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X UV Light or Heat: Reactions in Topic XI

1. The document outlines various reactions of functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. 2. Key reactions include the halogenation of alkanes and alkenes, hydrogenation of alkenes, addition of HX to alkenes, conversion between alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. 3. Reaction conditions involve heat, catalysts like aluminum oxide and platinum, reagents like sulfuric acid, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and chromium

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125 views3 pages

X UV Light or Heat: Reactions in Topic XI

1. The document outlines various reactions of functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. 2. Key reactions include the halogenation of alkanes and alkenes, hydrogenation of alkenes, addition of HX to alkenes, conversion between alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. 3. Reaction conditions involve heat, catalysts like aluminum oxide and platinum, reagents like sulfuric acid, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and chromium

Uploaded by

michelsonyip
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reactions in Topic XI

X2
1. Alkane   Haloalkane X2: Br2 or Cl2
UV light or heat

X2 (in organic solvent)


2. Alkene  Haloalkane X2: Cl2, Br2, I2

H2 , Pt
3. Alkene   Alkane

HX
4. Alkene   Haloalkane HX: HF, HBr, HCl, HI
(Prediction of major product by Markovnikov’s
Rule)

NaOH(aq)
5. Haloalkane  Alcohol

HX or PX3
6. Alcohol   Haloalkane HX: HCl, HBr, HI
PX3: PCl3, PBr3, PI3

Al2O3 , heat
7. Alcohol   Alkene
or conc. H2 SO4 , heat

Cr2O72(aq) / H+(aq)
8. 1 Alcohol   Aldehyde
heat
or Carboxylic acid

Cr2O72(aq) / H+(aq)
9. 2 Alcohol   Ketone
heat

1. LiAlH4 , dry ether


10. Ketone or Aldehyde   Alcohol
2. H+(aq)
NaBH4
Ketone or Aldehyde   Alcohol
H2O

Cr2O72(aq) / H+(aq)
11. Aldehyde   Carboxylic acid
heat
conc. H2 SO4 , heat
12. Carboxylic acid + Alcohol Ester + Water

1. LiAlH4 , dry ether


13. Carboxylic acid   Alcohol
2. H+(aq)

1. PCl3
14. Carboxylic acid  Unsubstituted amide
2. NH3

1. OH(aq), heat
15. Ester   Carboxylic acid + Alcohol
2. H+(aq)
H(aq), heat
Ester Carboxylic acid + Alcohol

1. OH(aq), heat
16. Amide   Carboxylic acid + Alkylammonium salt
2. H+(aq)

H(aq), heat
Amide   Carboxylic acid + Alkylammonium salt
Inter-conversions between the functional groups

Ester Amide
O O
║ ║
R–C–OR’ R–C–NH2

Carboxylic acid
O
║
R–C–OH

Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq), 

Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq),  Aldehyde
1
H2, Pt Alkene Al2O3,  Alcohol 1. LiAlH4, dry ether O
2. H+(aq)
(CnH2n) or conc. (ROH) or ║
H2SO4,  2 NaBH4, water
R–C–H
X2 (in
organic
solvent)
or
HX
Ketone
Alkane X2 Haloalkane O
(CnH2n+2) UV light (RX) ║
or 
R–C–R’

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