made a tool for monitoring
air pollution levels. A tool used to detect air pollution is
Gas sensor consists of a sensor element, the basic
by using a gas sensors.
sensor and sensor cap. The sensor element consists of a
sensor material and a heater to heat the material
In principle, A gas sensor is a transducer that
elements. Sensor elements using materials such as tin
detects gas molecules and which produces an
(IV) oxide SnO2, tungsten (VI) oxide WO3, and others,
electrical signal with a magnitude proportional to the

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depending on the gas to be detected. The following

figure shows the arrangement (structure) basic gas
sensor [8].

Figure 3. The schematic of the circuit for MQ135 sensor [5]

In the expressiom for CO ppm is given by [4][6]:

-1.4 + log (Rs/R0) = -0.7 x log(ppm) (1)

Figure 1. Basic arrangement of Gas Sensor Where, R0 is value of filament resistance at 100 ppm.
Rs can be calculated from output voltage VRL :

A tin Oxide (SnO2) based CO sensor MQ7, Rs = (Vc/VRL – 1) x RL (2)

manufactured by Henan Hanwei Electronics is used.
Sensitive material of MQ7 gas sensor is SnO2, which Similar calibration is followed for NOx. The
lower conductivity in clean air and higher when CO expression for NOx ppm is given by [5][6]:
concentration is high. It makes detection by method of
cycle of high and low temperature, and detects CO Rs = (Vc/VRL – 1) x RL (3)
when it is a low temperature part of cycle (heated by
1.5V for 90 seconds). At high temperature part of cycle -3.2 + log (Rs) = -2.84 x log (ppm) (4)
(heated by 5.0V for 60 seconds), it cleans the other
gases adsorbed under low temperature [6]. For CO2 gas we perform calibration by taking
the index of concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere. The amount of atmospheric CO2
concentration is 392 ppm. We take as reference
values for calibration. At MQ135 sensor datasheet
said detecting multiple gases, for example CO2, so
we calculate the limit of Rs / Ro.

Rs/Ro_limit = (ppm/a)(1/b) (5)

For CO2, if we measure the points chart and rank
regression we can get the functionality ppm =
116.6020682 (Rs/Ro)-2.769034857.
Figure 2. The schematic of the circuit for MQ7 sensor [4]
In the moniroting air quality, gas sensor was
connected to microcontroller. AVR ATMEGA16 is
A Tin Oxide (SnO2) based NOx and CO2 sensor the microcontroller was used in this system. Air
MQ135 manufactured by Henan Hanwei Electronics quality indicators using IAQI (Indoor Air Quality
is used. The heater circuit provides necessary work Index) and AQI (Air Quality Index).
conditions for work of sensitive components. This
sensor is sensitive to many gases like NH3, CO2, A protocol is a set of rules or standards or allow
Benzene, ethyl alcohol and NOx [6]. a relationship, communication, and data transfer
between two or more computer points. The protocol

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can be implemented in hardware, software or a doing the programming for the sensor, then do the
combination of both. At the lowest level, the protocol programming language monitoring program using
defines the hardware connection. A communication Visual Basic 6. The working principle of the air
protocol were used in this study is TCP/IP protocol. quality monitoring system is, when gas is detected
TCP/IP Protocol is a data communications standard by a gas sensor, in the form of analog data is
used by the Internet community in the process of converted to digital via microcontroller
exchanging data from one computer to another programming, and forwarded to Wiznet serial
computer on the network Internet. This protocol can module which will then be transferred to a computer.
not stand alone, because this protocol is a set of Wiznet serial module then connected to the access
protocols (protocol suite). TCP/IP software is point, for monitoring air quality based wifi. Access
organized in four layers; application layer, transport point that is used has a range as far as 5 dbi.
layer, internet layer, network interface layer.

2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
In this study, using gas sensor MQ7 and MQ135
for detect CO, CO2, and NOx. Microcontroller were
used is AVR ATMEGA16, WIZ110SR as converter
modules that send serial data to TCP / IP and
convert it back data received via IP in the form of
serial data., access point, and PC.
Figure 6. Air Quality Monitoring System devices

Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor

Network System With TCP / IP protocol. Wireless
sensor network system is a network of wireless
sensors that are connected to the data processing
detection of physical conditions or environmental
conditions such as air pollution levels, conditions of
temperature, pressure, vibration, at different
locations. Job descriptions of wireless sensor
Figure 4. Hardware Design of Air Pollution Monitoring
System network system in this design is a communications
network for the pollution sensor readings of air
pollution levels, then the data will be processed by a
data processing device with AVR microcontroller.
Data sensor readings in the form of analog data to be
processed into the form of digital data, then send the
Figure 5. Block Diagram Monitoring System device into a web server to be sent into the Internet
network.

In performing the study's air quality monitoring Pollution sensor readings data transmission is
system, first performed programming to perform gas performed wirelessly or with a Wireless Fidelity
readings by sensors which responded by gas sensor, (Wi-Fi) to provide the identity of the IP address in
which is then forwarded to the microcontroller as a the form of data or the device. Data sensor readings
digital sensor data storage. In this case the data can be accessed by mobile in the reach area of the
acquisition is performed by ADC (Analog Digital delivery of Wi-Fi. To access remote data can be
Converter). Programming is done using the C accessed through the Internet network in realtime.
programming language that is AVR ATmega. After

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recorded for homes with unvented gas space heaters is

2716 mg / m3 (1.44 ppm) [7]. The average amount of
concentration limits NOx gases are recommended by
WHO and FEPA is 0.04 to 0.06 ppm.
At the time of monitoring performed also
recording data in real time. Results of data recording
performed three places. In the first indoor room
monitoring performed two days of night until the
early morning. Data recording taken per second.
Monitoring both outdoors and indoors kitchen, data
recording performed per second for 25 minutes. The
Figure 7. Layout access wireless data from sensors following results recorded data when performed
monitoring process.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the study of air quality monitoring performed Table 1. Record Data Monitoring Indoor Air Quality Rooms
Day 1 (the data below is presented by taking one data per
indoors, outdoors, and in the kitchen. In addition to hour)
monitoring, data recording performed, which
directly saved automatically to be used as database.
Data record every minutes for 1 data.

Figure 8. Air Quality Monitoring System were performed

using wifi

Protocol connections from the access point to a

computer running properly. the data sent in accordance
with the data contained in the system module. Data
results of monitoring indoor air quality index refer to
WHO and FEPA. When the air quality in both
categories when ppm CO concentration range of less
than 3 ppm, less than 1000 ppm CO2. when the air
quality was ppm CO concentration range of 3 to 9
ppm, 1000 to 1200 ppm CO2. and air quality in the Figure 9. Graphic of Data Monitoring Indoor Air Quality
category of danger when the concentration of CO 9 to Rooms Day 1
25 ppm, 1200 to 5000 ppm CO2. Meanwhile, for NOx
The highest concentration of 15 minutes

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Table 2. Record Data Monitoring Indoor Air Quality wearing Air Conditioner (AC) to clean the dirty air
Rooms Day 2 (the data below is presented by taking one
data per 1 hour)
in the room scattered by dust, smoke, fumes from
burning waste population, pollution caused by waste
disposal, and others.

Table 3. Data Record Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring (data

below are presented every 1 minute per data during 25
minutes)

Figure 10. Graphic of Data Monitoring Indoor Air Quality

Rooms Day 2

From the table presented the data from which the

gas sensor to detect the target gas is CO, CO2, and
NOx. Results of detection of air pollution levels
observed on average good, except when monitoring
indoor second day at 08:15 and 09:15 AM, because
when monitoring detected CO2 gas reaches 1275 ppm
and 1321 ppm. This happens because of the burning of
rubbish by the local community so that the smoke of Figure 11. Graphic of Data Record Outdoor Air Quality
burning partly into the room space. After 1 hour later, Monitoring
the concentration of the gas began to decline.
The results of monitoring has been done using a
standard index of indoor air quality with reference to
IAQI (Indoor Air Quality Index) and AQI (Air Quality
Index of the United States Environmental Protection
Agency). Good air quality standards in the room
affected by conditions such as adequate room has good
air circulation, do not smoke in the room,

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Table 4. Record Data Monitoring Air Quality in the Kitchen CO2 in accordance with the standard index for indoor
air quality. The average air quality for CO2 gas levels
were detected indicating that the concentration of CO2
of less than 1000 ppm in this case for the standard
index in the category of good IAQ. But at 08:05 hours
until 09:05 AM indicates the level of hazard category.
The reason for the existence of waste incineration
activities carried out so that the smoke of burning
incoming residents mostly indoors. Furthermore, for
the transfer of data received from the monitoring goes
well with the access point.

4. CONCLUSION
Air quality monitoring system runs well, gas
sensors detect gases to be measured. At the time of
monitoring, automatically direct the data stored and
used as database monitoring. Gas concentrations
measured within index range of indoor air quality
(IAQ Index). Results of air quality monitoring
conducted indicates good air quality, but at a certain
time air quality is being obtained and bad. It is seen
from the CO2 gas concentration is high enough, as
well as the concentration of NOx gas. The condition
of the room very good influence or a bad air quality.
Access point is used as the communication
protocol of the system can send data to a computer
via wifi so they can monitor air quality depends on
the distance of the distance range of the access point.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author thank for The Ministry of Education,
Figure 12. Graphic of Data Record Monitoring Air Quality Science and Technology of Indonesia was supported
in the Kitchen by BPPDN program Scholarship.

From the monitoring graph, we can see the REFERENCES

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2015

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