Software Testing

About the Tutorial

Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent
to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not.

Testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing

requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.

This tutorial will give you a basic understanding on software testing, its types,
methods, levels, and other related terminologies.

Audience
This tutorial is designed for software testing professionals who would like to
understand the Testing Framework in detail along with its types, methods, and
levels. This tutorial provides enough ingredients to start with the software
testing process from where you can take yourself to higher levels of expertise.

Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of
the software development life cycle (SDLC). In addition, you should have a basic
understanding of software programming using any programming language.
Table of Contents
1. OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................... 1

What is Testing? ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Who does Testing? .................................................................................................................................... 1

When to Start Testing? .............................................................................................................................. 1

When to Stop Testing? .............................................................................................................................. 2

Verification & Validation ........................................................................................................................... 2

2. MYTHS ......................................................................................................................................... 4

Myth 1: Testing is Too Expensive ............................................................................................................... 4

Myth 2: Testing is Time-Consuming ........................................................................................................... 4

Myth 3: Only Fully Developed Products are Tested ................................................................................... 4

Myth 4: Complete Testing is Possible ........................................................................................................ 4

Myth 5: A Tested Software is Bug-Free ...................................................................................................... 4

Myth 6: Missed Defects are due to Testers ................................................................................................ 5

Myth 7: Testers are Responsible for Quality of Product............................................................................. 5

Myth 8: Test Automation should be used Wherever Possible to Reduce Time .......................................... 5

Myth 9: Anyone can Test a Software Application ...................................................................................... 5

Myth 10: A Tester’s Only Task is to Find Bugs ............................................................................................ 5

3. QA, QC, AND TESTING ................................................................................................................. 6

Testing, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control ........................................................................................ 6

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 Audit and Inspection ................................................................................................................................. 7

Testing and Debugging .............................................................................................................................. 7

4. TYPES OF TESTING .....................................................................................................................11

Manual Testing ........................................................................................................................................ 11

Automation Testing ................................................................................................................................. 11

What to Automate?................................................................................................................................. 12

When to Automate? ................................................................................................................................ 12

How to Automate? .................................................................................................................................. 12

Software Testing Tools ............................................................................................................................ 13

5. TESTING METHODS ...................................................................................................................14

Black-Box Testing .................................................................................................................................... 14

White-Box Testing ................................................................................................................................... 14

Grey-Box Testing ..................................................................................................................................... 15

A Comparison of Testing Methods........................................................................................................... 16

6. TESTING LEVELS.........................................................................................................................18

Functional Testing ................................................................................................................................... 18

Unit Testing ............................................................................................................................................. 19

Integration Testing .................................................................................................................................. 19

System Testing ........................................................................................................................................ 20

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 Regression Testing ................................................................................................................................... 20

Acceptance Testing.................................................................................................................................. 20

Non-Functional Testing ........................................................................................................................... 22

Usability Testing ...................................................................................................................................... 23

Security Testing ....................................................................................................................................... 24

Portability Testing ................................................................................................................................... 24

7. DOCUMENTATION ....................................................................................................................26

Test Plan .................................................................................................................................................. 26

Test Scenario ........................................................................................................................................... 26

Test Case ................................................................................................................................................. 27

Traceability Matrix .................................................................................................................................. 28

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 1. OVERVIEW
Testing
Software

What is Testing?
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent
to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not. In simple words,
testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing
requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.

According to ANSI/IEEE 1059 standard, Testing can be defined as - A process of

analyzing a software item to detect the differences between existing and
required conditions (that is defects/errors/bugs) and to evaluate the features of
the software item.

Who does Testing?

It depends on the process and the associated stakeholders of the project(s). In
the IT industry, large companies have a team with responsibilities to evaluate
the developed software in context of the given requirements. Moreover,
developers also conduct testing which is called Unit Testing. In most cases, the
following professionals are involved in testing a system within their respective
capacities:

Software Tester

Software Developer

Project Lead/Manager

End User

Different companies have different designations for people who test the software
on the basis of their experience and knowledge such as Software Tester,
Software Quality Assurance Engineer, QA Analyst, etc.

It is not possible to test the software at any time during its cycle. The next two
sections state when testing should be started and when to end it during the
SDLC.

When to Start Testing?

An early start to testing reduces the cost and time to rework and produce error-
free software that is delivered to the client. However in Software Development
Life Cycle (SDLC), testing can be started from the Requirements Gathering
phase and continued till the deployment of the software. It also depends on the
development model that is being used. For example, in the Waterfall model,
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 Software Testing

formal testing is conducted in the testing phase; but in the incremental model,
testing is performed at the end of every increment/iteration and the whole
application is tested at the end.

Testing is done in different forms at every phase of SDLC:

During the requirement gathering phase, the analysis and verification of

requirements are also considered as testing.

Reviewing the design in the design phase with the intent to improve the
design is also considered as testing.

Testing performed by a developer on completion of the code is also

categorized as testing.

When to Stop Testing?

It is difficult to determine when to stop testing, as testing is a never-ending
process and no one can claim that a software is 100% tested. The following
aspects are to be considered for stopping the testing process:

Testing Deadlines

Completion of test case execution

Completion of functional and code coverage to a certain point

Bug rate falls below a certain level and no high-priority bugs are identified

Management decision

Verification & Validation

These two terms are very confusing for most people, who use them
interchangeably. The following table highlights the differences between
verification and validation.

S.N. Verification Validation

1 Verification addresses the Validation addresses the concern:

concern: "Are you building it "Are you building the right thing?"
right?"

2 Ensures that the software system Ensures that the functionalities

meets all the functionality. meet the intended behavior.

3 Verification takes place first and Validation occurs after verification

includes the checking for and mainly involves the checking of

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 Software Testing

documentation, code, etc. the overall product.

4 Done by developers. Done by testers.

5 It has static activities, as it It has dynamic activities, as it

includes collecting reviews, includes executing the software
walkthroughs, and inspections to against the requirements.
verify a software.

6 It is an objective process and no It is a subjective process and

subjective decision should be involves subjective decisions on
needed to verify a software. how well a software works.

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 Software Testing

2. MYTHS

Given below are some of the most common myths about software testing.

Myth 1: Testing is Too Expensive

Reality: There is a saying, pay less for testing during software development or
pay more for maintenance or correction later. Early testing saves both time and
cost in many aspects, however reducing the cost without testing may result in
improper design of a software application rendering the product useless.

Myth 2: Testing is Time-Consuming

Reality: During the SDLC phases, testing is never a time-consuming process.
However diagnosing and fixing the errors identified during proper testing is a
time-consuming but productive activity.

Myth 3: Only Fully Developed Products are Tested

Reality: No doubt, testing depends on the source code but reviewing
requirements and developing test cases is independent from the developed
code. However iterative or incremental approach as a development life cycle
model may reduce the dependency of testing on the fully developed software.

Myth 4: Complete Testing is Possible

Reality: It becomes an issue when a client or tester thinks that complete testing
is possible. It is possible that all paths have been tested by the team but
occurrence of complete testing is never possible. There might be some scenarios
that are never executed by the test team or the client during the software
development life cycle and may be executed once the project has been
deployed.

Myth 5: A Tested Software is Bug-Free

Reality: This is a very common myth that the clients, project managers, and
the management team believes in. No one can claim with absolute certainty that
a software application is 100% bug-free even if a tester with superb testing skills
has tested the application.

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 Software Testing

Myth 6: Missed Defects are due to Testers

Reality: It is not a correct approach to blame testers for bugs that remain in the
application even after testing has been performed. This myth relates to Time,
Cost, and Requirements changing Constraints. However the test strategy may
also result in bugs being missed by the testing team.

Myth 7: Testers are Responsible for Quality of Product

Reality: It is a very common misinterpretation that only testers or the testing
team should be responsible for product quality. Testers’ responsibilities include
the identification of bugs to the stakeholders and then it is their decision
whether they will fix the bug or release the software. Releasing the software at
the time puts more pressure on the testers, as they will be blamed for any error.

Myth 8: Test Automation should be used Wherever

Possible to Reduce Time
Reality: Yes, it is true that Test Automation reduces the testing time, but it is
not possible to start test automation at any time during software development.
Test automaton should be started when the software has been manually tested
and is stable to some extent. Moreover, test automation can never be used if
requirements keep changing.

Myth 9: Anyone can Test a Software Application

Reality: People outside the IT industry think and even believe that anyone can
test a software and testing is not a creative job. However testers know very well
that this is a myth. Thinking alternative scenarios, try to crash a software with
the intent to explore potential bugs is not possible for the person who developed
it.

Myth 10: A Tester’s Only Task is to Find Bugs

Reality: Finding bugs in a software is the task of the testers, but at the same
time, they are domain experts of the particular software. Developers are only
responsible for the specific component or area that is assigned to them but
testers understand the overall workings of the software, what the dependencies
are, and the impacts of one module on another module.

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 Software Testing

3. QA, QC, AND TESTING

Testing, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control

Most people get confused when it comes to pin down the differences among
Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and Testing. Although they are interrelated
and to some extent, they can be considered as same activities, but there exist
distinguishing points that set them apart. The following table lists the points that
differentiate QA, QC, and Testing.

Quality Assurance Quality Control Testing

QA includes activities that It includes activities that It includes activities

ensure the ensure the verification of that ensure the
implementation of a developed software with identification of
processes, procedures respect to documented bugs/error/defects in
and standards in context (or not in some cases) a software.
to verification of requirements.
developed software and
intended requirements.

Focuses on processes and Focuses on actual testing Focuses on actual

procedures rather than by executing the software testing.
conducting actual testing with an aim to identify
on the system. bug/defect through
implementation of
procedures and process.

Process-oriented Product-oriented Product-oriented

activities. activities. activities.

Preventive activities. It is a corrective process. It is a preventive

process.

It is a subset of Software QC can be considered as Testing is the subset

Test Life Cycle (STLC). the subset of Quality of Quality Control.
Assurance.
 Software Testing

Audit and Inspection

Audit: It is a systematic process to determine how the actual testing process is
conducted within an organization or a team. Generally, it is an independent
examination of processes involved during the testing of a software. As per IEEE,
it is a review of documented processes that organizations implement and follow.
Types of audit include Legal Compliance Audit, Internal Audit, and System Audit.

Inspection: It is a formal technique that involves formal or informal technical

reviews of any artifact by identifying any error or gap. As per IEEE94, inspection
is a formal evaluation technique in which software requirements, designs, or
codes are examined in detail by a person or a group other than the author to
detect faults, violations of development standards, and other problems.

Formal inspection meetings may include the following processes: Planning,

Overview Preparation, Inspection Meeting, Rework, and Follow-up.

Testing and Debugging

Testing: It involves identifying bug/error/defect in a software without correcting
it. Normally professionals with a quality assurance background are involved in
bugs identification. Testing is performed in the testing phase.

Debugging: It involves identifying, isolating, and fixing the problems/bugs.

Developers who code the software conduct debugging upon encountering an
error in the code. Debugging is a part of White Box Testing or Unit Testing.
Debugging can be performed in the development phase while conducting Unit
Testing or in phases while fixing the reported bugs.
 Software Testing

4. TYPES OF TESTING

This section describes the different types of testing that may be used to test a
software during SDLC.

Manual Testing
Manual testing includes testing a software manually, i.e., without using any
automated tool or any script. In this type, the tester takes over the role of an
end-user and tests the software to identify any unexpected behavior or bug.
There are different stages for manual testing such as unit testing, integration
testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.

Testers use test plans, test cases, or test scenarios to test a software to ensure
the completeness of testing. Manual testing also includes exploratory testing, as
testers explore the software to identify errors in it.

Automation Testing
Automation testing, which is also known as Test Automation, is when the tester
writes scripts and uses another software to test the product. This process
involves automation of a manual process. Automation Testing is used to re-run
the test scenarios that were performed manually, quickly, and repeatedly.

Apart from regression testing, automation testing is also used to test the
application from load, performance, and stress point of view. It increases the
test coverage, improves accuracy, and saves time and money in comparison to
manual testing.

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 Software Testing

What to Automate?
It is not possible to automate everything in a software. The areas at which a
user can make transactions such as the login form or registration forms, any
area where large number of users can access the software simultaneously
should be automated.

Furthermore, all GUI items, connections with databases, field validations, etc.
can be efficiently tested by automating the manual process.

When to Automate?
Test Automation should be used by considering the following aspects of a
software:

Large and critical projects

Projects that require testing the same areas frequently

Requirements not changing frequently

Accessing the application for load and performance with many

virtual users

Stable software with respect to manual testing

Availability of time

How to Automate?
Automation is done by using a supportive computer language like VB scripting
and an automated software application. There are many tools available that can
be used to write automation scripts. Before mentioning the tools, let us identify
the process that can be used to automate the testing process:

Identifying areas within a software for automation

Selection of appropriate tool for test automation

Writing test scripts

Development of test suits

Execution of scripts

Create result reports

Identify any potential bug or performance issues

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 Software Testing

Software Testing Tools

The following tools can be used for automation testing:

HP Quick Test Professional

Selenium

IBM Rational Functional Tester

SilkTest

TestComplete

Testing Anywhere

WinRunner

LaodRunner

Visual Studio Test Professional

WATIR

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 Software Testing

5. TESTING METHODS

There are different methods that can be used for software testing. This chapter
briefly describes the methods available.

Black-Box Testing
The technique of testing without having any knowledge of the interior workings
of the application is called black-box testing. The tester is oblivious to the
system architecture and does not have access to the source code. Typically,
while performing a black-box test, a tester will interact with the system's user
interface by providing inputs and examining outputs without knowing how and
where the inputs are worked upon.

The following table lists the advantages and disadvantages of black-box testing.

Advantages Disadvantages

Well suited and efficient for large Limited coverage, since only a
code segments. selected number of test scenarios
is actually performed.

Inefficient testing, due to the fact

Code access is not required.
that the tester only has limited
knowledge about an application.

Clearly separates user's perspective Blind coverage, since the tester

from the developer's perspective cannot target specific code
through visibly defined roles. segments or error-prone areas.

Large numbers of moderately The test cases are difficult to

skilled testers can test the design.
application with no knowledge of
implementation, programming
language, or operating systems.

White-Box Testing
White-box testing is the detailed investigation of internal logic and structure of
the code. White-box testing is also called glass testing or open-box testing.
In order to perform white-box testing on an application, a tester needs to know
the internal workings of the code.
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 Software Testing

The tester needs to have a look inside the source code and find out which
unit/chunk of the code is behaving inappropriately.

The following table lists the advantages and disadvantages of white-box testing.

Advantages Disadvantages

As the tester has knowledge of Due to the fact that a skilled tester
the source code, it becomes is needed to perform white-box
very easy to find out which type testing, the costs are increased.
of data can help in testing the
application effectively.
Sometimes it is impossible to look
It helps in optimizing the code.
into every nook and corner to find
Extra lines of code can be out hidden errors that may create
removed which can bring in problems, as many paths will go
hidden defects. untested.

Due to the tester's knowledge It is difficult to maintain white-box

about the code, maximum testing, as it requires specialized
coverage is attained during test tools like code analyzers and
scenario writing. debugging tools.

Grey-Box Testing
Grey-box testing is a technique to test the application with having a limited
knowledge of the internal workings of an application. In software testing, the
phrase the more you know, the better carries a lot of weight while testing an
application.

Mastering the domain of a system always gives the tester an edge over someone
with limited domain knowledge. Unlike black-box testing, where the tester only
tests the application's user interface; in grey-box testing, the tester has access
to design documents and the database. Having this knowledge, a tester can
prepare better test data and test scenarios while making a test plan.

Advantages Disadvantages

Offers combined benefits of black- Since the access to source code is

box and white-box testing not available, the ability to go over
wherever possible. the code and test coverage is
limited.
Grey box testers don't rely on the
source code; instead they rely on The tests can be redundant if the
interface definition and functional software designer has already run

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 Software Testing

specifications. a test case.

Based on the limited information Testing every possible input

available, a grey-box tester can stream is unrealistic because it
design excellent test scenarios would take an unreasonable
especially around communication amount of time; therefore, many
protocols and data type handling. program paths will go untested.

The test is done from the point

of view of the user and not the
designer.

A Comparison of Testing Methods

The following table lists the points that differentiate black-box testing, grey-box
testing, and white-box testing.

Black-Box Testing Grey-Box Testing White-Box Testing

The internal workings The tester has limited Tester has full
of an application need knowledge of the internal knowledge of the
not be known. workings of the internal workings of the
application. application.

Also known as closed- Also known as translucent Also known as clear-box

box testing, data- testing, as the tester has testing, structural
driven testing, or limited knowledge of the testing, or code-based
functional testing. insides of the application. testing.

Performed by end- Performed by end-users Normally done by

users and also by and also by testers and testers and developers.
testers and developers. developers.

Testing is based on Testing is done on the Internal workings are

external expectations - basis of high-level fully known and the
Internal behavior of database diagrams and tester can design test
the application is data flow diagrams. data accordingly.
unknown.

It is exhaustive and the Partly time-consuming The most exhaustive

least time-consuming. and exhaustive. and time-consuming
type of testing.

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 Software Testing

Not suited for Not suited for algorithm Suited for algorithm
algorithm testing. testing. testing.

This can only be done Data domains and Data domains and
by trial-and-error internal boundaries can internal boundaries can
method. be tested, if known. be better tested.

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 6. TESTING LEVELSSoftware Testing

There are different levels during the process of testing. In this chapter, a brief
description is provided about these levels.

Levels of testing include different methodologies that can be used while

conducting software testing. The main levels of software testing are:

Functional Testing

Non-functional Testing

Functional Testing
This is a type of black-box testing that is based on the specifications of the
software that is to be tested. The application is tested by providing input and
then the results are examined that need to conform to the functionality it was
intended for. Functional testing of a software is conducted on a complete,
integrated system to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified
requirements.

There are five steps that are involved while testing an application for
functionality.

Steps Description

I The determination of the functionality that the intended application is

meant to perform.

II The creation of test data based on the specifications of the

application.

III The output based on the test data and the specifications of the
application.

IV The writing of test scenarios and the execution of test cases.

V The comparison of actual and expected results based on the

executed test cases.

An effective testing practice will see the above steps applied to the testing
policies of every organization and hence it will make sure that the organization
maintains the strictest of standards when it comes to software quality.18
 Software Testing

Unit Testing
This type of testing is performed by developers before the setup is handed over
to the testing team to formally execute the test cases. Unit testing is performed
by the respective developers on the individual units of source code assigned
areas. The developers use test data that is different from the test data of the
quality assurance team.

The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that
individual parts are correct in terms of requirements and functionality.

Limitations of Unit Testing

Testing cannot catch each and every bug in an application. It is impossible to
evaluate every execution path in every software application. The same is the
case with unit testing.

There is a limit to the number of scenarios and test data that a developer can
use to verify a source code. After having exhausted all the options, there is no
choice but to stop unit testing and merge the code segment with other units.

Integration Testing
Integration testing is defined as the testing of combined parts of an application
to determine if they function correctly. Integration testing can be done in two
ways: Bottom-up integration testing and Top-down integration testing.

S.N. Integration Testing Method

1 Bottom-up integration
This testing begins with unit testing, followed by tests of progressively
higher-level combinations of units called modules or builds.

2 Top-down integration
In this testing, the highest-level modules are tested first and
progressively, lower-level modules are tested thereafter.

In a comprehensive software development environment, bottom-up testing is

usually done first, followed by top-down testing. The process concludes with
multiple tests of the complete application, preferably in scenarios designed to
mimic actual situations.

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 Software Testing

System Testing
System testing tests the system as a whole. Once all the components are
integrated, the application as a whole is tested rigorously to see that it meets
the specified Quality Standards. This type of testing is performed by a
specialized testing team.

System testing is important because of the following reasons:

System testing is the first step in the Software Development Life Cycle,
where the application is tested as a whole.

The application is tested thoroughly to verify that it meets the functional

and technical specifications.

The application is tested in an environment that is very close to the

production environment where the application will be deployed.

System testing enables us to test, verify, and validate both the business
requirements as well as the application architecture.

Regression Testing
Whenever a change in a software application is made, it is quite possible that
other areas within the application have been affected by this change. Regression
testing is performed to verify that a fixed bug hasn't resulted in another
functionality or business rule violation. The intent of regression testing is to
ensure that a change, such as a bug fix should not result in another fault being
uncovered in the application.

Regression testing is important because of the following reasons:

Minimize the gaps in testing when an application with changes made has
to be tested.

Testing the new changes to verify that the changes made did not affect
any other area of the application.

Mitigates risks when regression testing is performed on the application.

Test coverage is increased without compromising timelines.

Increase speed to market the product.

Acceptance Testing
This is arguably the most important type of testing, as it is conducted by the
Quality Assurance Team who will gauge whether the application meets the
intended specifications and satisfies the client’s requirement. The QA team will
have a set of pre-written scenarios and test cases that will be used to test the
application.
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 Software Testing

More ideas will be shared about the application and more tests can be performed
on it to gauge its accuracy and the reasons why the project was initiated.
Acceptance tests are not only intended to point out simple spelling mistakes,
cosmetic errors, or interface gaps, but also to point out any bugs in the
application that will result in system crashes or major errors in the application.

By performing acceptance tests on an application, the testing team will deduce

how the application will perform in production. There are also legal and
contractual requirements for acceptance of the system.

Alpha Testing
This test is the first stage of testing and will be performed amongst the teams
(developer and QA teams). Unit testing, integration testing and system testing
when combined together is known as alpha testing. During this phase, the
following aspects will be tested in the application:

Spelling Mistakes

Broken Links

Cloudy Directions

The Application will be tested on machines with the lowest specification to

test loading times and any latency problems.

Beta Testing
This test is performed after alpha testing has been successfully performed. In
beta testing, a sample of the intended audience tests the application. Beta
testing is also known as pre-release testing. Beta test versions of software are
ideally distributed to a wide audience on the Web, partly to give the program a
"real-world" test and partly to provide a preview of the next release. In this
phase, the audience will be testing the following:

Users will install, run the application and send their feedback to the
project team.

Typographical errors, confusing application flow, and even crashes.

Getting the feedback, the project team can fix the problems
before releasing the software to the actual users.

The more issues you fix that solve real user problems, the higher the
quality of your application will be.

Having a higher-quality application when you release it to the general

public will increase customer satisfaction.

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 Software Testing

Non-Functional Testing
This section is based upon testing an application from its non-functional
attributes. Non-functional testing involves testing a software from the
requirements which are nonfunctional in nature but important such as
performance, security, user interface, etc.

Some of the important and commonly used non-functional testing types are
discussed below.

Performance Testing
It is mostly used to identify any bottlenecks or performance issues rather than
finding bugs in a software. There are different causes that contribute in lowering
the performance of a software:

Network delay

Client-side processing

Database transaction processing

Load balancing between servers

Data rendering

Performance testing is considered as one of the important and mandatory

testing type in terms of the following aspects:

Speed (i.e. Response Time, data rendering and accessing)

Capacity

Stability

Scalability

Performance testing can be either qualitative or quantitative and can be divided

into different sub-types such as Load testing and Stress testing.

Load Testing
It is a process of testing the behavior of a software by applying maximum load
in terms of software accessing and manipulating large input data. It can be done
at both normal and peak load conditions. This type of testing identifies the
maximum capacity of software and its behavior at peak time.

Most of the time, load testing is performed with the help of automated tools such
as Load Runner, AppLoader, IBM Rational Performance Tester, Apache JMeter,
Silk Performer, Visual Studio Load Test, etc.

Virtual users (VUsers) are defined in the automated testing tool and the script is
executed to verify the load testing for the software. The number of users can be
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 Software Testing

increased or decreased concurrently or incrementally based upon the

requirements.

Stress Testing
Stress testing includes testing the behavior of a software under abnormal
conditions. For example, it may include taking away some resources or applying
a load beyond the actual load limit.

The aim of stress testing is to test the software by applying the load to the
system and taking over the resources used by the software to identify the
breaking point. This testing can be performed by testing different scenarios such
as:

Shutdown or restart of network ports randomly

Turning the database on or off

Running different processes that consume resources such as

CPU, memory, server, etc.

Usability Testing
Usability testing is a black-box technique and is used to identify any error(s) and
improvements in the software by observing the users through their usage and
operation.

According to Nielsen, usability can be defined in terms of five factors, i.e.

efficiency of use, learn-ability, memory-ability, errors/safety, and satisfaction.
According to him, the usability of a product will be good and the system is
usable if it possesses the above factors.

Nigel Bevan and Macleod considered that usability is the quality requirement
that can be measured as the outcome of interactions with a computer system.
This requirement can be fulfilled and the end-user will be satisfied if the
intended goals are achieved effectively with the use of proper resources.

Molich in 2000 stated that a user-friendly system should fulfill the following five
goals, i.e., easy to Learn, easy to remember, efficient to use, satisfactory to use,
and easy to understand.

In addition to the different definitions of usability, there are some standards and
quality models and methods that define usability in the form of attributes and
sub-attributes such as ISO-9126, ISO-9241-11, ISO-13407, and IEEE
std.610.12, etc.

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 Software Testing

UI vs Usability Testing
UI testing involves testing the Graphical User Interface of the Software. UI
testing ensures that the GUI functions according to the requirements and tested
in terms of color, alignment, size, and other properties.

On the other hand, usability testing ensures a good and user-friendly GUI that
can be easily handled. UI testing can be considered as a sub-part of usability
testing.

Security Testing
Security testing involves testing a software in order to identify any flaws and
gaps from security and vulnerability point of view. Listed below are the main
aspects that security testing should ensure:

Confidentiality

Integrity

Authentication

Availability

Authorization

Non-repudiation

Software is secure against known and unknown vulnerabilities

Software data is secure

Software is according to all security regulations

Input checking and validation

SQL insertion attacks

Injection flaws

Session management issues

Cross-site scripting attacks

Buffer overflows vulnerabilities

Directory traversal attacks

Portability Testing
Portability testing includes testing a software with the aim to ensure its
reusability and that it can be moved from another software as well. Following
are the strategies that can be used for portability testing:

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Transferring an installed software from one computer to another.

Building executable (.exe) to run the software on different platforms.

Portability testing can be considered as one of the sub-parts of system testing,

as this testing type includes overall testing of a software with respect to its
usage over different environments. Computer hardware, operating systems, and
browsers are the major focus of portability testing. Some of the pre-conditions
for portability testing are as follows:

Software should be designed and coded, keeping in mind the portability

requirements.

Unit testing has been performed on the associated components.

Integration testing has been performed.

Test environment has been established.

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7. DOCUMENTATION

Testing documentation involves the documentation of artifacts that should be

developed before or during the testing of Software.

Documentation for software testing helps in estimating the testing effort

required, test coverage, requirement tracking/tracing, etc. This section describes
some of the commonly used documented artifacts related to software testing
such as:

Test Plan

Test Scenario

Test Case

Traceability Matrix

Test Plan
A test plan outlines the strategy that will be used to test an application, the
resources that will be used, the test environment in which testing will be
performed, and the limitations of the testing and the schedule of testing
activities. Typically the Quality Assurance Team Lead will be responsible for
writing a Test Plan.

A test plan includes the following:

Introduction to the Test Plan document

Assumptions while testing the application

List of test cases included in testing the application

List of features to be tested

What sort of approach to use while testing the software

List of deliverables that need to be tested

The resources allocated for testing the application

Any risks involved during the testing process

A schedule of tasks and milestones to be achieved

Test Scenario
It is a one line statement that notifies what area in the application will be tested.
Test scenarios are used to ensure that all process flows are tested from end to
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end. A particular area of an application can have as little as one test scenario to
a few hundred scenarios depending on the magnitude and complexity of the
application.

The terms 'test scenario' and 'test cases' are used interchangeably, however a
test scenario has several steps, whereas a test case has a single step. Viewed
from this perspective, test scenarios are test cases, but they include several test
cases and the sequence that they should be executed. Apart from this, each test
is dependent on the output from the previous test.

Test Case
Test cases involve a set of steps, conditions, and inputs that can be used while
performing testing tasks. The main intent of this activity is to ensure whether a
software passes or fails in terms of its functionality and other aspects. There are
many types of test cases such as functional, negative, error, logical test cases,
physical test cases, UI test cases, etc.

Furthermore, test cases are written to keep track of the testing coverage of a
software. Generally, there are no formal templates that can be used during test
case writing. However, the following components are always available and
included in every test case:

Test case ID

Product module.

Product version

Revision history

Purpose

Assumptions

Pre-conditions
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Steps

Expected outcome.

Actual outcome

Post-conditions

Many test cases can be derived from a single test scenario. In addition,
sometimes multiple test cases are written for a single software which are
collectively known as test suites.

Traceability Matrix
Traceability Matrix (also known as Requirement Traceability Matrix - RTM) is a
table that is used to trace the requirements during the Software Development
Life Cycle. It can be used for forward tracing (i.e. from Requirements to Design
or Coding) or backward (i.e. from Coding to Requirements). There are many
user-defined templates for RTM.

Each requirement in the RTM document is linked with its associated test case so
that testing can be done as per the mentioned requirements. Furthermore, Bug
ID is also included and linked with its associated requirements and test case.
The main goals for this matrix are:

Make sure the software is developed as per the mentioned requirements.

Helps in finding the root cause of any bug.

Helps in tracing the developed documents during different phases

of SDLC.

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