Fungus, Fungicides

Classification
& Activity

Technical Training by:

Krishan Motha B.Sc (hons) Sp
Fungus, Fungicides
Classification
& Activity

Fungus and Fungicide Basics

Fungicide Mode of action
Mobility in plant
Strobilurine Fungicides & Cabrio Top
Innovative fungicides in SL market & their features
comparison
 What is a Plant
Disease?
A disorder in
 Structure or
 Physiological function
in a plant
What are plant Physiological functions?
 Photosynthesis
 Respiration
 Plant nutrition
 Plant hormone functions
 Photoperiodism & photomorphogenesis
 Environmental stress physiology
 Seed germination
 Dormancy
 Stomata function
 Transpiration………etc
Diseased Plant

Produce specific symptoms

or that affects a specific
location

Entering living or non living

pathogenic agents in to the
host plant can cause
diseases (except nutrient
deficiencies)
What is a pathogen / Pathogenic agent?
A living or unliving agent (infectious agent) that can cause a disease
to the host
What is Disease Triangle?

All three conditions should satisfy to cause the particular disease to the susceptible
host
What is a Fungus?
 A group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing
organisms feeding on organic matter due to that lack chlorophyll

 Attack crops above & below soil surface

 Spread by wind, rain, insects, birds, soil, machinery & contaminated

seed

 Including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, & toadstools

 Fungi Classification Classification : Example
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Phycomycetes
Class: Oomycetes
Order : Peronosporales
Family : Peronosporaceae
Genus : Phytophthora
Species : infestans

Life cycle known

Pathogenic Fungi

Myxomycetes Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deutromycetes

Leaf Spots,
Powdery Mildews, Alternaria
club root rot of crucifers Order : Oomycetes Fruit spots
Sigatoka, Leaf Spots, Stem &
Pythium rot, Damping off,Root rot Vascular wilts.
Twig Canker, Anthracnose,
Phytophthora Diseases Downy
Fruit diseases, Post harvest
Mildews
disease, Fussarium

The Rust, the Smut,

Rizoctonia
 Plant Pathology
 Plant pathology is the scientific study of
diseases in plants caused by pathogens &
environmental conditions

 Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831 – 1888) known as “father of plant

pathology” (German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, & mycologist)

 Proved plant diseases caused by fungi not by bad weather condition

 Publishing the book “Research on the development of some parasitic

fungi” – trial , inoculated spores of P. infestans on healthy potato
 History of Fungicides

 Seed wheat salvaged from the sea was free of bunt. In

the middle of 17th Century the first use of brining of grain
with salt water followed by liming took place to control
bunt in seed wheat

 Tillet (1755) found, seed-borne fungi (Tilletia tritici, T.

laevis) caused bunt of wheat & could be controlled by
seed treatments of lime, or lime and salt
 History of Fungicides
Overview of Fungicide Development and Usage

Year Fungicide Primary Use

1637 Brine Cereal seed treatment
1755 Arsenic Cereal seed treatment
1760 Copper sulfate Cereal seed treatment

1824 Sulfur (dust) Powdery mildew and other pathogens

1833 Lime + sulfur Broad spectrum foliar pathogens

1885 Bordeaux mixture Broad spectrum foliar pathogens
1891 Mercury chloride Turf fungicide
1900 CuOCl2 Especially Phytophthora infestans
1914 Phenylmercury chloride Cereal seed treatment

1932 Cu2O Seed and broad spectrum foliar diseases

1934 Dithiocarbamates patented Broad spectrum protectants

1940 Chloranil, Dichlone Broad spectrum seed treatment

Fungicide Classification

1. Mobility within plants- distribution

2. By chemical group – chemical structure

3. By MOA – site of action

 Classification by mobility
Contact Fungicides
Adsorbed to the leaf surfaces
Protective/preventive fungicides must applied
before spores germinate
Fungicides include Chlorothalonil, Propineb,
Maneb, Metiram, Mancozeb, KHCO3
Systemic Fungicides
 Absorbed into plants
 Mobile in the plant upward & downward via xylem
& phloem
 New chemistries;
Strobilurins – Cabrio, Amista, Nativo
Triazoles- Tilt, Folicor, Razer…etc
Bensamidoles- Topsin
Phenylamides- Ridol
Carbamates- Previcor
CAA- Acrobat
Fungicide categories

Protectant Systemic
Translamina movement / semi
systemic

Penetrant
Contact vs Systemic Fungicides
Contact/Protectan Systemic
t
Adsorbed Absorbed
Immobile Mobile
Preventive Preventive + Curative
Multi site of action Single site of action
Few problems with Resistant fungi strains
resistance could develop
Eg: Mancozeb, Eg:-Metalxil,
Maneb, Sulfur, Dimethomorph,
copper, Thiphenate methyl,
Types of Fungicides
Classification by : Chemical Groups
Fungicide Action Action on Examples
Chemical Class Plant
1.Copper fungicides Multisite Protectant CuO, Cu(OH)2
2. Inorganics Multisite Protectant Sulphur
3. Dithiocarbomates Multisite Protectant Maneb, Zineb,
Metiram,
Mancozeb, Thiram,
Propineb
4. Chloronitriles Multisite Protectant Chlorothalonil
5. Dicarboxamides Multisite Protectant and Captan
Curatant
6. Carbamates Single site Protectant and Propamocarb
Curatant (Previcor)
7. Benzimidazole Single site Protectant and Thiophenate
Curatant methyl (Topsin)
Thiobendazole
8. Carboxamides Single site Protectant and Flutolanil (Moncut)
Curatant Fluxapyroxad (not
registerd yet)
Fungicide Chemical Classes available in Sri Lanka

Fungicide Chemical Action Action on Plant Examples

Class
9. Phenylamides Single site Protectant and Metalaxyl,
Curatant Benalaxyl
10.*Azoles/Triazoles Single Site Curatant Propiconazole,
(1973) Hexaconazole,
etc…
11.*Strobilurins Single Site Protectant and Pyraclostrobin,
(1996) Curatant Azoxystrobin,
Trifloxystrobin
12.*CAA fungidices Single Site Protectant and Dimethomorph
(2003) Curatant
 Dithiocarbamates

Mancozeb Maneb

Propineb Metiram
Classification : by Mode of action

MOA = How fungicide kills the target fungus

Fungicides are metabolic inhibitors

MOA can be classified into 04 broad groups

1. Inhibitors of electron transport chain

2. Inhibitors of enzymes
3. Inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism & protein synthesis
4. Inhibitors of sterol synthesis
 Nuclear division Plasma membrane
- Thiophanate methyl - KHCO3 (Kaligreen)
Nucleic acid synthesis
- Metalaxyl
Cell wall function
Dimethomorph

Mitochondrial
function Proteins
Strobilurins Amino acid & Enzymes
Chlorothalonil,
Sulfur
Dithiocarbamates
Copper
Sterol biosynthesis
All Triazoles
Multi-site inhibitor
Protectants cannot penetrate plant tissue

Cuticle
Systemics penetrate plant tissue as well as fungus

Cuticle
 Common Fungicide Classes and Mode of Actions
FRAC Resistance
Code Chemical Class Mode of action / inhibition risk
1 Benzimidazoles Beta-tubulin biosynthesis high
2 Dicarboximides NADH cytochrome c reductase in lipids high

3 Azoles, Pyrimidines C-14 demethylation in sterol biosynthesis medium

4 Phenylamides RNA polymerase high

5 Morpholines ^8 and ^7 isomerase and ^14 reductase in sterol biosynthesis low-medium

7 Carboxamides Succinic acid oxidation medium

9 Anilinopyrimidine Methionine biosynthesis medium

11 Strobilurins Mitochondrial synthesis in cytochrome bc1 high

16 Various chemistry Melanin biosynthesis (two sites) medium

40 Carboxylic acid amides Cell wall formation in Oomycetes low-medium

M1 Inorganics Multisite contact low

M3 Dithiocarbamates Multisite contact low
M5 Phthalimides Multisite contact low
1

2
Why Fungicide Pre – mixtures???
Protective Curative Eradicative
Important hints for Fungicide
recommendation
Common Oomycetes fungi Generas

 Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato

 Phythium – Damping off in seedling
 Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce
 Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce Propamocarb
 Haloperonospora Dimethomorph
 Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew in Corn Metalaxyl
 Plasmopara - Downey mildew in Grapes Pyraclostrobin
 Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew in cucurbits Thiphenate methy
 Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum
 Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum & Sugar Captan
cane Thiram
Common Ascomycetes fungi
 Powdery Mildews
 Alternaria
 Sigatoka
Mancozeb..etc
 Leaf Spots
Pyraclostrobin
 Stem & Twig Canker
Carbendazim
 Anthracnose
Thio-phenate metyl
 Fruit diseases
 Post harvest disease

 Alternaria
 Septoria
All triazoles
 Magneporathe (Blast)
 Rhizoctonia solani- (sheath blight)
 Discovery of Strobilurin Fungicides

 Many of the newest & most

important disease-control
agents

 Isolated from wood-rotting mushroom

fungi

 Chemical Family- Strobilurin

 Natural fungicides help the fungus to defend itself from competition

by microbes present in rotting wood

 Less risk - to human & the environment compared to alternatives

 Strobilurin Fungicides

Pyraclostrobin Azoxystrobin & Picoxystrobin

Fluoxastrobin Trifloxystrobin Fenamidone

Metominostrobin Famoxadone
Spectrum of Activity

The QoI fungicides control a broad spectrum

of fungal diseases

 Downy mildews
 Powdery mildews
 Leaf spotting
 Blighting fungi
 Fruit rotters
 Rusts
 Compatible Crops

Cereals Field crops/Vegetables Turf

Fruits Ornamentals
Mobility
 Fungicide can be found on both leaf
surfaces even if only one leaf surface
was treated

 Translaminar movement can take one

to several days to be fully effective

 Fungicides such as Pyraclostobin,

kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobin-
which are not true systemics
(mesostemics / surface systemics)

 The fungicide azoxystrobin moves

translaminarly as well
as systemically (in the plant's vascular
system)
Importance of Mobility
 Translaminar movement help to compensate for incomplete spray
coverage

 Vapor phase redistribution help to compensate for poor crop

coverage

 Several days may be required for adequate protection

 Concerns curative disease control

 Excellent as preventive fungicides - effectively kill germinating

spores

 Best use of QoI fungicides is to apply them before fungus

development infection takes place.
Protection stages of fungal growth
 Strobilurin fungicide MOA
Inhibit mitochondrial respiration in fungi

Bind at the Qo-centre on cytochrome b & block

electron transfer between cytochrome b &
cytochrome c1

This disrupts the energy cycle within the fungus by

halting the production of ATP
 Resistance Management
Limit the number of applications

Limit the number of consecutive applications

Pre-mixtures are preferable

Use them at early stages of disease development

(Preventive/Protective action)

Tank mix with other fungicides

 Effects on Plant Health

• Several QoI fungicides are known to

cause growth-promoting effects

• In certain plants Pyraclostrobin has been

shown to cause changes
• Growth enhancement
• Delayed leaf senescence
• Greater stress tolerance
• Quality improvement
Cabrio Top Cabrio Top Cabrio Top
Powerful Innovative Fungicides
in SL Market
1. Cabrio Top
2. Amista
3. Nativo
4. Acrobat
 Strobilurine Fungicides in SL
Cabrio Top Amista Nativo
Active Ingrediant Cabrio Top 60% Amista 250SC Nativo 75% WG
& Formulation WG Azoxystrobin Tebuconazole
Metiram 55 % + 250g/l 500g/Kg +
Pyraclostrobin 5% Triflocxystrobin
250g/Kg

Recommendation 600g / acre 120ml/acre 76g-96 g/ acre

AI - 30g AI- 37.5g
Farmer Practice 60g * 10 tanks 15ml * 10 tanks 10g* 10 tanks
AI per acre 30g 37.5g 50g + 25g
Price 600g- 3050/= 100ml-1500/= 100g-3050/=
 Cabrio Top Amista Nativo
Active Ingredient Cabrio Top 60% Amista 250SC Nativo 75% WG
& Formulation WG Azoxystrobin Tebuconazole
Metiram 55 % + 250g/l 500g/Kg +
Pyraclostrobin 5% Triflocxystrobin
250g/Kg

Mobility Exellent Exellent Exellent

Translamina Translamina Translamina
activity activity activity

Xylem immobile Xylem mobile Xylem mobile

Soil activity Not uptake by Not uptake by Not uptake by
roots roots roots

Uptake by Uptake by Uptake by

immerging shoots immerging shoots immerging shoots
Activity on Only translamina Translamina & Translamina &
leaves actively move to actively move to
xylems xylems
Plant Health Not moves in to Moves in to Moves in to
Effect leaflets, unless leaflets leaflets
direct contact
 Cabrio Top Amista Nativo
Plant Health Effect Very high Low Medium

Curative and Protectant – Protectant – Protectant –

Protective action Primary means of Primary means of Primary means of
control. control. control.
Curative activity Curative activity Curative activity
on selected fungi on selected fungi on selected fungi
and crops. and crops. and crops.
Toxicity Moderately toxic Slightly toxic Moderately toxic
(Blue label) (Green Label) (Blue Label)
Re entry interval 12hrs 4hrs 12hrs
Interval 7-14days 7-14days 7-14days
Label  Onion- Purple  Cucurbitacea • Cucurbitacea
Recommendation blotch family- Downey family-
s in SL Mildew Powdery
 Curcurbits-
Mildew
Powdery  Banana-
• Onion- Purple
Mildew Sigatoka
blotch,
Anthracnose
• Capsicum-
Anthracnose
 CabrioCabrio
Top Top
& Acrobat
Acrobat
Active Cabrio Top 60% WG Acrobat MZ 690WP
Ingredients Metiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin Dimethomorpg 90g/Kg
5% Mancozeb 600g/Kg

Controlling  Best suited for Ascomycetes &  Best suited for

Diseases Basidiomycetes Oomycetes
1. Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato
1. Powdery Mildews
and Potato
2. Alternaria 2. Peronospora- Downy mildew in
3. Sigatoka tobacco, lettuce
4. Leaf Spots 3. Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce
4. Haloperonospora
5. Stem & Twig Canker 5. Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew
6. Anthracnose in Corn
7. Fruit diseases 6. Plasmopara - Downey mildew in
8. Post harvest disease Grapes
7. Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew
in cucurbits
8. Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in
 Not much suited to control 9.
corn Sorghum
Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn
oomycetes Sorghum & Sugar cane

 Not much suited to

control ascomycetes
& basidiomycetes
 Cabrio Top and Acrobat
Cabrio Top Acrobat
Recommendation 600g/ac 800g/ac
Application time Best suited as a preventive Best suited as curative
fungicide/ Apply before fungicide , for some
infection fungus works in Eradicative
stage also
Not suited for high disease Could apply at the high
intencity time disease intensity time
Mobility Translamina Systemic, Xylem mobile
Plant Health/Agcelence Improve the quality and No such effect
yield parameters

Increase the life cycle of

the crop
Increase the productivity

Increase the time take

perish……….etc
 Effective use of CT and AT/Ridol
 Identify the critical stages of the crop life cycle, which is possible
to expose diseases
 Decide the most appropriate fungicide accordingly
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fojk biSu
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SEED SPROUTING 20 DAYS 30-35 DAYS 40-45 DAYS 55-60 DAYS 65-70 DAYS 80 DAYS 90 DAYS
leírsfhda ට ොප්
Leírsfhda welafrdneÜ welafrdneÜ
ට ොප් රිට ොල් රිට ොල්

biSfï jdr .Kk

1 2 3 4
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m<uq biSfuka osk 15g බූම් ෆ්ලවර්a බූම් ෆ්ලවර්
fojk biSu
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m<uq biSfuka osk 15g
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SEED SPROUTING 20 DAYS 40-45 DAYS 50-55 DAYS 60 DAYS 80 DAYS 90 DAYS

කැබ්රි welafrdneÜ welafrdneÜ කැබ්රිය ෝ welafrdneÜ

ය ෝ රිට ොල් රිට ොල් ය ොප්a රිට ොල්
ය ොප්a
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Thank You