See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/321796508
The inCredibles: Quezon City Residents' Assessment of
the Credibility of Local Broadsheets and Primetime TV
News Programs
Article · February 2008
CITATIONS READS
0 104
4 authors, including:
Rowena Tatad
University of the Philippines
2 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
media credibility View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Rowena Tatad on 14 December 2017.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
The inCredibles:
Quezon City Residents’ Assessment
of the Credibility of Local Broadsheets
and Primetime TV News Programs
Regine Anne G. Ramos, Kessica Camille C. Tanglao,
Rowena S. Tatad, and Mariedel M. Vasquez
The study explores two kinds of media credibility—in terms of source
and media forms—by determining the public’s perception of the
credibility of 1) specific media news sources; and 2) broadsheets
and TV news programs in general. The sample consists of 112
Quezon City residents 18 years old and above who were selected
using systematic random sampling. Results show that for
newspapers, the Philippine Daily Inquirer and the Philippine Star
were perceived to be equally credible, and that they were also seen
as more credible than Manila Bulletin. For evening news programs,
meanwhile, 24 Oras was seen as more credible than TV Patrol. In
general, both broadsheets and TV news programs were seen as
equally credible by the respondents. There were generally no
significant differences in media credibility ratings across respondent
groupings according to age and educational attainment; only older
respondents and respondents with less education saw TV news
programs as more credible than broadsheets.
M ass media play a vital role in society. Media organizations
influence and are also influenced by social forces, either
for positive or negative ends. Social forces include other social,
political and economic interest groups and institutions which
greatly affect the content of media messages, particularly the
news.
Plaridel (February 2008) 5:1, 23-42 23
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
Some observers, both within and outside the media, have
noted a decline in the quality of news stories and reporting.
They have expressed concern that news values have become
blurred, and reality and drama are sometimes interchanged. Frank
Rich, a columnist of the New York Times, has noted a steady
shift from the use of journalistic standards to those of show
business in news reporting (The Decline of TV News
Credibility, 2006).
This scenario has serious implications on the credibility
of news media and news media organizations. Researches
conducted by The General Social Survey and The Pew Research
Center for People and the Press (in Doherty, 2005) found
declining trends in public trust of the media. In the Philippines,
questions about unethical practices in the media have been raised.
Hofileña (2004) cited several instances when some media
practitioners set aside truth in news reporting in exchange for
personal monetary gains.
It is in the light of these questions about media integrity
and credibility that the present study was undertaken. This study
hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the situation
of media practice in general, and news reporting in particular,
in the Philippines. Since TV is the most widely patronized
medium in the Philippines (Social Weather Stations [SWS], 2003
in Hofileña, 2004) and the newspaper is considered to be the
most serious of all news media that is traditionally dedicated to
hardcore news (Abdulla et. al, 2002), the researchers chose to
have a closer look at these two forms of mass media.
This study focused on identifying which medium—
newspaper or television—is deemed more credible by Quezon
City residents as source of news using the following criteria:
fairness, balance, trustworthiness, completeness, accuracy,
training, news treatment, morality, honesty, reliability, format,
interpretation, objectivity, coherence, and comprehensibility.
24
The inCredibles
Problem and Objectives
Thus, this study aims to answer the question:
RQ: What is the level of credibility attributed to local
newspapers and primetime television news programs by
Quezon City residents?
To answer this question, the study set the following
research objectives:
1. To measure the respondents’ level of exposure
to news in local broadsheets and primetime
television news programs;
2. To determine the respondents’ assessment of
individual local broadsheets and TV news
programs in terms of the different dimensions of
credibility;
3. To compare and contrast local broadsheets and
TV news programs vis-à-vis the different
dimensions of credibility; and
4. To determine if age and educational attainment
influence people’s perceived credibility of news
media.
Review of Related Literature
Kiousis (in Bucy, 2003) defined media credibility as “perceptions
of a news channel’s believability, as distinct from individual
sources, media organizations, or the content of the news itself”
(248). Gaziano and McGrath (1986 in Abdulla et al., 2002)
identified 12 dimensions of news credibility of both newspaper
and television. These are fairness, unbiased reporting,
completeness, accuracy, respect for privacy, concern for people’s
interests, concern for the community, separation of fact and
25
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
opinion, trustworthiness, concern for public interest, factuality,
and level of training of the news program staff. Some researchers
(Gaziano & McGrath, 1986 in Abdulla et al., 2002; Ibelema &
Powell, 2001) found that the audience’s evaluation of a medium’s
credibility depends on what topics are covered in the news (e.g.,
local news, economy, entertainment news, political news, and
religious news). Likewise, how well journalists practice their
profession affects the audience’s assessment of media credibility
(Gaziano & McGrath, 1986 in Abdulla et al., 2002).
Television and television credibility
A 2000 survey of the SWS revealed that 59% of Filipinos watch
television daily (Hofileña, 2004), which indicates TV’s
importance as an information source. According to Hofileña
(2004), the “supremacy of TV does not end with its
pervasiveness or reach” but also extends to the fact that it is
enjoying “phenomenal credibility” (27). This is supported by a
2004 pre-election Pulse Asia poll which found that 67% of the
respondents considered television as the most credible source
of information and news about the candidates and the campaign
(Hofileña, 2004).
According to Westley and Severin (1964), the visual
nature of television is one of the main reasons why it enjoys
higher credibility than newspapers. People believe more what
they “see” (on TV) than what they read (in newspapers). Also,
“newspaper news is offered more or less anonymously whereas
TV news is carried into their homes by trusted newsmen” (326).
However, “the structural bias of television as an industry
which excludes so many voices, so many views, faces and ideas”
(Rushton, 1994: 21) puts into question the reliability of television
as a news source. Further, there are observations that TV news
is now considered a “moneymaking endeavor” because instead
of thinking about news with “social and political significance”,
news networks tend to divert their attention to the more exciting
26
The inCredibles
and catchy reports for the sake of ratings which means profit
(The Decline of TV News Credibility, 2006).
The newspaper and newspaper credibility
Meyer (1988 in Abdulla et al., 2002) formulated an index for
newspaper believability comprised of five dimensions, namely,
fairness, bias, completeness, accuracy, and trustworthiness. He
also argued that a newspapers’ credibility and believability may
have the same dimensions. Abdulla and his colleagues (2002)
found that of all components of credibility, newspaper readers
gave high marks to the medium for being current, up-to-date
and timely while they rated newspapers poorly in terms of bias
and completeness.
In another study, Westley and Severin (1964) found that
people with high socioeconomic status tend to ascribe higher
credibility to newspapers than to television news. Moreover,
their findings showed that “urbanism was associated with higher
credibility for the newspaper” (330).
However, according to Urban (in Meyer & Zhang, 2002),
the public’s confidence in newspapers is waning because they
could see factual errors, spelling and grammatical mistakes in
these publications. Further, Fico and Cote (1999) said that the
public perceives newspapers to be biased, and that this
perception “results from a consumer’s encounter with
information that is discrepant with previously held beliefs” (2).
Other factors affecting audience assessment of media credibility
Aside from news values that the audience most commonly use
to evaluate media credibility, there are also other factors which
may have great impact on credibility assessment. One is political
ideology. In the US, for example, Doherty (2005) pointed out
that there has always been a tendency to view the press as biased
for the Republicans. A second possible factor which may affect
27
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
credibility ratings is media use. Researchers found that individuals
deem a medium to be more credible when they use that medium
more often than the others (Bucy, 2003; Johnson & Kaye, 1998;
Johnson & Kaye, 2000; Westley & Severin, 1964 in Major &
Atwood, 1997). Finally, perceived credibility is also associated
with news focus, wherein news consumers turn to different
news sources depending on the kind of information they need
(Bogart, 1989 in Fischoff, 1996). In other words, news consumers
do not have a single universal source of news that provides their
informational requirements.
Study Framework
This study is anchored on Maletzke’s model of mass
communication process, which identifies the factors that affect
a receiver’s perception of credibility of the source, message or
medium (Griffin, 2000). The source of information is principally
identified as the communicator. Meanwhile, the message is
basically determined by its selection from a pool of varied
information and the way it is structured for public consumption.
Various aspects of the mass communication process such as
the presentation of a message’s content, channel through which
the message is relayed and the nature of the medium (i.e., visual
or audio-visual) determine, to a certain extent, how much
credibility is ascribed to the message. Likewise, the audience
members’ background characteristics, such as their demographic
and socio-economic profile, are deemed to influence their
perception of the credibility of the source, message or channel.
Figure 1 shows the operational framework of this study.
The source/communicator is identified in this context as the
broadcaster/journalist who delivers the message, which is the
news. The media specified herein are television and newspaper.
In particular, they refer to primetime TV news programs and
the news sections of newspapers. The receivers are randomly
selected residents from four baranggays (villages) of Quezon
28
The inCredibles
Figure 1. Operational Framework for Source,
Message and Medium Credibility
City. Sex, religion, marital status, occupation, and monthly
family income were taken into account. Age and educational
attainment were used to differentiate credibility ratios.
Methodology
It is this study’s goal to quantitatively describe the respondents’
perceived credibility of the local television and print media, as
sources of news, thus the selection of survey as the research
method for data gathering. This is a cross-sectional study,
completed in the period of one semester.
Variables measured in the study were the indicators of
media credibility, the respondents’ socio-demographic profile,
and their familiarity with newspapers and TV news programs.
Two different sets of indicators were used to assess
credibility. The first set of indicators that was used to assess the
credibility of broadsheets and TV news programs individually
was collated from literature review (see Johnson & Kaye, 2000;
Johnson & Kaye, 1998; Kiousis, 2001; Meyer & Zhang, 2002).
These measures include: accuracy, balance, clarity in
presentation of data, completeness of story, being easily
understood, expertise/experience, fairness, honesty, intelligent
interpretation of news, layout/format, morality, being
opinionated, reliability, sensationalism and trustworthiness.
These indicators were common in the literature which
29
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
specifically dealt with either newspaper or television news
credibility. The second set of credibility indicators was from
Gaziano & McGrath (1986 in Abdulla et al., 2002), whose study
focused on credibility factors that affect both television news
programs and broadsheets. Their measures of credibility include
accuracy, balance, believability, concern for community’s well-
being, factuality, profit-orientedness, relevance, reliability,
separation of fact from opinion, trustworthiness and being
updated.
To measure the respondents´ familiarity with
newspapers and primetime TV news programs, they were asked
about their a) frequency of reading and/or watching (always,
occasionally, rarely, never) and b) duration of reading and/or
watching (“browsing only” to “more than an hour”) each
newspaper and/or primetime TV news program. Only those
respondents who said that they “always” or “occasionally” read
a particular newspaper or watched a particular news program
were asked to rate the credibility of said newspaper/program.
For the sample communities, four areas in Quezon City
were purposively selected by the researchers. The areas covered
were N.S. Amoranto, SSS Village, Sikatuna Village, and
Baranggay Bagong Pag-asa. These areas were chosen according
to the researchers’ perceived differences in the residents’ socio-
economic status based on the general appearance of the houses
in the community. Socio-economic status (SES) was an
important component that this study aimed to look into in terms
of news media consumption and credibility.
Thirty homes in the longest streets in each of the four
sample communities were chosen as part of the sample using
the systematic random sampling scheme. The randomness of
the selection of sample households was ensured by following a
“keep left” or “keep right” method on either side of the streets.
Replacement households were selected for unsuccessful
interviews (outright refusal, terminated interview). The Kish
grid was used in selecting the eligible respondent in each
30
The inCredibles
household. In total, there were 120 households included in the
sample. However, only 112 were considered valid. Eight
interviews were spoiled because they showed response set and
because there were several unanswered items in the questionnaire.
Results
Respondents’ profile
Male and female respondents comprised 46% and 54% of the
sample, respectively. The youngest respondent was 18 years old,
while the oldest respondent was 93 years old. The greatest
number (48%) of respondents were middle-aged (36-59 years
old), 37% were young (18-35 years old), and only 14% were old
(60 years old or older). The mean age of the sample was 43
years. Respondents who have had college education comprised
the biggest proportion (69%) of the sample, followed by those
who finished high school (20%).
With respect to the respondents’ monthly family
income, those from the low income bracket (less than P10, 000)
accounted for 13% of the sample. On the other hand, 21% of
the respondents were those from the high income bracket
(P40,000-P49,999) while 41% came from the middle income
bracket (P10, 000-P39,999).
Exposure to news in local broadsheets
and primetime news programs
Majority (54%) of the respondents said that they read
newspapers. Of the 10 broadsheets listed, the Philippine Daily
Inquirer ranked first among the respondents in terms of
readership, followed by the Philippine Star. The other
newspapers in the list were not as much patronized as the two
aforementioned papers were.
31
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
Table 1. Exposure to News in Local Broadsheets
and Primetime News Programs (In %)
Most (89%) of the respondents said that they watch
primetime TV news programs. The researchers enumerated 11
local TV news programs in the primetime slots. Three of these
programs were morning programs with news segments, namely
Magandang Umaga Pilipinas (ABS-CBN), Unang Hirit’s Unang
Balita (GMA-7), and Breakfast (Studio 23). Of these three
morning programs, Unang Hirit garnered the highest viewership
among the respondents.
Meanwhile, eight of the programs enumerated were
evening news programs: TV Patrol (ABS-CBN), 24 Oras (GMA-
7), Sentro (ABC-5), News Central (Studio 23), Teledyaryo (NBN
4), RPN 9 News, The World Tonight (ANC), and News on Q
(QTv). Results showed that TV Patrol was the evening news
32
The inCredibles
program most frequently watched by the respondents, followed
by 24 Oras. News Central (Studio23), News on Q (QTv), and
The World Tonight (ANC) were the least watched by the
respondents (see Table 1).
Credibility ratings of individual broadsheet newspapers
and primetime news programs
To measure the respondents’ assessment of the credibility of
each broadsheet newspaper and primetime TV news program
that they are familiar with, they were asked to rate each paper/
program vis-à-vis 15 indicators of credibility (see Table 2) using
a five-point Likert scale that measured their degree of agreement
or disagreement that a particular newspaper/program qualified
for a particular indicator. The overall credibility rating of each
broadsheet/program was then determined by finding the mean
score of each in the 15 indicators. In the rating scheme adopted,
1 represented the highest score (which meant that the media
product in question strongly manifested the credibility indicator)
and 5 represented the lowest score.
Because respondents could only assess a particular
media source if they met a certain level of exposure to it, the
Philippine Daily Inquirer was assessed by 48 respondents, Manila
Bulletin by 27 respondents and Philippine Star by 24. As
indicated by the composite scores, the Philippine Star (mean
score=2.28) was perceived to be the most credible of the
broadsheets, followed by the Philippine Daily Inquirer (2.31)
and the Manila Bulletin (2.79). The difference between the
credibility ratings between the Star and the Inquirer was not
statistically significant, but their respective ratings were
statistically higher than that of the Manila Bulletin.
More specifically, the Philippine Star was rated highest
in nine of the 15 criteria: fairness, balance, completeness,
accuracy, morality, honesty, reliability, and the pleasantness with
which it presents the news. The respondents also rated it most
33
34
Table 2. Credibility Ratings of Individual Broadsheet Newspapers and Primetime News Programs
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
The inCredibles
highly in terms of not sensationalizing the news. The Philippine
Daily Inquirer, meanwhile, was rated highest in the six remaining
criteria: trustworthiness, the training of its staff, its intelligent
interpretation of the news, and the coherent and understandable
way that it presents the news. It was also noted for not being
opinionated.
On the other hand, of the 100 respondents who rated
the credibility of two primetime news programs, 75 rated TV
Patrol while 59 rated 24 Oras. These were the top two TV news
programs most familiar to and most frequently watched by
respondents, thus allowing for better assessment of the
credibility of these programs.
As the composite scores indicate, 24 Oras (2.24) was
rated more credible than TV Patrol (2.38) by the respondents—
and the difference in their ratings was statistically significant.
Indeed, 24 Oras was rated more highly than TV Patrol in all but
two of the 15 criteria.
Credibility of broadsheets and TV news programs in general
To determine the credibility of broadsheets and TV news
programs, the respondents were asked to rate the two media vis-
à-vis 11 indicators (see Table 3) using a five-point scale where 1
represented the highest score (which meant that the medium in
question strongly manifested the credibility indicator) and 5
represented the lowest score.
In eight of the 11 criteria, TV news programs were rated
higher than broadsheets, including accuracy, balance,
believability, relevance, trustworthiness, and timeliness. They
were also noted for having less concern for profits and greater
concern for the community compared to broadsheets.
Meanwhile, broadsheets were only rated higher than TV
programs in three criteria: reliability, factuality, and ability to
separate fact from opinion.
35
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
Table 3. Comparison of the Credibility Ratings of Broadsheets
and Primetime TV News Programs (n=112)
Table 4. Factors affecting people’s perceived credibility of news media
(within news media)
Table 5. Factors affecting people’s perceived credibility of news media
(between media forms)
As the composite scores indicate, TV news programs
(2.30) were rated more credible than broadsheets (2.37) in general,
though the difference in their computed mean ratings was not
statistically significant.
36
The inCredibles
Credibility of broadsheets and TV news programs
across respondent groupings according to age
and educational attainment
Statistical tests indicated no significant differences in the
perceived credibility of either print or TV across age or
educational groupings (see Table 4). Moreover, within relatively
younger groups and among respondents with higher levels of
education, there was no significant difference in the perceived
credibility of the press across media forms (see Table 5).
Differences in perceived credibility of broadsheets and
TV news programs were only observed among old respondents
and those with less education. Both perceived TV to be more
credible than the print media, perhaps because they are more
exposed to TV news than broadsheets. Media users tend to
trust the medium they are more exposed to, or are more reliant
on (Bucy, 2003; Johnson & Kaye, 2000; Johnson & Kaye, 1998;
Westley & Severin, 1964 in Major & Atwood, 1997).
Discussion, Implications and Recommendations
The Philippine press is often described as being among the
liveliest in Asia because of, among others, the number of media
establishments operating in the country. However, this study’s
findings about media readership and viewership suggest that
very few of these media outfits actually command significant
audience following. Of the 10 broadsheets enumerated in the
study, only three (Philippine Daily Inquirer, Philippine Star, and
Manila Bulletin) were read by at least a third of the respondents.
Further, only the first two were read by at least half of the
respondents. Similarly, of the many local primetime news
programs being broadcast, only two (TV Patrol and 24 Oras)
were watched by approximately half of the respondents. Thus,
while Philippine media has much to offer in terms of news
sources, respondents only choose to get their news from a very
select few entities.
37
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
To a certain extent, one might connect these findings to
the composition of this study’s sample: while it has a fairly
good representation of people vis-à-vis most demographic
variables, the distribution according to educational attainment
shows that college educated respondents predominate. Thus, it
is possible that the media choices of this study’s sample more
reflective of the preferences of better educated Filipinos, and
not the population as a whole. Yet, on the other hand, if one
goes by the results of the media ratings surveys, the findings of
this study are well-aligned with the findings for the national
samples used in said surveys. This, then, opens up a set of
questions that future research could address, such as: why are
people’s print and TV news sources mainly confined to the
abovementioned papers and programs? What audience- and
media-related factors shaped these choices? What are the
consequences of this situation for the audience and the media?
What could the other media outfits do to be more competitive?
How can people be encouraged to seek out other news sources?
It is noteworthy that the abovementioned three
broadsheets and two TV news programs all had the highest score
in understandability, suggesting that a key consideration for their
popularity, and consequently for their credibility, is the
accessibility of information that they provide to the audience.
Also interesting is the fact that while the five media sources
were positively assessed on most of the indicators of credibility,
they were seen to be quite opinionated and sensationalistic in
their presentation of the news. They also did not rate very well
in terms of balance and accuracy. Journalistic standards deem
objectivity as an important value that news media must abide
by. If this study’s respondents were to be used as basis, then the
five media sources seem to need to work on this news value.
More importantly, the findings of this study suggest that despite
being seen as less than objective, the five media sources, overall,
are still seen as credible news sources. Could this mean that
38
The inCredibles
audiences have come to understand that there is no such thing
as absolute objectivity in the media, that each media source
would have its own take on an issue, and that it is up to the
reader to separate fact from opinion and “truth” from half-truths?
Again, further research could explore shifting standards of
objectivity in media from the perspective of practitioners and
audiences. In particular, these studies could examine how
specifically these shifting standards, if they do exist, impact on
people’s assessment of media credibility.
In general, both broadsheets and TV news programs were
assessed by the respondents as almost equally credible. This
finding runs counter to what several previous studies have found,
about TV being perceived to be more credible than newspapers.
One possible explanation lies in Philippine media personalities’
practice of “crossing over” from one medium to another –
newspaper columnists hosting their own TV or radio programs,
and vice-versa. Moreover, it is also not unusual for TV and radio
news programs to use newspaper stories as material for their
programs, and vice-versa. Because they share common
personalities and stories, it is not surprising that the audience
would regard newspapers and TV programs to have the same
level of credibility. This is yet another topic that other researchers
could look into in the future.
As these study’s bivariate analyses revealed, however,
older and less educated respondents perceived television to be
more credible than newspapers, compared to the younger and
more educated respondents, respectively. In both instances, one
might argue that accessibility underlies the choices of the older
and less educated respondents. TV is more accessible to the
older respondents, in that they usually stay at home more than
their younger counterparts, and might have greater exposure
with television. Meanwhile, TV is more accessible to the less
educated respondents in that its audio-visual nature makes it
easier for them to comprehend the news.
39
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
Finally, the findings of this study have shown on which
aspects of credibility Philippine newspapers and television news
programs, or at least the five media sources mentioned earlier,
do well and on which aspects they need to improve on. Philippine
media agencies might find this study’s findings useful for
mapping the direction they would take so that they could
enhance their credibility and be of better service to the public.
References
Abdulla, R., Garrison, B., Salwen, M., Driscoll, P., & Casey, D.
(2002). The credibility of newspapers, television news, and
online news. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from University of
Miami, School of Communication website: http://
com.miami.edu/car/miamibeach1.htm.
Bucy, E. (2003). Media credibility reconsidered: Synergy effects
between on-air and online news. Journalism and Mass
Communication Quarterly, 80 (2). Retrieved January 15,
2007, from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=
4 11 0 8 1 0 4 1 & F m t = 4 & c l i e n t I d = 5 1 7 1 0 & R Q T =
309&VName=PQD.
Department of Communication Research (2007). Nagpapatrol 24
Oras. College of Mass Communication, University of the
Philippines Diliman.
Doherty, C. (2005). The public isn’t buying press credibility. Niemann
Reports, 59(2), 47-48. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from
ProQuest database.
Fico, F., & Cote, W. (1999). Fairness and balance in the structural
characteristics of newspaper stories on the 1996 presidential
election. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,
76(1), 124-137. Retrieved January 15, 2007 from http://
proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=42663560&Fmt=
4&clientId=51710&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Fischoff, S. (1996). Perceived credibility of news sources as a function
of news focus. Retrieved December 24, 2006 from http://
www.calstatela.edu/faculty/sfischo/newsrev.html.
40
The inCredibles
Griffin, E. (2000). A first look at communication theory (4th ed.).
Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hofileña, C. F. (2004). News for sale: The corruption and
commercialization of the Philippine media. Quezon City:
Raintree Publishing, Inc.
Hovland, C., Janis, I., & Kelley, H. (1953). Communication and
persuasion. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University.
Ibelama, M. & Powell, L. (2001). Cable television news viewed as
most credible. Newspaper Research Journal, 22(1). Retrieved
January 15, 2007, from http://proquest.umi.com/
p q d we b ? d i d = 7 7 0 8 4 4 2 3 & F m t = 4 & c l i e n t I d =
51710&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Johnson, T.J. & Kaye, B.K. (1998). Cruising is believing?: Comparing
internet and traditional sources on media credibility measures.
Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(2).
Retrieved January 15, 2007, from http://proquest.umi.com/
p q d we b ? d i d = 3 3 8 0 7 9 9 7 & F m t = 4 & c l i e n t I d =
51710&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Johnson, T.J. & Kaye, B.K. (2000). Using is believing: The influence
of reliance on the credibility of online political information
among politically interested Internet users. Journalism and
Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(4). Retrieved January
15, 2007, from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=
72046463&Fmt=4&clientId=51710&RQT=
309&VName=PQD.
Kiousis, S. (2001). Public trust or mistrust? Perceptions of media
credibility in the information age. Mass Communication &
Society, 4(4). Retrieved January 10, 2007, from
w w w. l e a o n l i n e . c o m / d o i / a b s / 1 0 . 1 2 0 7 /
S15327825MCS0404_4.
Major, A., & Atwood, E. (1997). Changes in media credibility when
a predicted disaster doesn’t happen. Journalism and Mass
Communication Quarterly, 74(4). Retrieved January 15, 2007,
from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=
28457485&Fmt=4&clientId=51710&RQT=
309&VName=PQD.
41
Ramos, Tanglao, Tatad, and Vasquez
Meyer, P & Zhang, Y. (2002). Anatomy of a death spiral: Newspapers
and their credibility. Retrieved January 16, 2007 from http:/
/216.109.125.130/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&fr=slv8-
msgr&p=newspaper+credibility+unc&u =www.unc.edu/
% 7 E p m e y e r / Q u a l i t y _ P r o j e c t /
anatomy_of_death_spiral.pdf&w=
newspaper+credibility+unc&d=AqSjqOxsOEs2&icp=
1&.intl=us.
Rushton, D. (1994). Local television reviewed: Essays on local
televisions, 1982-1993. Scotland: Institute of Local Television
Press.
The Decline of TV News Credibility. (2006). Retrieved December 24,
2006 from Cyber College Internet Campus website: http://
www.internetcampus.com/tvnews.htm.
Westley, B.H. & Severin, W.J. (1964). Some correlates of media
credibility. The Journalism Quarterly, 41, 325-35.
__________________
Regine Anne G. Ramos, Kessica Camille C. Tanglao, Rowena S.
Tatad, and Mariedel M. Vasquez are third year BA Communication
Research students, currently enrolled in Comm Res 165 (Data
Interpretation and Reporting). This paper was undertaken for Comm
Res 115 (Statistical Concepts in Communication Research), together
with Allan Yasser Abdula, in the first semester of AY 2006-2007.
42
View publication stats
