Design and detailing of

Prestressed Building Floors in

Singapore using Eurocode

May 14th 2015

Max Meyer
Group Technical Officer
VSL International
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and
detailing prestressed floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in
buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor
using BS8110 and EC2
Compression and tension due to
normal force

Concrete in Compression

Concrete in Tension
Concrete in Compression

Concrete in Tension

Concrete in Tension
PRECOMPRESSION
By PRESTRESSING
Compressive and tensile normal
stresses due to bending
Load Tension Load

Tension Tension
Passive steel to take tension in
concrete
Tension

Tension Tension

Steel to take tension

forces
BALANCING of external loading by
prestressing
Prestressing tendons need to be stressed not
Just for SLS

Stress-strain diagram:
RC and prestressing steel

Flexural strains over cross section:

i Non stressed pre-stressing steel
ii RC
iii stressed pre-stressing steel

High strength steel must be

stressed to fully utilize
its ultimate strength
 Stress-Strain Diagrams
for prestressing strands and reinforcement

Stress-strain response of basic materials Usable stress-strain response after bonding of tendon
 Main effects of prestressing
1. Precompression
– Less cracks → higher stiffness
2. Balancing of external loads
– Less elastic and creep deformation
– Slender members
3. Use of high strength steel
– Less congestions
– Less material to handle
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and detailing
prestressed floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using BS8110 and
EC2
 Partial Prestressing Passively
Prestressing Full
non cracked cracked Reinforced

Normal stress

Bridges

Buildings

Cracking N N N Y YY
Deflection zero ↓ ↓↓ ↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓
P/A ++++ +++ ++ + zero
Compression at Y Y N cracked
tendon level
 Partial Prestressing Concept
• Magnitude of prestressing force P can vary
from P=0 (passively reinforced concrete)
to a P large enough to balance with a
suitable tendon profile fully bending
moments due to a given external loading.
• What is a sensible amount of prestressing
force P depends on type of structure and
on loading.
 TYPES OF PRESTRESSING
Pretensioning Posttensioning

Internal External
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and detailing
prestressed floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using BS8110 and
EC2
Corrosion protection of prestressing steel (internal
and bonded prestressing)
Initial approach

• Pretensioning strands:
– by alkaline characteristics of concrete, strands are embedded in
– Confinement concrete can have structural/restraint perimeter
cracks, as long such cracks are small enough not to comprise
corrosion confinement function of concrete.
• Posttensioning strands:
– by alkaline characteristics of grout around strands in tendon
duct and of concrete, tendons are embedded in
– Confinement concrete can have structural/restraint perimeter
cracks, as long such cracks are small enough not to comprise
corrosion confinement function of concrete and grout.
Corrosion protection of prestressing steel (internal
and bonded prestressing)
Today’s approach

• Pretensioning strands: no improvements. Of particular

concern are still the end zones of pretensioned girders,
where cracking is a structural necessity during load
transfer.
• Posttensioning strands: Provision of different hardware
configuration for three protection levels (PL 1 to PL 3)

[VSL PT – Brochure; p.6]

 PL1 (EC): alkaline characteristics of grout
around strands in tendon duct and of
concrete tendons are embedded in (with
structural/restraint perimeter cracks if any
small enough not to comprise corrosion
confinement function of concrete and grout).

PL2 and PL3 (state of the art PT technology

for higher exposure classes and lower
structural protection layers): conventional
metallic tendon duct is replaced by a leak
tight HDPE duct (PT Plus duct) and
provision of permanent grout cap for the
anchorages.

[VSL PT – Brochure; p.6]

→Increase in concrete cover or provision of compression around

tendons is not considered to be an effective and reliable method to
improve corrosion protection for internal bonded prestressing strands.
 TYPE OF PRESTRESSING

pretensioning Strand embedded in PL1

crack free concrete

Conventional Grout around strands PL1

Posttensioning confined by metallic
(EC2) duct embedded in
crack free concrete

Posttensioning Grease around strand PL2

With unbonded confined by leak
monostrands Tight PE tube

State of the art Grout around strands PL2

Posttensioning confined by leak tight
PL2 PT Plus duct
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and detailing
prestressed floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using BS8110
and EC2
 Prestressed Floor Slabs in Buildings
A Singapore Success Story
Orchard Tower, 1978 Marina Bay Sands, 2011
 DESIGN ADVANTAGES
“More for less”
• Shallow structural depth: flat plates, drop
panel slabs and banded beam/1-way slab
instead of beam/slab systems:
• more number of floors for given height
• less enclosed space for given number of
floors (less aircon running costs)
• Less obstruction for M+E
ducting/wiring
• Bigger column-free spans without need for
excessive structural depth → less
limitations for future potential change of
use
• Better crack & deflection control
 CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES
“More for less”
• Use of high strength steel with 4 x UTS of ordinary
reinforcement (less material to be handled)
• Simple geometry, which allows to cast entire floor efficiently
in situ in one operation (precasting of only part of floor does
not really improve productivity {similar to bridge decks,
which are only partially precast})
• Less on-site labour
• Quicker turn-around of formwork
• Faster construction

→ Labour, time and material savings

→ Improved productivity
→ Savings in costs
 Construction sequences/cycles
Taikooshing Cityplaza 3 & 4

66 m
1800 x 500 Edge Beam
32 m

300

Pour 1 Pour 2 Pour 3 Pour 4

4-Day Construction Cycle

Activities Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Stressing

Flying forms

Reinforcement

Tendons

Concreting

Curing

Columns
Day 1 AM: Stressing of PT tendons
Day 1 PM: Stripping of forms
Day 1 PM: Flying of table forms
Day 2 AM: Installation of rebar & tendons
Day 3 AM: Concreting
Day 4: Curing of concrete & Casting columns
Fast-Track Construction Traditional Construction

Earlier access for follow-on trades

→ Prestressing of building floors is
not a technical necessity as
prestressing of concrete bridge
girders but a choice for economical
reasons.
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and
detailing prestressed floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in
buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor
using BS8110 and EC2
Structural aspects of prestressed
floor slabs in buildings
• Made from reinforced and prestressed
concrete, which is a non linear composite
material.
• Part of the overall building frame.
• Highly statically in determined.
• Activated in numerous stages staggered over
long period of time.
• Have always significant restraints against free
shortening of floors due to prestressing and
associated creep.
Structural aspects of prestressed
floor slabs in buildings
→Not possible to accurately model concrete floor slabs
in buildings.
→Need for different models to address different
aspects of design and detailing:
– Gravity loading
– Lateral loading
– Shortening due to prestressing
→Most important principles:
– Equilibrium
– Ductility
 Prestressed floor slabs in buildings
• Deviation forces more important than
compression since difficult to predict precisely
(restraint effects).
• Different to concrete bridges applied load similar
or bigger than dead load.
• Prestressing is a choice for economical reasons.
→ Partial Prestressing is a must!
 Partial prestressing is most economical, if drape for
tendon profiles is maximized

→ minimum permissible concrete cover

(magnitude of cover has big impact on achievable
drape for tendon profiles in thin members)
 Design aspects
Pre-stressing losses
• Friction losses
• Elastic shortening,
if more than 1 cable is stressed
• Relaxation of prestressing steel
• Creep
• Shrinkage
 Design aspects:
Secondary Moment

External load (self weight)

Prestressing layout

Prestressing load case modelled

with externally applied anchor
and deviation forces
Deformation of individual spans

Secondary moment due

to prestressing moment
1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and detailing prestressed
floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using BS8110 and EC2
[VSL PT – Brochure; p.6]

[VSL PT – Brochure; p.7]

VSL Slab P-T systems for thin members – slabs of building floors
unbonded bonded bonded
VSL monostrand system VSLab system Vslab system

HDPE duct Metallic galvanized duct HDPE PT Plus duct

Permanent grout cap Permanent grout cap

PL2 PL1 PL2

[VSL PT – Brochure; pp.8-9]

[VSL PT – Brochure; p.T7]
VSL multistrand P-T system for deep members – beams of
floors in buildings
bonded bonded
VSL GC System VSL GC System

Metallic galvanized duct HDPE PT Plus duct

Permanent grout cap

PL1 PL2

[VSL PT – Brochure; p.T17]

[VSL PT – Brochure; p.T17]
 Design and detailing of
reinforcement in D region at
tendon anchorages

BS8110 EC2

Local zone Designer PT

reinforcement supplier

General zone Designer Designer

reinforcement

[VSL Report Series, Detailing for PT; p.7]

Local zone reinforcement

[VSL Report Series, Detailing for PT; p.10]

General zone reinforcement

[VSL Report Series, Detailing for PT; p.19]

1. Prestressing
a. Structural effects of prestressing
b. Partial prestressing concept
c. Corrosion protection of prestressing steel
2. Why to prestress building floors
3. Design specifics when designing and detailing prestressed
floors in buildings
4. PT hardware for prestressing floors in buildings
5. Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using BS8110 and EC2
Design/detailing of a warehouse
floor using BS8110 and EC2
Design Report
prepared by

Surya Kusuma
Fabian Graber
• Presented example is not an optimized
design.
• For all items comprehensive sets of
formula are given with direct references to
the code.
 The Structural Eurocode
Programme

EN 1990 Eurocode 0 Basis of structural design

EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9 Design of aluminium structures

“Nationally determined parameters” defined in National Annex

 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
Floor Systems in Buildings
Structural Loading in kN/m2
system
Light Medium Heavy
LL=2.5 to 7.5 LL=7.5 to 15 LL=15 to 30
Flat Slabs L/38 to L/42
Flat Slabs with L/37 to L/43 L/30 to L/39 L/28 to L/34
drop panels
beam slab beam slab beam slab
1-way slab/beam L/25 to L/32 to L/15 to L/27 to L/12 to L/16 to
L/31 L/37 L/19 L/36 L/17 L/20

2-way slab/beam L/15 to L/29 to

l/17 L/36
 PT layout – flat slab

Option 1 Option 2
PT layout – flat slab with drop panels

Option 1 Option 2
 PT layout – beam & slab

Option 1 Option 2
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
 Design philosophy
for design of floors in buildings
BS8110 EC2
resistance ULS: ULS:
• bending, beam and •Bending, beam and punching
punching shear, torsion shear, torsion
•(fatigue)
serviceability SLS SLS
•Crack control •Stress limitations in concrete
•Deformation and steel
•Not covered: Vibration •Crack control
•(Fatigue) •Deformation
•Durability •(Vibration)
•Fire resistance
durability •Corrosion protection of
embedded steel
•Resistance of concrete to attack
Fire resistance X
 Design philosophy ULS
Effects due to design values of actions=
Effects of (partial load factor) x (characteristic
value of actions)
≤
Effects of the corresponding resistance, which is a
function of design value of the material
property ({characteristic value of the material
property}/{partial factor for material})
 Design philosophy SLS
Effects due to design values of actions
≤
Limiting design values of the relevant
serviceability criterion
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8100 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
 Partial factors for actions (ULS)
BS8110 EC2
adverse beneficial LC with Adverse Beneficial Accompanying
(unfavourable) (favourable) variable action
wind

Self weight 1.4 1.0 1.4/1.2/1.0 1.35 or 1.0 1.35

ξγ =.925*1.35
= 1.26

Superimposed 1.4 1.0 1.4/1.2/1.0 1.35 1.0 1.35

dead load

Shrinkage 1.0 1.0 1.0

Prestressing 1.2 (for local 0.9 0.9
effects)
Live load 1.6 0 1.2/0 1.5 or 0 1.5*ψo=
ψo*1.5 = 1.5*1.0 / 0
1.0*1.5 = 1.5
 Partial factors for materials (ULS)

BS8110 EC2
ULS ULS
Persistent/ accidental Persistent/ accidental
transient transient
Concrete 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2
(bending/ normal
force)

Reinforcement 1.15 1.0 1.15 1.0

Prestressing 1.15 1.0 1.15 1.0
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
 Concrete

Stress-strain diagram concrete: BS8110 Stress-strain diagram concrete: EC-2

 BS8110 EC2
(cube) (cylinder)
Design compressive stress ULS 18.0Mpa 18.1Mpa

Permissible fibre transfer Min {0.5*25=12.5;0.4*40 = 0.6*20.5 = 12.3Mpa

compressive stress SLS 16} = 12.5Mpa

service General: 0.33*40 = 13.2Mpa 0.45*32 = 14.4Mpa

At support: (For linear creep)
0.4*40=16Mpa

Permissible flexural fibre transfer Class 2: 1.8Mpa 2.1Mpa

tensile stress SLS
service Class 2: 2.3Mpa 3.0Mpa

Hypothetical flexural fibre tensile Class 3, 0.2mm:

stress •Slab (275mm): 5.1Mpa
•Beam (800mm): 4Mpa
Shear stress (to control compressive 5.1Mpa 1.11*0.52*18.1/~2 =
stress in inclined compression strut) 5.2Mpa
 Reinforcing Steel

Stress-strain diagram reinforcing steel: BS8110 Stress-strain diagram reinforcing steel: EC-2
 Stress limitation in
reinforcement (SLS)
BS8110 EC2
Minimum For Ø16 at 200mm and
reinforcement for crack 0.3mm crack width:
control 240MPa

Maximum stress level (2.3+4)*0.5/1%= 315MPa 0.8*500 = 400MPa

in passive
reinforcement in
cracked zone
 Prestressing Steel

Stress-strain diagram prestressing steel: Stress-strain diagram prestressing steel:

BS8110 EC-2
 BS8110 EC2
Stressing force 75%*1860 = 1395MPa 79%*1860 = 1469MPa

Maximum stress after 70%x1860 = 1302Mpa 75%*1860 = 1391MPa

transfer
Maximum stress level Not defined 0.75*1860 = 1395Mpa
SLS in cracked zone
Maximum stress under 60%*1860=1116Mpa Not defined
full loading - SLS
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
 Durability
Environment Exposure Class
conditions designation
Mild Sheltered from No risk of Xo
severe rain corrosion or
Moderate Sheltered from attack
severe rain, carbonation XC1 to XC4
exposed to chlorides XD1 to XD3
condensation
Chlorides from XS1 to XS3
Severe Severe rain, sea water
alternate wetting
and drying Freeze/thaw XF1 to XF4
attack
Very severe Sea water
Chemical attack XA1 to XA3
Extreme Abrasive actions

•Nominal cover •Minimum cover

•Maximum crack width
– Table 7.1N gives recommended values for
maximum crack width for different exposure
classes
– With regard to prestressing “recommended values
shall be use in absence of more detailed
requirements”
– FIB has defined and published such “more
detailed requirements”, which ensure, that
internal prestressing tendons exposed to higher
exposure classes are well protected against
corrosion without need for increased concrete
cover and need for compression (of questionable
effect in buildings due to restraint effects).
Exposure Reinforced Prestressing
class members
Plastic ducts Steel ducts
providing leak tight
encapsulation
Unbonded Bonded
in plastic in PT
ducts Plus
ducts
Quasi permanent LC Quasi Frequent LC
permanent
LC
X0, XC1 0.4mm 0.4mm 0.2mm 0.2mm
XC2, XC3, 0.3mm 0.3mm Compression 0.2mm
XC4 check
XD1, XD2, Compression Compression
XS1, XS2, check check
XS3

Modified table 7.1N (EC2 1992-1-1 page 119)

 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8100 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
• Four storey warehouse building
→ floors do not have to be designed for transfer of horizontal loading
• Design working life: 50 years
• Exposure:
– Location: Singapore, inland (tropical, but not coastal)
– Non air conditioned (average relative humidity in Singapore 85%)
→ Exposure class XC3 (concrete inside building with high air humidity
sheltered from rain)
• Loading:
– Selfweight: 25kN/m3
– SDL: 2kN/m2
– LL (warehouse): 15kN/m2
• Fire rating: 2 hours
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8100 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
 BS8110 EC2
Beam Type of PT GC 6-12, PL1 GC 6-12, PL2
Duct Corrugated metal PT Plus plastic
duct, circular duct, circular
80/87 76/81
Friction coefficient 0.18rad-1 0.12rad-1

Wobble factor 0.005m-1 0.005m-1

Slab Type of PT VSLab 6-4 and 6-5, VSLab 6-4 and 6-5,
PL1 PL2

Duct Corrugated metal PT Plus

duct, flat plastic duct,
20x90 Flat
25x94
Friction coefficient 0.18rad-1 0.12rad-1

Wobble factor 0.005m-1 0.005m-1

 Approved PT system hardware according to
EC2
EC2 cl 3.4.1.1 (2)P:
Anchorages and couplers for the prestressing system considered shall
be in accordance with the relevant European Technical Approval.
 Requirements for strands, execution and
workmanship according to EC2
EC2 cl 1.3(1)P:
In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following
assumptions apply:
- The requirements for execution and workmanship given in ENV
13670 are complied with.

- All these requirements are contained in:

„VSL Standard Specification for Post-Tensioning‟
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
Typical cross-section BS8110
Typical cross-section EC2
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
tendon profile beam
tendon profile slab
 BS8110 EC2
Beam Slab Beam Slab
Drape 615mm 180mm 510mm 153mm
Short term losses 13.9% 15.8% 11.4% 12.3%
Shrinkage strain 220 280 260 290
Creep coefficient 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.3
Relaxation 49MPa 49MPa 67MPa 67MPa
Long term losses 14.9% 12.9% 9.0% 8.3%
P/A 1.8MPa 1.3MPa 1.9MPa 1.4MPa
Uplift/DL 128% 170% 110% 150%
Uplift/(DL + LL) 64% 49% 29% 43%
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
 Equivalent frame analysis

This model is only for the calculation of static forces from vertical loading and
for calculation of secondary moment effects from load case prestressing (not for
secondary normal force effects from load case prestressing).
beam effective flange width BS8110

beam effective flange width EC2

 Loading
• Selfweight
• Prestressing
– T0
–T∞
• Superimposed dead load
• Live load (pattern loading)
 Concrete fibre stresses
• For concrete cylinder strength of 20Mpa at
transfer
• For concrete cylinder strength of 32Mpa at
t=28 days
 BS8110 EC2
SLS SLS-1 transfer Fibre SLS-1 transfer Fibre stresses,
T0 stresses T0 PT stresses,
Deflection Deflection
SLS-2 Pattern Fibre SLS-2 Characteristic Fibre stresses; Check, where
T∞ loading stresses T∞ LC sections are cracked →
Verification of stress increase in
Rebars/PT in cracked zones to be
within permissible stress limits
0.75* Deflection SLS-3 Quasi-
LL T∞ permanent LC

ULS-bending Maximum bending

ULS-shear Maximum shear, shear between web and flanges

ULS-torsion Maximum torsion

ULS-anchorage zone Strut-and-tie model

ULS-support reactions Moment and normal force

(column loading)
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
 5.7 MPa 6.9 MPa 6.4 MPa

cracked cracked cracked

-6.1 MPa -6.4 MPa

SLS top fibre stresses for beam BS8110

3.8 MPa 4.9 MPa

cracked cracked

-14.4 MPa -13.1 MPa

SLS bottom fibre stresses for beam BS8110

 5.8 Mpa 6.3 Mpa
4.4 Mpa
fctm = 3.0 Mpa

-2.1 Mpa
-5.2 Mpa -5.2 Mpa

SLS - characteristic: top fibre stresses for beam EC2

fctm = 3.0 Mpa 3.4 Mpa 3.7 Mpa

fctm = 3.0 Mpa

-1.8 Mpa

-11.8 Mpa -13.3 Mpa -13.1 Mpa

SLS – characteristic: bottom fibre stresses for beam EC2

 fct=2.3MPa

cracked cracked

SLS top fibre stresses for slab BS8110

fct=2.3MPa

SLS bottom fibre stresses for slab BS8110

 4.0 Mpa 3.5 Mpa 4.9 Mpa
fctm = 3.0 Mpa 3.8 Mpa
2.0 Mpa

-5.2 Mpa -5.2 Mpa -5.2 Mpa

SLS - characteristic: top fibre stresses for slab EC2

2.1 Mpa 2.2 Mpa

1.3 Mpa

-4.7 Mpa
-6.8 Mpa -6.3 Mpa -6.7 Mpa
-7.7 Mpa

SLS - characteristic: bottom fibre stresses for slab EC2

beam BS8110

slab BS8110
beam EC2

slab EC2
MULS for beam BS8110

VULS for beam BS8110

 -5166 kNm -5650 kNm
-4808 kNm
-3327 kNm

4042 kNm 4055 kNm

MULS for beam EC2

-2506 kN -2416 kN
-1478 kN

2457 kN 2523 kN

VULS for beam EC2

MULS for slab BS8110 [kNm]

VULS for slab BS8110 [kN]

 -4355 kNm -4672 kNm
-3571 kNm
-2519 kNm

1468 kNm 1260 kNm 1422 kNm

MULS for slab EC2

-3571 kN -3571 kN
-3571 kN
-3571 kN

2484 kN 2545 kN 2741 kN

VULS for slab EC2
 Design/detailing of a warehouse floor using
BS8110 and EC2
1. Floor systems in buildings and PT layouts
2. Design philosophy
3. Partial factors
4. Material properties
5. Durability
6. Design input
7. Selection of floor system and PT hardware, preliminary sizing of beams and slab
8. Basic rebar and PT layout at support and midspan
9. Definition of PT profile, calculation of PT losses; selection of uplift forces to be achieved
by PT
10. Structural analysis
11. Discussion of flexural fibre stress envelopes at SLS, deformations and static forces at ULS
12. ULS checks
 ULS-Bending (EC-2)

Bending check – intermediate support:

Post-tensioning on the resistance site (initial stress)
1. Applied bending moment:
𝑴𝒅,𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝛾𝐺 ∙ 𝑀 𝑔𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄 ∙ 𝑀 𝑞𝑘 + 𝛾𝑝,𝑓𝑎𝑣 ∙ 𝑀𝑝𝑠 = 1.35 ∙ 977 + 196 + 1.5 ∙ 1,578 + 0.9 ∙ −886 = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎

! 𝑀𝑑,𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 ≤ 0.65 ∙ 𝑀𝑑,𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 0.65 ∙ 5,495 = 3,572 𝑘𝑁𝑚

→ 𝑴𝒅 = 𝟑, 𝟓𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵𝒎
2. Horizontal equilibrium (assume: reinforcement +PT are yielding; yield strength horiz. plateau):

𝐹ℎ = 0 → 𝐹𝑡 = 𝐹𝑐 → 𝐹𝑡,𝑠 + 𝐹𝑡,𝑝 = 𝐹𝑐 → 𝐴𝑠 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 + 𝐴𝑝 ∙ 𝑓𝑝𝑑 = 𝑏𝑤 ∙ 0.8 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝐴𝑠 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 + 𝐴𝑝 ∙ 𝑓𝑝𝑑 1,810 ∙ 435 + 3,920 ∙ 1,423

𝒙= = = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑏𝑤 ∙ 0.8 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2000 ∙ 0.8 ∙ 18.1
 ULS-Bending (EC-2)

3. Bending resistance:
∗′
𝐹𝑡,𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ′ + 𝐹𝑡,𝑝 ∙ 𝑑𝑝 ′ 787 ∙ 744 + 5,578 ∙ 652
Position resultant tension force: 𝒅 = = = 𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝐹𝑡,𝑠 + 𝐹𝑡,𝑝 787 + 5,578

0.8 ∙ 𝑥 0.8 ∙ 220

Lever arm: 𝒛 = 𝑑∗′ − = 663 − = 𝟓𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎
2 2

Bending resistance: 𝑴𝑹𝒅 = 𝐹𝑡 ∙ 𝑧 = 787 + 5,578 ∙ 0.575 = 𝟑, 𝟔𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎

𝑀𝑑 3,572
η= 𝑀𝑅𝑑 = 3,660 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎 → 𝑶𝑲

Note: Ductility: 𝒙 = 220 575 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖

𝒅∗ ′
 ULS-Bending (EC-2)

4. Strain analysis (checking assumptions):

𝜀𝑐𝑢2 ∙ 𝑑𝑝 ′ − 𝑥 3.5 ∙ 652 − 220
PT: ∆𝜀𝑝 = = = 6.9‰
𝑥 220

Strain limit: → ∆𝜺𝒑,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜀𝑝𝑢𝑑 − 𝜀𝑝0 = 22 − 6.0 = 𝟏𝟔‰ ≥ ∆𝜺𝒑 = 𝟔. 𝟗‰ → 𝑶𝑲

𝒇𝒑𝒅 1,423
Yielding: → ∆𝜺𝒑 + 𝜺𝒑𝟎 = 6.9 + 6.0 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗‰ ≥ = = 𝟕. 𝟑‰ → 𝑶𝑲
𝑬𝒑 195,000

𝜀𝑐𝑢2 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ′ − 𝑥 3.5 ∙ 744 − 220

Reinforcement: 𝜀𝑠 = = = 8.3‰
𝑥 220

Strain limit: → 𝜺𝒔 = 𝟖. 𝟑‰ ≤ 𝜺𝒖𝒅 = 𝟒𝟓‰ → 𝑶𝑲

𝒇𝒚𝒅 435
Yielding : → 𝜺𝒔 = 𝟖. 𝟑‰ ≥ = = 𝟐. 𝟐‰ → 𝑶𝑲
𝑬𝒔 200,000
 ULS-Shear (EC-2)
Shear– check: Surface intermediate support:
1. Applied shear force:
𝑽𝒅 = 𝛾𝐺 ∙ 𝑉 𝑔𝑘 + 𝛾𝑄 ∙ 𝑉 𝑞𝑘 + 𝛾𝑝,𝑓𝑎𝑣 ∙ 𝑉𝑝 = 1.35 ∙ −556 − 112 + 1.5 ∙ −857 + 0.9 ∙ 715 + 5 = −𝟏, 𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵

2. Check if shear-reinforcement is required:

Reduction of web-thickness: 𝒃𝒘,𝒏𝒐𝒎 = 𝑏𝑤 − ξ ∙ ∅𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡,𝑜,𝑖 = 2,000 − 1.0 ∙ 2 ∙ 87 + 55 = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟏 𝒎𝒎

𝑏𝑤
Note: ξ𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0 ∅𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡,𝑜 ≤ 8 ξ𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 1.0 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Shear-Resistance without providing shear reinforcement:

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ∙ 𝑘 ∙ 100 ∙ ρ𝑙 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 + 𝑘1 ∙ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ∙ 𝑏𝑤,𝑛𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝑑 ≥ 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 ∙ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ∙ 𝑏𝑤,𝑛𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝑑
!
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 423𝑘𝑁 𝟓𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑵 < 𝑽𝑬𝒅 → 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅!
<
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18 𝑦𝑐 = 0.18 1.5 = 0.12 𝑘1 = 0.15
200 200
Effective depth: 𝑑 = 663𝑚𝑚 Scale factor: 𝑘 = 1 + =1+ = 1.55
𝑑 663
𝐴𝑠𝑙 9 ∙ ∅16
Reinforcement ratio for long. reinforcement: ρ𝑙 = = = 0.0014 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑑 2,000 ∙ 663
𝛾𝑝,𝑓𝑎𝑣 ∙ 𝑃∞ 0.9 ∙ 4,576 ∙ 103
𝝈𝒄𝒑 = = = 1.96 𝑁 ≤ 0.02 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.02 ∙ 18.1 =. 𝟑𝟔 𝑵
𝐴𝑐 2.1𝐸 + 6 𝑚𝑚2 𝒎𝒎𝟐
3 1 3 1
𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0.035 ∙ 𝑘 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 = 0.035 ∙ 1.58 2 ∙ 32 2 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗
 ULS-Shear (EC-2)

3. Variable Strut Inclination method where shear reinforcement is required:

𝛼𝑐𝑤 ∙ 𝑏𝑤,𝑛𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝑧 ∗ ∙ 𝜗1 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1.11 ∙ 1771 ∙ 656 ∙ 0.52 ∙ 18.1
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟒, 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵
cot Ѳ + tan Ѳ cot 22° + tan 22°
𝑉𝑑 1,540
η= 𝑉𝑅𝑑 , 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4,216 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎 → 𝑶𝑲
𝑓𝑐𝑘 32
Strength reduction: 𝝑𝟏 = 0.6 ∙ 1 − = 0.6 ∙ 1 − = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐
250 250
𝜎𝑐𝑝 1.96
Factor stress in compression chord: 𝜶𝒄𝒘 = 1 + 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 1 + 18.1 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 0 < 𝜎𝑐𝑝 < 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑑
0.8 ∙ 𝑥 0.8 ∙ 220
Lever arm to RC: 𝒛 ∗ = 𝑑𝑠 ′ − = 744 − = 𝟔𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎
2 2
Inclination: Ѳ = 22°
 ULS-Shear (EC-2)

4. Nominal shear stress:

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 4,216 ∙ 103 𝑉𝑑 1,540 ∙ 103

𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒏𝒐𝒎 = = = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 𝑵 𝟐 < 𝒗𝑬𝒅 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝑵
𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑕 2,000 ∙ 800 𝒎𝒎 𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑕 2,000 ∙ 800 𝒎𝒎𝟐
 ULS-Shear (EC-2)

5. Required shear – links:

𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = ∙ 𝑧 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 ∙ cot 𝜃 ≥ 𝑉𝑑
𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑉𝑑 1,540 ∙ 103 𝑚𝑚2
→ ≥ = = 2.48
𝑠 𝑧 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 ∙ cot 𝜃 575 ∙ 435 ∙ cot 22° 𝑚𝑚

𝑨𝒔𝒘 𝟒 ∙ ∅𝟏𝟑 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑚𝑚2

→ = = 2.65 ≥ = 2.48
𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑚𝑚

Lever arm: 𝑧 = 575 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 = 435 𝑁
𝑚𝑚2
cot 𝜃 = cot 22° = 2.47
 Applied Capacity
BS8110 EC2 BS8110 EC2
Bending Beam support -3458 -3572 -4080 -4072
[kNm] face
midspan 4347 4055 4825 4431
Slab support -1957 -2051 -2459 -2256
face
midspan 1488 1422 1833 1792
Shear Beam support 2270 2177 Stirrups: Stirrups:
[kN] face 1.89mm 2.48mm
Slab support 2058 1827
face
THE END
 Content

1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
4. Carbon footprint
 Transfer Plate - Function

• Transfer of high concentrated forces

• Thick plates or beams with high rebar content
• Shear Controlled
Layered Construction

Stage 1: Casting 1st layer (~ 1/3 d)

Stressing bottom tendons

Stage 2: Casting remaining plate

(supported by 1st layer)

Stage 3: Stressing middle and top

tendons

Stage 4: Construction of floors above

can proceed
 MATERIAL & COST COMPARISON
PT VS RC
TRANSFER PLATE
120

100

80
RC
60
PT
40

20

0
Concrete Rebars Fmwk Cost
 Pacific Place

• Plate area: 1,400m2

• Plate thickness: 4.5m thick
• Concrete volume: 6,300m3
• Layered construction: 3 x 1.5m
thk
• Reinforcement ratio:
RC @ 480 kg/m3 to 180 kg/m3
• PT ratio: 27kg/m3

Technical Paper:
“Design of Concrete Slabs for Transverse Shear”,
Peter Marti, ACI Journal 87-S19
 Pacific Place Transfer Plate

Arrangement of Load Bearing Wall & Columns

 Pacific Place

Completed During Construction

 Design Advantages

 Thinner Plate – reduced

selfweight
 Better crack control
 Better deflection control
 Enhanced shear strength
 Reduced shear at support
 Construction Advantages

 Thinner Plate - less concrete

 Less reinforcement, less congestion
 Layered construction
 Lighter supporting false work
 Faster construction
 Content

1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
4. Carbon footprint
Special Applications:
ICC: PT Out-Rigger VSL AF6-31
International Commerce Center Hong Kong
(ICC)

PLAN ELEVATION
Integrated Resort Sands
Singapore

Prestressed shear walls

Integrated Resort Sands
Singapore
Temporary Props
Max Cap. 8000kN
Prop Length up to ~40m

Temporary Post Tensioning

AF 6-19
Integrated Resort Sands
Singapore
 Content

1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
4. Carbon footprint
PT foundation rafts assure load
transfer in soft ground and
water tightness below water table

Warehouse, Switzerland Raffle City, Singapore

PT provides material and labour savings,
and reduces congestion in 5 m deep raft

10,000 m2 Bur Juman raft, Dubai

PT raft beats RC raft in competitive bid in Dubai
and provides improved serviceability

Note: Conventional raft had up to 5 layers of 50 mm reinforcing

bars each way. The PT raft had typically 2 layers of 40 mm,
and used 21 kg/m3 PT bonded PT tendons.
 Content

1. Transfer plates
2. Vertical elements
3. Foundations
4. Carbon footprint
 Case study: High-rise building in Middle East
Comparison between prestressed and reinforced concrete slabs
with consideration of the effect on vertical elements.
Design Assumptions
• Design of slabs: both alternatives have been calculated
in order to avoid punching shear reinforcement
(governing aspect of the design)
• Design of columns: calculation is based only on
normal forces. Core walls used also for the building
stability are not considered here because horizontal
loads are not known. For this reason, only the circular
columns are studied here.
• Note that in seismic areas, PT solutions can reduce
walls reinforcement even more because horizontal
loads to withstands are directly linked to the weight of
the concrete elements (related to slab thickness). - Number of floors: 21
- Floor height: 4 m
- Slab area: 1072 m2
- Number of circular columns: 12
- Diameter of circular columns: 1000 mm
 FRAMING PLAN
9.1m (typ)
1m dia column
S1 (typ)
S2

S3
S5
S4

0.7 x 2.6
column

S6 w 5-1

Core Wall by
U1 w 6-1 U2
w 7-1 U3 w 8-1 U4 w 9-1U5 w 10-1 U6 w 11-1 U7 w 12-1 w 2-1
F1

(400mm) by
w 4-1
Slipform

w 13-1
0.7 x 1.2
w 1-1 column
w 3-1U8 S13
w 17-1
U9 w 16-1 w 15-1 U11 w 14-1
U10

Knock out Panel

0.7 x 4.2 4.7m x 3.0m
column covered with
planks (full
loading)
S12
S7 S8

S11
S9 S10
 PT RC Savings with PT alternative compared to RC
Alternative Alternative alternative
Slab thickness (mm) 300 400 25.0% Reduction of 2.1 m on general building height
Concrete quantity in 1 slab (m3) 322 429
Concrete quantities

25.0% Reduction of 2251 m3 on slab concrete quantity

Total concrete quantity in all slabs (m3) 6754 9005

Concrete quantity in 1 column (m3) 2.9 2.8

-2.8% Increase of 20 m3 on column concrete quantity
Total concrete quantity in all columns
732 713
(m3)
Total concrete quantity (m3) 7486 9717 23.0% Reduction of 2231 m3 on global concrete quantity
Ratio of PT Steel in slab (kg/m2) 4.95 -
Steel ratio

Ratio of Reinforcing Steel in slab (kg/m2) 18 50

Global ratio of Steel in slab (kg/m2) 22.95 50 54.1%

Ratio of Reinforcing Steel in columns
269.6 396.8 32.1%
(kg/m2)
Steel quantity in 1 slab (T) 25 54
Steel quantities

54.1% Reduction of 609 T on slab steel quantity

Total Steel quantity in all slabs (T) 517 1126

Steel quantity in 1 column (T) 1.0 1.4

30.2% Reduction of 108.6 T on column steel quantity
Total Steel quantity in all columns (T) 251 360

Total Steel quantity (T) 768 1486 48.3% Reduction of 718 T on global steel quantity

• In both solutions the circular columns have the same concrete dimensions. Only reinforcement ratio
change.
• The global savings on structure weight can sensibly reduce the concrete foundation needs. This can not be
generally assessed because it depends on local conditions of each project (not known here).
 Carbon footprint calculation analysis
RC PT Emissions
Field Alternative Alternative reduction
(tons eq. CO2) (tons eq. CO2)

Energy 541 340

Materials 7 567 4 760
Freight 2 162 1 360
Site staff
transportation
216 136 37 % Building located in Middle East – study based on long
distance freight for materials transportation
Plant 108 68
216 136
High-Rise Buidling in Middle East (RC Alternative)
Site waste

TOTAL 10 811 6 800

High-Rise Buidling in Middle East (RC Alternative)

High-Rise Buidling in Middle East (PT Alternative)

High-Rise Buidling in Middle East (PT Alternative)

CO2 emissions calculated with CarbonEco®

based on non residential building in ratio mode
 Carbon footprint calculation analysis
RC PT Emissions
Field Alternative Alternative reduction
(tons eq. CO2) (tons eq. CO2)

Energy 541 340

Materials 7 567 4 760
Freight 2 162 1 360
Site staff
transportation
216 136 37 % Building located in Middle East – study based on long
distance freight for materials transportation
Plant 108 68
216 136
High-Rise Buidling in Middle East (RC Alternative)
Site waste

TOTAL 10 811 6 800

High-Rise Buidling in Middle East (RC Alternative)

High-Rise Buidling in Middle East (PT Alternative)

High-Rise Buidling in Middle East (PT Alternative)

CO2 emissions calculated with CarbonEco®

based on non residential building in ratio mode