UNIT 2: MUSIC OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791)

MUSIC OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD(1750-1820)

The classical era, also called “Age of Reason” is the

period from 1750-1820. The cultural life was dominated by the
aristocracy, as patrons of musicians and artists who generally
influenced the arts. Significant changes in musical forms and
styles were made.
In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began to
move toward a new style in architecture, literature, and the arts
known as Classicism. It was also pushed forward by changes
in the economic order and in social structure instrumental Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a child prodigy and the
music was patronized primarily by nobility. most amazing genius in musical history. At age five, he was
Important historical events that occurred in the West already playing the violin and the harpsichord; at six, he was
during this era were the French Revolution and the Napoleonic recognized as an exceptional pianist and, at seven, he was
Wars, the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 and already composing excellent music. At age thirteen, he had
the American Revolution written sonatas, concertos, symphonies, religious works, and
The term “classical” denotes conformity with the operas and operettas.
principles and characteristics of ancient Greece and Roman He experimented in all kinds of music and composed
literature and art which were formal, elegant, simple, freed and over 700 works. Unfortunately, due to mismanaged finances
dignified. The same characteristics may also describe the he lived his life in poverty, died young and was buried in an
melodies of classical music. Harmony and texture is unknown grave. He composed wonderful concertos,
homophonic in general. The dynamics of loud and soft were symphonies and opera such as “The Marriage of Figaro”
clearly shown through the extensive use of crescendo and (1786), “Don Giovanni (1789), and “The Magic Flute”
diminuendo. A style of broken chord accompaniment called, which became popular. Other known works: Eine Kleine
Alberti Bass was practiced. Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G Major, and
The great composers of the period were: Franz Sonata No. 11 in A Major K311.
Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig Van
Beethoven.
Sonata, Concerto, and Symphony are the LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)
instrumental forms developed during this era while Opera
Seria and Opera Buffa are the two vocal forms.

COMPOSERS OF CLASSICAL PERIOD

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)

Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany

to a family of musicians and studied music at an early age. He
was the composer who bridged the late Classical era and the
early Romantic era. He was a talented pianist and composer.
His famous compositions include 32 piano sonatas, 21 set of
variations, 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 16 string
Franz Joseph Haydn is one of the most prominent quartets and choral music.
composers of the classical period. His life is described as a His works include the “Missa Solemnis” (1818-
“rags-to-riches” story. He came from a poor family and his 1823) and opera “Fidelio” (1805). His known symphonies are:
music led to his rise in social status. He was hired by rich Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), No. 5, No. 6 (Pastoral), No. 9
patrons and eventually became a musical director for the (Choral), which adds voices to the orchestra. He began to go
Esterhazy family for 30 years. deaf in 1796 but this did not become a hindrance. He
His music reflects his character and personality: continued composing through the help of an assistant and
mainly calm, balanced, serious but with touches of humor. He hearing gadget. Some of his famous compositions were made
was able to compose over 100 symphonies and developed when he was deaf.
them into long forms for a large orchestra. He was named,
“Father of the Symphony” although he excelled in every Characteristics of Beethoven’s works:
music genre of the period. Most of his symphonies have - His music veered toward larger orchestras.
nicknames such as the “Surprise Symphony”, “The Clock”, - Sound was centered on the violas and lower
“The Military”. He also wrote chamber piano music and registers of the violins and cellos to give his music a
choral works. darker mood.
- All themes in a piece are tied together by one motif.
- He developed musical themes and motifs
extensively by means of modulation
- He used more brass instruments and dynamics
 3. Recapitulation - repeats the theme as they first emerge in
VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC the opening exposition

SONATA

A multi-movement work for solo instrument, Sonata

came from the word “Sonare” which means to make a sound. CONCERTO
This term is applied to a variety of works for a solo instrument
such as keyboard or violin. Concerto is a multi-movement work designed for an
instrumental soloist and orchestra. It is a classical form of
Below is an excerpt from the 3 movements of the music intended primarily to emphasize the individuality of the
Sonata No. 16 in C Major K545 by W.A. Mozart. Listen to each solo instrument and to exhibit the virtuosity and interpretative
phrase of the movement. abilities of the performer. The solo instruments in classical
concertos include violin, cello, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, horn
1st Movement: Allegro – fast movement and piano. A concerto has three movements: fast, slow, and
fast.

3 movements:
1st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form with expositions of
the orchestra and then by the soloist.

2nd Movement: Slow: Has more ornamentation than the First

movement.
2nd Movement: Slow tempo: (Andante, Largo, etc.), mostly
lyrical and emotional. 3rd Movement: Fast: Finale: usually in a form of rondo,
resembling the last movement of the symphony and usually a
short cadenza is used.

SYMPHONY

A multi-movement work for orchestra, the symphony is derived

from the word “Sinfonia” which literally means “a harmonious
sounding together”. It is a classical music for the whole
orchestra, generally in four movements.
3rd Movement: Minuet: It is in three-four time and in a
4 movements of the symphony:
moderate or fast tempo.
1st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form
2nd Movement: Slow : gentle, lyrical – typical ABA form or
theme and variation
3rd Movement: Medium/Fast: uses a dance form (Minuet or
scherzo)
4th Movement: Fast: typically Rondo or Sonata form

CLASSICAL OPERA
SONATA ALLEGRO FORM
Opera is a drama set to music where singers and
The most important form that developed during the classical
musicians perform in a theatrical setting. The two distinct
era consists of 3 distinct sections: Exposition, Development
styles of opera, Opera Seria and Opera Buffa, were developed
and Recapitulation.
during the Classical Period. The Opera Seria (serious opera)
usually implies heroic or tragic drama that employs
1. Exposition - the first part of a composition in sonata form
mythological characters, which was inherited from the Baroque
that introduces the theme
period.“Idomeneo” by Mozart is an example of Opera Seria.
The Opera Buffa (comic opera) from Italy made use of
everyday characters and situations, and typically employed
spoken dialogues, lengthy arias and was spiced with sight
gags, naughty humor and social satire. “The Marriage of
Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, and “The Magic Flute” are examples
of popular Opera Buffa by Mozart.

2. Development is the middle part of the sonata-allegro form

wherein themes are being developed
 ARTS
ARTS OF THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIOD

INTRODUCTION

Arts of the Renaissance Period covers artworks

produced during the 14th, 15thand 16th centuries in Europe.
The word “renaissance” comes from the word, “renaitre”,
which means, “rebirth.” It pertains to arts, particularly in
Italy, such as sculptures, paintings, music, architecture, and
literature. The most common subject of this period is human
philosophy. Famous artists of this era were Michelangelo,
Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael and Donatello.

The arts of the Baroque Period are more elaborate

and full of emotion. They developed in Europe around the
1600’s. This type of art form was highly encouraged by the
Catholic Church to propagate its dogma. Artists who were
popular during this era were Caravaggio, Rubens, Velasquez, In Pieta, Michelangelo approached the subject which until
Rembrandt, and Bernini. Renaissance Period (1400-1600) then had been given form mostly from north of the Alps, where
Renaissance was the period of economic progress. The period the portrayal of pain had always been connected with the idea
stirred enthusiasm for the study of ancient philosophy and of redemption as represented by the seated Madonna holding
artistic values. Italian Renaissance began in the late 14th Christ’s body in her arms. Michelangelo convinces himself and
century. It was an era of great artistic and intellectual his spectators of the divine quality and the significance ofthese
achievement with the birth of secular art. The focus was on figures by means of earthly and perfect beauty, but of course,
realistic and humanistic art. Renaissance art was these are human standards.
characterized by accurate anatomy, scientific perspective, and
deeper landscape. Renaissance painters depicted real-life Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci (1452- 1519)
figures and their sculptures were naturalistic portraits of human
beings. Leonardo Da Vinci was a painter, architect, scientist,
and mathematician. He was popularized in present times
Architecture during this period was characterized by its through the novel and movie, “Da Vinci Code.” He is known as
symmetry and balance. the ultimate “Renaissance man” because of his intellect,
As the classical Greeks believed in the harmonious interest, talent and his expression of humanist and classical
development of the person through a sound mind, by the values. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest
practice of athletics, the Renaissance held up the ideal of the painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented
well-rounded man, knowledgeable in a number of person to have ever lived. His well known works were: The
fields such as philosophy, science, arts, including painting and Last Supper (the most reproduced religious painting of all
music – and who applies his knowledge to productive and time), and the Mona Lisa (the most famous and most parodied
creative activity. portrait.) His other works were: The Virtruvian Mar, The
The Renaissance was a period of artistic Adoration of the Magi, and the Virgin of the Rocks. (Wikipedia)
experimentation. It brought man into a full view just like the
human figure in Greek Art. Renaissance art marks the
transition of Europe from the medieval period to the early
modern age. In many parts of Europe, Early Renaissance
art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art. By 1500, the
Renaissance style prevailed. The greatest cathedral building
of the age was the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

Famous Renaissance Artworks and Artists

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564)
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and
poet. He was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime,
and ever since then he was considered as one of the greatest
artists of all time. A number of his works in paintings,
sculpture, and architecture rank among the famous in
existence. Among his outstanding works as sculptor were the
following: Pieta, Bacchus, Moses, David, Dying Slave, Dawn “Mona Lisa” stems from a description by Renaissance
and Dusk. Two of his best known works, The Pieta and David, art historian Giorgio Vasari, who wrote, “Leonardo undertook to
were sculpted before he turned thirty. He also created two of paint for Francesco del Giocondo the portrait of Mona Lisa, his
the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western wife.” Mona, in Italian, is a polite form of address originating
art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and the Last as Madonna- similar to Ma’am, madamme, or My Lady in
Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. English. This became Madonna and its contraction Mona. The
title of the painting, though traditionally spelled “Mona”, is also
commonly spelled in Modern Italian as “Monna Lisa”.
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) (1483-1520)
Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the Baroque Art (1600-1800)
High Renaissance period. His work was admired for its clarity The term Baroque was derived from the Portuguese
of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement word “barocco” which means “irregularly shaped pearl or
of the interpreting the Divine and incorporating Christian stone.” It describes a fairly complex idiom and focuses on
doctrines. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, painting, sculpture, as well as architecture. After the idealism
he formed the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. of Renaissance, and the slightly forced nature of “mannerism”,
His main contributions to art were his unique draftsmanship Baroque art above all reflects the tensions of the age notably
and compositional skills. the desire of the Catholic Church in Rome to reassert itself in
His famous works were: The Sistine Madonna, The the wake of the Protestant Reformation which is almost the
School of Athens, and The Transfiguration. same with Catholic- Reformation Art of the period.
Although always in conflict with the simple, clear, and
geometric concepts of classicism, the Baroque existed in
varying degrees of intensity, from a simple animated
movement of lines and surfaces, to a rich and dynamic wealth.
Baroque was a period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion,
drama, tension, and grandeur. The style started in Rome, Italy
and spread to most of Europe. The Roman Catholic Church
highly encouraged the Baroque style to propagate Christianity
while the aristocracy used Baroque style for architecture and
arts to impress visitors, express triumph, power, and control.
Baroque painting illustrated key elements of Catholic dogma,
either directly in Biblical works or indirectly in imaginary or
symbolic work. The gestures are broader than Mannerist
gestures: less ambiguous, less arcane, and mysterious.
Baroque sculpture, typically larger than life size, is marked by
a similar sense of dynamic movement, along with an active
use of space. Baroque architecture was designed to create
spectacle and illusion. Thus the straight lines of the
Renaissance were replaced with flowing curves.

Famous Baroque Artworks and Artists

Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi da Caravaggio (1571-

The Transfiguration was Raphael’s last painting 1610)
on which he worked on up to his death. Commissioned by
Cardinal Giulio de Medici, the late Pope Clement VII, the He was better known as Caravaggio. He was an Italian artist
painting was conceived as an altarpiece for the Narbonne who wanted to deviate from the classical masters of the
Cathedral in France. The painting exemplifies Renaissance. He was an outcast in his society, because of his
Raphael’s development as an artist and the culmination of his own actions and the lack of modesty and reverence for
career. The subject is combined with an additional episode religious subjects in his own paintings.
from the Gospel in the lower part of the painting. Perhaps he started out as a specialist in his paintings
of still life, especially of fruits. Studies of single figures
Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello) (1386- 1466) followed, but they are clumsier than the fruit which gives their
Donatello was one of the Italian great artists of the savor of originality and charm. Caravaggio’s models at this
period. He was an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from period were either himself or young persons who have an air of
Florence. He is known for his work in bas- relief, a form of being promising but wicked. Among his famous paintings were:
shallow relief sculpture. His works included the following Supper at Emmaus, Conversion of St. Paul, and Entombment
statues and relief: David, Statue of St. George, Equestrian of Christ.
Monument of Gattamelata, Prophet Habacuc, and The Feast
of Herod.
 Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669)
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
Rembrandt was a brilliant Dutch realist, painter and
Bernini was an Italian artist and the first Baroque etcher. He is generally considered as one of the greatest
artist. He practiced architecture, and sculpture, painting, stage painters and printmakers in European art. He followed no
design, and was also a playwright. particular faith, but was interested in spiritual values and often
He was also the last in the list of the dazzling chooses religious subjects. Rembrandt shares with Rubens
universal geniuses. As a prodigy, his first artworks date from the revolution whereby painting came to depict the more
his 8th birthday. Among his early works were: The Goat personal aspects of the painter: his own home and his family.
Amalthea with the Infant Jupiter and a Faun, Damned Soul, No artist has painted himself as often as did Rembrandt. His
and the Blessed Soul. He made a sculpture of “David” was for concept of himself continued to deepen in grasp and subtlety,
Cardinal Borghese which is strikingly different from while his technique grew more daring. His well- known work
Michelangelo’s David because it shows the differences was his “Self portrait in Old Age”. Rembrandt had produced
between Renaissance and the Baroque periods. He was the over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings, and 2000 drawings.
greatest Baroque sculptor and architect as seen in his design
of the Piazza San Pietro in front of the Basilica. It is one of his
most innovative and successful architectural designs. The
famous “Ecstasy of St. Teresa” was his greatest achievement
and the Colonade of the Piazza of St. Peter’s Rome.

Diego Velasquez (1599- 1660)

Velasquez of Spain developed out of the Baroque. He
was one of the finest masters of composition and one of the
Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 1640) most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age. He
Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter. He was well worked out solutions to pictorial problems of designthat
known for his paintings of mythical and figurative subjects, transcend the style of any period. Velasquez was the case of a
landscapes, portraits, and Counter- Reformation altarpieces. painter who discovered his avocation almost at the very start of
His commissioned works were mostly religious subjects, his career. The passion for still life frequently emerges in
history paintings of magical creatures, and hunt scenes. Velasquez’s art. His famous workswere: The Surrender of
His famous works were: Samson and Delilah, Breda, Las Meninas (The maids of honour), Los Barachos
Landscape with a Tower, Portrait of Helene Fourment, and (The Drinker), and Maria Theresa
The Three Graces

He created this work four years before his death and

served as an outstanding example of the European baroque
period of art. Margaret Theresa, the eldest daughter of the new
Queen, appears to be the subject of Las Meninas but in
looking at the various view points of the painting, it wasunclear
as to who or what was the true subject; it maybe the royal
daughter or the painter himself.
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION HEALTH

Nature and Background of Social Dances and Dance Prevention of Substance Use and Abuse (Drug Scenario in
Mixers the Philippines)

Social dances and dance mixers are dances intended Common Concepts in Drug Education
primarily to get to know other people in attendance to a certain
social function. They are also called ballroom dances. They The following are the usual words you will encounter in
are usually performed in pairs, male and female, but may also studying substance use and abuse:
be performed in groups. Social dances are classified into two
major classifications namely the Latin American Dances and Drugs are any substances or chemicals which when take into
the the body either though nasal, oral, transdermal or intravenous
Modern Standard Dances. Social Dances are way have psychological, emotional and behavioral effects on a
communal dances performed in social gatherings in any given person.
space. They are synonymously referred to as ballroom
dances, but the former is performed in balls or formal social Drugs of abuse are drugs commonly abused by users. In the
functions. Philippines the three drugs of abuse are shabu, marijuana and
Latin American Dances include the salsa, mambo, inhalants.
meringue, swing, cha-cha-cha, rumba, samba, jive, boogie,
and paso doble. They are called Latin American dances Drug dependence is a cluster of physiological, behavioral
because most of them are from the Latin-American countries. and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity in which the use
While the Modern Standard Dances include the slow waltz, of a drug takes on a high priority thereby creating a strong
tango, Viennese waltz, foxtrot and quickstep. Latin dances desire to take the substance.
distinguish themselves by the costumes worn by performers.
They are somewhat revealing, tight-fitting, sexy yet Drug misuse is the use of a substance incoherent or
sophisticated in nature. They are also distinguished by the inconsistent with the prescribed dosage or frequency of use.
nature of the movements.
They are freer and can be performed in close or open Drug Abuse is the use of a substance for non-medicinal
hold. Standard dances on the other hand, wear formal, ankle- purposes. Abuse
length gowns for females and coat-and-tie for males. Most of leads to organ damage like brain damage and liver damage,
the time, movements in these are restricted to close ballroom addiction and troubled behavioral patterns.
position with partner.
Social or ballroom dances are different from Drug tolerance is the condition of the body to adapt to the
dancesport because the latter is freer in effects of substances to the body thus requiring an even larger
nature and are primarily intended to widen one’s social amount of the substance to experience the same physiological
horizon, for recreation; and fitness. The former is performed in and mental effect experienced when taking the smaller
competitions and are referred to as competitive ballroom dosage.
dancing. The required athleticism has established rules of
different levels of difficulty and is limited to fivedances per Risk and Protective Factors for Drug Use, Misuse, Abuse
category only. They are the cha-cha-cha, rumba, samba, paso and Dependence
doble and jive for the Latin category and slow waltz, tango,
Viennese waltz, foxtrot and quickstep for the standard The use, misuse and abuse of drugs are the result of
category. various factors surrounding a person. These factors either
increase or decrease the possibility of a person to use drugs.
The origin of dances in both the Latin American and Modern
Standard groups might also help in understanding the nature Risk factors are those influences which increase the
and background of social dances and dance mixers. Below is chances of using, misusing and abusing drugs. Protective
where each of the dances enumerated came from: factors, on the other hand, are those influences which
decrease the chances of using, misusing and abusing drugs.
According to studies, protective factors counterbalance
negative effects of risk factors. It is important to understand
that it does not necessarily mean that several risk factors
present make a person highly susceptible to drug use, misuse
and abuse. Protective factors even if few in number may be
enough to work against the risk factors, more so if there are
several of these protective influences. These factors are
composed of influences in different domains of life.
Dance mixers, on the other hand, are social dances which
allow group of performers to change partners periodically while
dancing to allow chance to get to know other members of the
performing group. Its primary function is to maximize the
social dimensions of dancing. There are specific dance mixers
that are performed in social events but ballroom or social
dance can be converted into dance mixers by expanding it
from a pair-dancing to group dancing activity with exchange of
partners periodically while dancing.
 Below are the risk and protective factors in the use, Protective Factors
misuse and abuse of drugs: Good to excellent academic performance
Joins extra-curricular activities and school
PERSONAL (Early Aggressive Behavior vs. Self-control) organizations
Shows interest in attending classes
Risk COMMUNITY (Poverty vs. Strong Community
Factors Relationship)
Use of drugs at an early age
Risk taking behavior Risk Factors
Experimentation Easy access to gateway drugs
Poor social skills and interaction Poor community organization and
Childhood problems neighborhood relationship
Feelings of isolation Poor implementation of community laws
Protective Factors Negative attitudes which favor drug use
Self-control behavior Protective Factors
Good reasoning skills Strong community relationships
Excellent social skills Active and positive community programs,
Positive interaction with people projects and activities for the youth
Sense of belonging Positive attitude which combat drug use
Strong community advocacy against
FAMILY (Weak Parental Guidance vs. Strong Parental drugs
Guidance)
Lesson 3: Drugs of Abuse
Risk Factors The six classifications of drugs are the following:
History and patterns of drug use 1. Gateway drugs
Attitudes toward drug use Gateway drugs such as cigarettes and alcohol are
Poor parenting and child rearing legal drugs that a non-drug user might try, which can lead
Inconsistent family rules him/her to more dangerous drugs such as marijuana and
Poor family values shabu. Teenagers who engage in early smoking and early
Poor family ties drinking have a higher chance of using and experimenting with
Protective Factors dangerous drugs of abuse.
Good communication with people 2. Depressant drugs
Positive family relationship Depressant drugs slow down a person’s central
Clear and consistent family rules nervous system (CNS). The Central nervous system includes
Strong family values the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Doctors commonly prescribe
Positive expectation to child’s success depressant drugs to help certain persons to be less angry,
in family, school and community less stressed or tensed. Depressant drugs relax muscles and
Reliance on family for emotional nerves. These drugs also make patients feel sleepy and light-
Support headed. Depressant drugs include alcohol, barbiturates and
tranquilizers.
PEERS AND FRIENDS (Substance Abuse vs. Academic
Excellence) 3. Stimulant drugs
Stimulant drugs speed up a person's central nervous
Risk Factors system. Stimulant drugs have the opposite effect of
Association with peers and friends known to use depressants Stimulants make a person’s energy high.
gateway drugs (cigarettes and alcohol) Negative effects of stimulants include depression and
Preference to stay with peers and friends than tiredness. Stimulants include amphetamines which include
with family shabu, caffeine, nicotine and cocaine.
4. Narcotics
Protective Factors Narcotics are drugs which relieve pain and induce
Association with peers and friends who do not sleepiness. In medicine, these drugs are administered in
use gateway drugs moderation to patients with mental disorders and those in
Formation of friendships severe pain like cancer. Narcotic drugs include cocaine,
Reliance on friends for emotional support heroin and marijuana. These drugs are illicit and dangerous if
Inviting friends at home to know the family taken.
4. Narcotics
SCHOOL (Availability of Drugs vs. Strong Anti-Drug Narcotics are drugs which relieve pain and induce
Policies) sleepiness. In medicine, these drugs are administered in
moderation to patients with mental disorders and those in
Risk Factors severe pain like cancer. Narcotic drugs include cocaine,
Poor academic performance heroin and marijuana. These drugs are illicit and dangerous if
Lack of commitment to studies taken.
Poor attendance in school 5. Hallucinogens
Involvement in fights and conflicts Hallucinogens are drugs which distorts reality and
facts. It affects all senses and makes a user see, hear and feel
things that don’t exist in the time being. The name
hallucinogen came from the word hallucination which is to
perceive illusions. Hallucinogens include lysergic acid
diethylamide, psilocybin obtained from mushrooms and Negative outlook in life
mescaline. Uncontrolled irretation
6. Inhalants Paranoia (fear that people always stalk and talk about
Inhalants are found in ordinary household chemical him/her)
products and anesthetics. It is readily available and Severe feeling of depression and loneliness
accessible to young children. Inhalant intoxication is similar to Complains of over fatigue (psychological or physiological)
the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication. One Frequent involvement in petty fights and crimes
difference is the foul smell of chemicals sniffed, inhaled or Frequent changes of mood and extreme mood swings
huffed by the user. Continuous use and abuse leads to Lousy physical appearance
delusions, brain damage, liver damage, coma and death. Reddish eyes
Examples of household products used as inhalants are Sudden loss in weight
acetone, rugby or solvent, ordinary and spray paint, cleaning Frequent complaints of headache and stomach pains
fluids and air conditioner Convulsions
fluid (Freon). Frequent attacks of cough and runny nose
Brown stains on fingertips
Lesson 4: Myths, Misconceptions, Signs and Symptoms of Foul body smell
Drug Abuse Wearing of sunglasses even at night
Loss of balance
Loss of interest in sports and hobbies
Poor judgment and loss of inhibition
Loss of concentration

Lesson 5: Short Term and Long Term Effects of

Substance Use and Abuse

A. GATEWAY DRUGS
Gateway drugs are accepted and legal with
restrictions. In the Philippines, people below 18 years of age
are not allowed to buy and use gateway drugs. The use of
gateway drugs puts a person at risk of using more dangerous
and illicit drugs. Tobacco of any form and alcohol are gateway
drugs.

B. DEPRESSANTS
Depressants, also known as “downers”, suppress or
slow down the central nervous system. In the medical field,
depressants are also called sedatives which are used to treat
anxiety, mental disorders and sleep disorders like insomnia.
Types of depressants are tranquilizers, barbiturates, and
hypnotics. Tranquilizers are mild depressants which are used
to treat anxiety. Barbiturates are stronger than tranquilizers
and are used to treat insomnia and other sleep disorders and
control seizures. Hypnotics are the most powerful depressants.
Alcohol is also a depressant.

C. STIMULANTS
Stimulants are also known as “uppers” or “speeders”.
They stimulate or activate the central nervous system. A
person can stay awake for longer periods under the
influence of stimulant drugs. Some stimulants are legal while
some are illicit and dangerous. Caffeine is a stimulant which is
found in soft drinks, energy drinks, coffee, tea and chocolate.
Illicit stimulants include cocaine and methamphetamine or
shabu.

Profile of a Drug Abuser D. NARCOTICS

Narcotics are known as “painkillers”. They also
The Dangerous Drugs Board listed the following signs and induce sleepiness. Narcotics are administered to patients with
symptoms of drug abuse. It is important to note that having a mental problems. They are also given to cancer patients to
few of these signs doesn’t immediately make a person a drug relieve severe pain. Narcotic drugs include cocaine, heroin and
user. Therefore, observations of physical, mental, emotional marijuana.
and social behaviors must be carefully done to confirm if a
person is a drug user. E. HALLUCINOGENS
Hallucinogens create hallucinations. Hallucinations
Below are some of the signs and symptoms of drug use: distort what is real. Everything the person sees, hears and
feels are the opposite of reality. Lysergic acid diethylamide
Declining interest in studies and work (LSD), psilocybin and mescaline are some of the common
Identification with known drug users hallucinogens.
F. INHALANTS
Inhalants are found in common household chemical
products. Inhalants are huffed or sniffed. The effects of
inhalants are similar to the effects of alcohol intoxication.

Lesson 6: Prevention and Control of Substance Use and

Abuse

The following are protective factors you need to fight

drug use and abuse:
Loving and caring family
Involvement in sports
Positive outlook in life
Positive self-image
Caring and supportive friends
A sense of worthiness and achievement
Always having the right attitude
Ability to cope with stress and depression
Having responsible adult role models
Active participation in sports or recreation
Participation in school clubs and activities
Consultation with responsible adults like parents,
teachers, counselors
regarding problems, concerns and queries in life
Development of talents and skills

Decision-making Skills
The following activities will strengthen your decision-
making skills.