CHM 271
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
CHAPTER 3
Mdm Nurul Amni Abdullah
3.1 Definition of acid and base by Arrhenius,
Bronsted- Lowry and Lewis Faculty of Applied Science
[email protected]3.2 Types of acids and bases and conjugate pair
3.3 pH, pOH, Kw and pKw
3.4 Ka, Kb, pKa and pKb
3.5 Degree and percentage ionisation
3.6 Hydrolysis reaction. Hydrolysis constant. Derivation of
Kh = Kw/Ka
3.7 Buffer System
Lesson Outcomes
2
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :
Define: Acid and base according Arrhenius,
Bronsted-Lowry & Lewis
Identify conjugate pair of acid-base reactions
Define salt, salt hydrolysis and buffer system
Calculate: pH, pOH & degree of ionization for
strong/weak acid & base
Calculate: pH & pOH for salt and buffer solutions
ACIDS
3
Have sour taste. Eg. vinegar contains acetic acid,
citrus fruits contain citric acid
Turn blue litmus paper red
React with bases to form salts and water only
React with electropositive metals to liberate H2 gas
React with carbonates and bicarbonates to liberate
carbon dioxide gas
Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity
Acid and Bases
4
ACIDS
5
ACIDS
6
BASES
7
Have bitter taste
Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases
Turn red litmus paper blue
React with acids to form salts and water only
React with ammonium salts to produce ammonia
gas (NH3)
Aqueous base solution conduct electricity.
BASES
8
THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
9
Brønsted-
Arrhenius Lowry
theory Lewis
theory theory
Theories used to explain
acids and bases
ARRHENIUS THEORY
10
The Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (1884) proposed that :
- Acids are substances that dissociate in water to
produce hydrogen ions (H+ (aq)) or hydronium ions,H3O+
HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
an acid
Eg: HCl(aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)
- Bases are substances that dissociate in water to
produce hydroxide ions (OH- (aq))
MOH (aq) M+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
a base
Eg: NaOH (aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
FYI
Strong acids & strong bases dissociate completely into ions in
water
Weak acids & weak bases undergo only partial dissociation in
water& the ions exist in equilibrium with the undissociated
molecules
Arrhenius acids & bases are limited to compounds containing
H+ and OH- in their molecules
Water must be present for the compounds to act as acids or
bases
Useful definition of acids - All acids contains hydrogen but not
all hydrogen-containing substances are acids eg. Aluminium
chloride (AlCl3) does not contain any H atom in its molecule
Great disadvantage of the Arrhenius theory - many organic
compounds e.g. amines (RNH2) & ammonia (NH3) do not contain
OH- (aq) ions but show basic properties in water
11
BRØNSTED-LOWRY THEORY
12
J.N. Brønsted and T.M. Lowry (1923) defined :
- An acid is a substance (molecule or ion) that can
donate a proton (H+) to a base.
- A base is a substance that can accept a proton from
an acid.
In other words,
an acid is a proton donor
a base is a proton acceptor
Acid-base reactions are reversible that involve proton transfer
HA + B- HB + A-
An example of Brønsted-Lowry acid
H+ +
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Brønsted-Lowry Brønsted-Lowry
acid (proton base (proton
donor) acceptor)
13
Many aqueous cations with high charge are also Brønsted -
Lowry acids
This highly-charged cations exist as hexaaqua ions with the
general formula of [M(H2O)6]n+.
The hexaaqua cations act as Brønsted-Lowry acids by
donating protons to water molecules.
Eg. (explains the acidity of aq aluminium chloride mentioned
before
An example of a Brønsted base is ammonia
14
Brønsted-Lowry’s definition can be extended to non-aqueous
system
Eg. The gas phase reaction between hydrogen chloride and
ammonia
Brønsted-Lowry’s definition also has its shortcomings eg. Boric
acid H3BO3 or B(OH)3 reacts with water according to the
equation:
Boric acid neither dissociates to produce H+ ions nor donates a
proton to water
Hence, it is not an acid by either Lewis’s or Brønsted-Lowry’s
definition 15
An acid becomes its conjugate base when it donates
proton
A base becomes conjugate acid when it accepts a proton
Eg: HCl (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
acid base Conjugate Conjugate
acid base
When a strong acid react with a strong base in Brønsted
acid-base reaction, it will give a weak conjugate acid
and conjugate base and vice versa
Eg:
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
strong acid strong base weak conjugate weak conjugate
acid base
16
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
weak base weak acid strong conjugate strong conjugate
acid base
• H2O can function as acid or base which is called
amphoteric
• Amphoteric substance can react as either an acid or base
Acid-conjugate base pairs
Acid Conjugate Acid Conjugate
base base
HNO3 NO3- HCO3- CO32-
H2SO4 HSO4- NH4+ NH3
HSO4- SO42- H2O OH-
HF F- H3O+ H2O
CH3COOH CH3COO- OH- O2-
H2CO3 HCO3-
17
Example
When a strong acid react with a strong base in Brønsted acid-base
reaction, it will give a weak conjugate acid and conjugate base.
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
strong acid strong base weak conjugate weak
acid conjugate base
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
weak base weak acid strong conjugate strong
acid conjugate base
H2O can function as acid or base which called amphoteric
Amphoteric or amphiprotic substance is one that can react as either an
acid or base
18
Example
Identify each of the following species as a Brønsted
acid, base, or both. (a) HI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4-
a) HI (aq) H+ (aq) + I- (aq) Brønsted acid
b) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) Brønsted base
c) H2PO4- (aq) H+ (aq) + HPO42- (aq) Brønsted acid
d) H2PO4- (aq) + H+ (aq) H3PO4 (aq) Brønsted base
19
In aqueous solution, acid-base neutralisations can represented
by the ionic equation
H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq) 2H2O (l)
acid base
H3O+ (aq) ion– the hydroxonium ion (oxonium or hydronium ion)
- acts as a Brønsted acid (donates a proton to the
hydroxide ion)
OH- (aq) ion – acts as a Brønsted base
- accepts a proton from the hydroxonium ion
20
LEWIS THEORY
21
American chemist, G. N. Lewis proposed his electron-pair theory
in 1938
According to the Lewis’s definition :
- An acid is a species (as an atom, ion or molecule)
which can form a dative covalent bond by accepting
an electron pair from a base.
- A base is a species that has an unshared electron pair
which can form a dative covalent bond with an atom,
molecule or ion.
In other words,
An acid is an electron-pair acceptor
A base is a electron-pair donor
A Lewis acid accepts a lone-pair electron from H2O (Lewis
base) to form a coordinate bond (H3O+)
+
•• ••
H O H H+ H O H
••
H
Neutralisation is the formation of a dative covalent
bond between a species that donates an electron pair
(the Lewis base) and a species that accepts an
electron pair (the Lewis acid)
22
Similarly, AlCl3 is acting as Lewis acid when it accepts an
electron pair from Cl- (Lewis base) to form AlCl4-
Cl Cl
Al Cl
••
•• Cl •• - Cl Al Cl
Cl
••
Cl
23
Acid-base reactions is analogous to a redox
reaction
An oxidising agent is defined as an acceptor of
electrons
A reducing agent is defined as a donor of electrons
24
H+ + ••
OH- ••
••
•• H O H
••
acid base
H H
•• N H +
H+ + H N H
H H
acid base
25
Examples of Lewis Acids and Bases reactions:
F H F H
a)
F B + N H F B N H
••
F H F H
acid base
b) Ag+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) Ag(NH3)2 (aq)
acid base
c) Cd+ (aq) + 4I- (aq) CdI4 (aq)
acid base
d) Ni (s) + 4CO (g) Ni(CO)4 (g)
acid base
26
Examples of Lewis Acids & Bases
27
Lewis acids Lewis base
Positive ions e.g. H+ ; metal ions e.g. Fe 2+, Negative ions, e.g. OH -, CN -, Cl -
Al 3+
Molecules with an incomplete octet of Molecules with lone pairs of electrons e.g.
electrons i.e. the number of electrons H2O , NH3, ROH (alcohol)
surrounding the central atom is less than
8 e.g. BF3, BeCl2, BCl3
Definition & Properties of Acid & Bases
28
Acids
i) Strong acids:
- Acids that completely ionized in solution.
- Example:
HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
ii) Weak acids:
- Acids that incompletely ionized in solution
- Example:
CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
Strong acids
Hydrocloric acid HCl Weak acids
Hydrobromic acid HBr Hydrofluoric acid HF
Hydroiodic acid HI Nitrous acid HNO2
Nitric acid HNO3 Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Acetic acid CH3COOH
Perchloric acid HClO4
iii) Monoprotic acid:
- each unit of the acid yields one hydrogen ion upon ionization
HCl → H+ + Cl- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
HNO3 → H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
29
iv) Diprotic acid:
- each unit of the acid gives up two H+ ions, in two separate steps
H2SO4 → H+ + HSO4- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
HSO4- H+ + SO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
v) Triprotic acids:
- yield three H+ ions
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
HPO42- H+ + PO43- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
30
• Bases:
i) Strong Bases:
- Bases that completely ionized in solution.
- Example:
NaOH (s) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
ii) Weak Bases:
- Bases that incompletely ionized in solution
- Example:
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
31
Weak Bases
32
pH, pOH, Kw & PKw
33
pH
Strong acids dissociate completely in solution to produce
high concentration of H+ ion.
The concentration of H+ ions can be stated in terms of pH
pH = -log [H+] concentration (in M or mol/L)
Example:
The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the
northeastern United States on a particular day was
4.82. What is the H+ ion concentration of the
rainwater?
pH = -log [H+]
Ans:
[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4.82 = 1.5 x 10-5 M
34
pOH
The amount of OH- in a basic solution is expressed in
terms of pOH, where
pOH = -log [OH-]
Example:
The concentration of OH- of a solution 0.65 M. What is
the pOH of this solution?
Ans:
pOH = -log [OH-]
pOH = -log (0.65) = 0.19
35
Ionic Product of Water Kw
36
[H+][OH-]
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Kc = [H2O]
[H2O] = constant
Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-]
The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar
concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature.
Solution is
[H+] = [OH-] neutral
At 250C [H+] > [OH-] acidic
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
[H+] < [OH-] basic
Example
37
What is the concentration of OH- ions in a HCl solution whose
hydrogen ion concentration is 1.3 M?
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
[H+] = 1.3 M
Kw 1 x 10 -14
-15 M
[OH-] = = = 7.7 x 10
[H+] 1.3
Relationship between pH & pOH
[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
-log [H+] – log [OH-] = 14.00
pH + pOH = 14.00
Solution is; At 250C
neutral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1 x 10-7 M pH = 7
acidic [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1 x 10-7 M pH < 7
basic [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1 x 10-7 M pH > 7
strong acid weak acid weak base strong base
0 7 14
The pH scale 38
Other important relationships
pOH = -log [OH-]
[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
-log [H+] – log [OH-] = 14.00
pH + pOH = pKw = 14.00
pH Meter
39
pH of Strong Acid
40
Example:
What is the pH of a 2 x 10-3 M HNO3 solution?
HNO33 is(aq
HNO a strong (l) –→
) + H2Oacid 3O (aq) + NO3 (aq)
100%Hdissociation.
+ -
Start 0.002 M 0.0 M 0.0 M
End 0.0 M 0.002 M 0.002 M
pH = -log [H+] = -log [H3O+]
= -log(0.002)
= 2.7
pH of Strong Base
41
Example:
What is the pH of a 1.8 x 10-2 M Ba(OH)2 solution?
Ba(OH)2 is a strong base – 100% dissociation.
Ba(OH)2 (aq) → Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
Start 0.018 M 0.0 M 0.0 M
End 0.0 M 0.018 M 0.036 M
pH = 14.00 – pOH
= 14.00 + log(0.036)
= 12.6
Ka, Kb, PKa, PKb
42
PERCENT IONIZATION
43
Percent Ionization (degree of dissociation), %α
= Ionized acid concentration at equilibrium x 100%
Initial concentration of acid
For a monoprotic acid HA
[H+]
Percent ionization = x 100%
[HA]0
[HA]0 = initial concentration
Ka of Weak Acids
44
HA (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)
HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
[H+][A-] Only WEAK ACID has Ka
Ka = values associates with them.
[HA]
Ka is the acid ionization constant
acid
Ka pKa strength
Since the values of Ka is very small, it is convenience to use the
value of pKa
pKa = -log Ka
45
Solving Weak Acid Ionization Problems
46
1. Identify the major species that can affect the pH.
• In most cases, you can ignore the autoionization of water.
• Ignore [OH-] because it is determined by [H+].
2. Use ICE (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) to express the
equilibrium concentrations in terms of single unknown
x.
3. Write Ka in terms of equilibrium concentrations. Solve
for x by the approximation method.
4. Calculate concentrations of all species and/or pH of the
solution.
Example
What is the pH of 1L of 0.5 M HF solution (at 250C)?
HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
Initial (mol) 0.50 0.00 0.00
Change (mol) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (mol) 0.50 - x x x
Equilibrium (mol/L) (0.50 – x)mol/1L x mol/1L x mol/1L
[H+][F-]
Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4
[HF]
x2
Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4
0.50 - x
47
What is the pH of 1L of 0.5 M HF solution (at 250C)?
x2 Since the value of x is very
Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4
0.50 small we APPROXIMATE
x2 0.50 – x 0.50
= 7.1 x 10-4
0.50
x2 = 3.55 x 10-4
x = 0.019 M
Therefore,
[H+] = x = 0.019 M
[F-] = x = 0.019 M
[HF] = 0.50 – x = 0.50 – 0.019 = 0.481 M
pH = -log [H+] = - log (0.019) = 1.72
48
Kb of Weak Bases
49
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
Kb is the base ionization constant
base
Kb pKb strength
Since the values of Kb is very small, it is convenience to use the value of
pKb
pKb = -log Kb
*Solve WEAK BASES problems like WEAK ACIDS except solve for
[OH-] instead of [H+].
50
Relationship between Ka with Kb
51
HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq) Ka (of acid)
acid Conjugate base
A- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HA (aq) Kb
Conjugate base acid (of its conjugated base)
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Kw
Ka Kb = [H+][OH-] = Kw = 1 x 10-14
Weak Acid and Its Conjugate Base
Kw Kw The stronger the acid ( larger Ka),
Ka =
Kb Kb = Ka the weaker its conjugate base (the smaller Kb).
Relationship between pKa and pKb
52
pH + pOH = 14.00
Ka Kb = [H+][OH-] = Kw = 1 x 10-14
pKa + pKb = pKw = 14.00
Similarly for the WEAK BASE and its CONJUGATE ACID.
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Kb
NH4+ (aq) H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) Ka (its conjugated acid)
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Kw
Kb Ka= [OH-][H+] = Kw = 1 x 10-14
HYDROLYSIS REACTION
53
Salt Hydrolysis
54
Salt:
an ionic compound formed by the reaction between acid
and base
Dissolves in water to produce neutral, acidic or basic
solution
strong electrolytes that completely dissociates into ions in
water
Salt Hydrolysis:
a chemical reaction of compound (anion and cation)
with water
The anions and cations react with water and changes the
pH of the solution
Producing Salt
55
Method Example Salt formed pH of salt solution
Strong ACID + HCl + NaOH NaCl, KNO3, Na2SO4 Neutral
Strong BASE HNO3 + KOH
Strong ACID + HCl + NH3 NH4Cl, NH4NO3, Acidic
Weak BASE H2SO4 + NH3 (NH4)2SO4
Weak ACID + CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa, K2CO3, Basic
Strong BASE H2CO3 + KOH Na3PO4
Weak ACID + CH3COOH + NH3 CH3COONH4, NH4CN pH of the solution
Weak BASE depends on the
relative value of Ka
and Kb for the
cation and anion.
Neutral, Acidic and Basic Salt Properties
56
1. Neutral Salt:
Neutral salts are formed from the neutralization reaction of
strong acid and strong base
Salts containing an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal ion
(except Be2+) and the weak conjugate base of a strong acid
(Cl-, Br-, and NO3-).
These salt dissociates completely in water and does not
undergo hydrolysis.
The pH of this salt solutions is about 7.
H2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O no reaction
2. Acidic Salt:
Acidic salts are formed from when strong acids
react with weak bases
H 2O
NH4Cl (s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
NH4+ (aq) NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq)
The hydrolysis reaction produces H+. Therefore pH
of the solution is acidic (less than pH 7)
Salts which contains small, highly charged metal
cations (e.g. Al3+, Cr3+, and Be2+) and the conjugate
base of a strong acid
Al(H2O)63+(aq) Al(OH)(H2O)5 2+(aq) + H+ (aq)
57
3. Basic Salt:
Basic salts are formed from the neutralization reaction
of weak acids with strong bases
Salts which contains conjugate base (acetate ion) of the
weak acid HO 2
CH3COONa (s) Na+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l) CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq)
The hydrolysis reaction produces OH-. Therefore pH of
the solution is basic (greater than 7)
58
Hydrolysis- Yes or No?
59
Metal ions of alkali metals (Li+, Na+, K+ etc) or
alkaline earth metals (Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+) do not
hydrolyze
Anions which are conjugate bases of strong acids do
not hydrolyze (Cl-, NO3- , SO42- ,ClO4-, Br-)
NH4+ and hydrated metal ions (e.q Al (H2O)63+)
hydrolyze to form H3O+ ion
Anions of weak acids hydrolyze to form OH- ion
60
Example
What is the pH of 0.20 L of 0.15 M solution of
CH3COONa?
Ka is 1.8 x 10-5 and Kb is 5.6 x 10-10
Answer: CH3COONa is salt and completely dissociates into
Na+ and CH3COO-
100%
CH3COONa (s) Na+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
Final(M) 0.15 0.15 0.15
Kb
CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH-
Initial(M) 0.15 0.00 0.00
Change(M) -x x x
Equilibrium(M) 0.15 - x x x
61
What is the pH of 0.15 M solution of CH3COONa?
Ka is 1.8 x 10-5 and Kb is 5.6 x 10-10
[CH3COOH][OH-] = 5.6 x 10-10
Kb =
[CH3COO-]
x2
Kb = = 5.6 x 10-10
0.15 - x
APPROXIMATION
x2
Kb = = 5.6 x 10-10 0.15 – x 0.15
0.15
x = 9.2 x 10-6 M
[OH-] = x = 9.2 x 10-6 M
pOH = -log[9.2 x 10-6 ] = 5.03
pH = 14 – 5.03 = 8.97
62
BUFFER SOLUTIONS
63
What is a buffer solution?
64
Buffer solution is solution that has the ability to resist
changes in pH upon the addition of small amount of
acid or base
A solution made by dissolving weak acid or weak base
with its salt
CH3COONa (s) Na+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
weak acid salt
CH3COOH (aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
weak acid
65
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essential
chemistry/flash/buffer12.swf
(http://tinyurl.com/yotjar)
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm191
04/chemtoons/chemtoons8.htm
(http://tinyurl.com/q6ceqsq)
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm191
04/chemtoons/chemtoons7.htm
(http://tinyurl.com/lywkdc7)
How does buffer solution control the pH
changes? (Acidic Buffer Solution)
66
Consider an acidic buffer solution with an equal
molar mixture of CH3COOH and CH3COONa
CH3COONa (s) Na+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
CH3COOH (aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
Add acid
H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) CH3COOH (aq)
from salt
Add base
OH- (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l)
from acid
Example when a buffer solution is added with HCl.
HCl H+ + Cl-
H+ + CH3COO- CH3COOH
67
How does buffer solution control the pH changes?
(Basic Buffer Solution)
68
Consider a basic buffer solution with an equal
molar mixture of NH3 and NH4Cl
NH4Cl (s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Add base
OH- (aq) + NH4+ (aq) NH3(aq) + H2O (l)
from salt
Add acid
NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) NH4+ (aq)
from ammonia
Consider mixture of weak acid salt and weak acid HA.
NaA (s) Na+ (aq) + A- (aq) [H+][A-]
conjugate base Ka =
weak acid salt [HA]
HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
conjugate base Ka [HA]
weak acid [H ] =
+
[A-]
[HA]
-log [H+] = -log Ka - log
[A-]
[A -]
-log [H+] = -log Ka + log
[HA]
pKa = -log Ka
[A-]
pH = pKa + log
[HA]
[conjugate base] Henderson-Hasselbalch
pH = pKa + log equation
[acid]69
Consider mixture of weak base salt and weak base .
NH4Cl(s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) [NH4+][OH-]
weak base salt conjugate acid Kb =
[NH3]
Kb
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Kb [NH3]
weak base Ka conjugate acid [OH-] =
[NH4+]
[NH3]
-log [OH-] = -log Kb - log
[NH4+]
pKb = -log Kb
[NH4+]
pOH = pKb + log
[NH3]
[conjugate acid]
pOH = pKb + log
[weak base]
70
What is the pH of 1L solution containing 0.30 M HCOOH and 0.52 M
HCOOK? Ka = 1.7 x 10-4
Mixture of weak acid and conjugate base!
[Conjugate Base]
pH = pKa + log
[Weak Acid]
[HCOO-]
pH = pKa + log
[HCOOH]
Ka = 1.74 x 10-4
pKa = - log 1.74 x 10-4 = 3.77
[0.52]
pH = 3.77 + log = 4.01
[0.30]
71
Exercise
72
1. Which of the following are buffer systems?
(a) KF/HF
(b) KBr/HBr,
(c) Na2CO3/NaHCO3
Answer:
(a) KF is a weak acid and F- is its conjugate base
buffer solution
(b) HBr is a strong acid
not a buffer solution
(c) CO32- is a weak base and HCO3- is its conjugate acid
buffer solution
