THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

ABSTRACT:-

In many engineering applications, a large amount of heat has to be

dissipated through small areas. The above purpose is met by making use of
extended surfaces referred as fins. Fins are of different geometries depending,
upon practical applications. They may be of uniform cross sectional area or
variable cross section. The concept of our project is to find out whether the
parameters of heat transfer of fin are affected by varying its shape. If varies which
geometric shape (regularly used) of fin gives the best efficiency? The geometric
shapes we chose were cylindrical, conical and parabolic fins but are of same
surface area. The thesis that developed is concluded on the basis of both
experimental analysis and CAD analysis on three fins. The parameters heat
transfer, heat transfer rate and efficiency are compared and the average values
are taken into consideration. The observations and comparisons give the best
geometric shape of the fin that dissipates maximum amount of heat with high
rate.

INTRODUCTION:-

In the study of heat transfer, fins are surfaces that extend from an
object to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by
increasing convection. The amount of conduction, convection or radiation of
an object determines the amount of heat it transfers. Increasing the
temperature gradient between the object and the environment, increasing the
convection heat transfer coefficient, or increasing the surface area of the
object increases the heat transfer. Sometimes it is not feasible or economical
to change the first two options. Thus, adding a fin to an object increases the
surface area and can sometimes be an economical solution to heat transfer
problems.The heat conducted through solids, walls or boundaries has to be
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

continuously dissipated to the surroundings or environment to maintain the

system in a steady state condition. In many engineering applications large
quantities of heat have to be dissipated from small areas. Heat transfer by
convection between a surface and the fluid surrounding it can be increased by
attaching to the surface thin strips of melts called “fins”. The fins increase the
effective area of the surface thereby increasing the heat transfer by
convection.

The fins are also referred as ‘extended surfaces’. Fins are manufactured in
different geometries, depending upon the practical applications .The ribs
attached along the length of a tube are called longitudinal fins .The concentric
annular discs around a tube are termed ‘circumferential fins’. Pin fins or spines
are rods protruding from a surface

TYPES OF FINS:-

Natural Air Cooling:-

In normal cause, larger parts of an engine remain exposed to the atmospheric air.
When the vehicles run, the air at certain relative velocityimpinges upon the
engine, and sweeps away its heat. The heat carried-away by the air is due to
natural convection, therefore this method is known as natural air-cooling. Engines
mounted on 2-wheelers are mostly cooled by natural air. As the heat dissipation
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

is a function of frontal cross-sectional area of the engine, therefore there exists a

need to enlarge this area. An engine with enlarge area will becomes bulky and in
turn will also reduce the power by weight ratio. Hence, as an alternative
arrangement, fins are constructed to enhance the frontal cross-sectional area of
the engine. Fins (or ribs) are sharp projections provided on the surfaces of
cylinder block and cylinder head. They increase the outer contact area between a
cylinder and the air. Fins are, generally, casted integrally with the cylinder. They
may also be mounted on the cylinde.

MATERIALS USED FOR MANUFACTURING OF FINS:-

The materials generally used are Aluminum Alloy A204 which
has thermal conductivity of 110-150W/mk, and Aluminum alloy 6061 which has
higher thermal conductivity. Cast iron and copper alloy are also used. Materials
used in fins depend on heat transfer characteristics of the material.
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

USES OF FINS:-

Fins are most commonly used in heat exchanging devices such as radiators in cars,
computer CPU heatsinks, and heat exchangers in power plants.They are also used
in newer technology such as hydrogen fuel cells. Nature has also taken advantage
of the phenomena of fins. The ears of jackrabbits and fennec foxes act as fins to
release heat from the blood that flows through them.

To create a tractable equation for the heat transfer of a fin, many assumptions
need to be made:

1. Steady state
2. Constant material properties (independent of temperature)
3. No internal heat generation
4. One-dimensional conduction
5. Uniform cross-sectional area
6. Uniform convection across the surface area
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD(FEM):-

Is a numerical method for solving
problems of an engineering and mathematical physics. Typical problem areas of
interest include structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport,
and electromagnetic potential. The analytical solution of these problems
generally require the solution to boundary value problems for partial differential
equations. The finite element method formulation of the problem results in a
system of algebraic equations. The method yields approximate values of the
unknowns at discrete number of points over the domain. To solve the problem, it
subdivides a large problem into smaller, simpler parts that are called finite
elements. The simple equations that model these finite elements are then
assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem. FEM
then uses variational methods from the calculus of variations to approximate a
solution by minimizing associated error function.

Basic concepts:
The subdivision of a whole domain into simpler parts has several advantages:

 Accurate representation of complex geometry

 Inclusion of dissimilar material properties
 Easy representation of the total solution
 Capture of local effects

FEM is best understood from its practical application, known as finite element
analysis (FEA). FEA as applied in engineerings a computational tool for
performing engineering analysis. It includes the use of mesh
generation techniques for dividing a complex problem into small elements, as
well as the use of software program coded with FEM algorithm. In applying FEA,
the complex problem is usually a physical system with the underlying physics such
as the euler-bernoulli beam equation, the heat equation, or the navier-stokes
equations expressed in either PDE or integral equations, while the divided small
elements of the complex problem represent different areas in the physical
system.
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

FEA is a good choice for analyzing problems over complicated domains (like cars
and oil pipelines), when the domain changes (as during a solid state reaction with
a moving boundary), when the desired precision varies over the entire domain, or
when the solution lacks smoothness. FEA simulations provide a valuable resource
as they remove multiple instances of creation and testing of hard prototypes for
various high fidelity situations

Description – FEM cuts a structure into several elements (pieces of the structure).
- Then reconnects elements at “nodes” as if nodes were pins or drops of glue that
hold elements together. - This process results in a set of simultaneous algebraic
equations.

FEM solution to the problem at left,

FEM mesh created by an analyst prior to
involving
finding a solution to a magnetic problem
a cyllindrically shaped magnetic shield.
using FEM software. Colours indicate
Theferromagnetic cylindrical part is
that the analyst has set material
shielding the area inside the cylinder by
properties for each zone, in this case
diverting the magnetic field created by
a conducting wire coil in orange;
the coil (rectangular area on the right).
a ferromagnetic component
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

(perhaps iron) in light blue; and air in The color represents the amplitude of
grey the magnetic flux density, as indicated
by the scale in the inset legend, red
being high amplitude. The area inside
the cylinder is low amplitude (dark blue,
with widely spaced lines of magnetic
flux)

BRIEF HISTORY –

The term finite element was first coined by clough in 1960. In the early 1960s,
engineers used the method for approximate solutions of problems in stress
analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer, and other areas.

– The first book on the FEM by Zienkiewicz and Chung was published in 1967.

- In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the FEM was applied to a wide variety of
engineering problems.

- Most commercial FEM software packages originated in the 1970s. (Abaqus,

Adina, Ansys, etc.) - Klaus-Jurgen Bathe in ME at MIT

From 1960 to 1975, the FEM was developed in the following directions :

(1) FEM was extended from a static, small deformation, elastic problems to

 dynamic (i.e., vibration and transient) problems,

 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

 small deformation fracture, contact and elastic -plastic problems,

 non-structural problems like fluid flow and heat transfer problems.

(2) In structural problems, the integral form of the balance law namely the
total potential energy expression is used to develop the finite element equations.
For solving non-structural problems like the fluid flow and heat transfer problems,
the integral form of the balance law was developed using the weighted residual
method.

(3) FEM packages like NASTRAN, ANSYS, and ABAQUS etc. were developed.

The large deformation (i.e., geometrically non-linear) structural problems, where

the domain changes significantly, were solved by FEM only around 1976 using the
updated Lagrangian formulation. This technique was soon extended to other
problems containing geometric non-linearity :

 dynamic problems,

 fracture problems,

 contact problems,

 elastic-plastic (i.e., materially non-linear) problems.

Some new FEM packages for analyzing large deformation problems like LS-DYNA,
DEFORM etc. were developed around this time. Further, the module for analyzing
large deformation problems was incorporated in existing FEM packages like
NASTRAN, ANSYS, ABAQUS etc.

TYPICAL FEA PROCEDURE BY COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE:

preprocess

process

postprocess

Preprocess :
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

[1] Select analysis type

[2] Select element type

[3] Material properties

Preprocess:

[4] Make nodes

[5] Build elements by assigning connectivity

[6] Apply boundary conditions and loads

Process and Postprocess:

[7] Process

- Solve the boundary value problem

[8] Postprocess

- See the results Displacement Stress Strain

Natural frequency Temperature Time history

Advantages of the FEM:

Can readily handle very complex geometry: -

-The heart and power of the FEM

Can handle a wide variety of engineering problems

- Solid mechanics - Dynamics - Heat problems - Fluids

- Electrostatic problems

Can handle complex restraints

- Indeterminate structures can be solved.

Can handle complex loading

 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

- Nodal load (point loads) - Element load (pressure, thermal, inertial

forces) - Time or frequency dependent loading

Disadvantages of the FEM:

- A general closed-form solution, which would permit one to examine
system response to changes in various parameters, is not produced.

- The FEM obtains only "approximate" solutions. The FEM has "inherent"
errors.

- Mistakes by users can be fatal

Mistakes by Users:
- Elements are of the wrong type

e.g) Shell elements are used where solid elements are needed

- Distorted elements

- Supports are insufficient to prevent all rigid-body motions

- Inconsistent units (e.g. E=200 GPa, Force = 100 lbs)

- Too large stiffness diffe

 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

ANSYS:
Ansys, Inc. is a public company based in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. It develops
and markets engineering simulation software. Ansys software is used to design
products and semiconductors, as well as to create simulations that test a
product's durability, temperature
Distribution , fluid movements, and electromagnetic properties.

Type Public

Traded as NASDAQ: ANSS

S&P 500 Component
Industry Computer software
Founded Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania, United
States (1970)
Headquarters Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania, United
States
Key people James E. Cash man III,
Chairman AjeiS. Gopal,
President and CEO
Products ANSYS suite of
engineering simulation
software

Revenue $988 million (2016)

 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

The idea for Ansys was first conceived by John Swanson while working at the
Astro nuclear Laboratory in1960s. At the time, engineers by hand. Westinghouse
rejected Swanson's idea to automate FEA by developing general purpose
engineering Corporate history software, Swanson left the company in 1969 to
develop the software on his own. He founded Ansys under the name Swanson
Analysis Systems Inc. (SASI) the next year, working out of his farmhouse in
Pittsburgh.

Growth :
By 1991 SASI had 153 employees and$29 million in annual revenue , controlling
10 percent of the market for
finite element analysis software . Revolution, the company became
"wellrespected"among engineering circles , but remained small.[6] In 1992, SASI
acquired Compuflo, which marketed and developed fluid dynamics analysis
software.

History:
The first commercial version of Ansys software was labeled version 2.0 and
released in 1971.[5][8] At the time, the software was made up of boxes of punch
cards, and the program was typically run overnight to get results the following
morning. In 1975, non-linear and
thermo -electric features were added. The software was exclusively used on
mainframes, until version 3.0 (the
second release) was introduced for the VAX station in 1979. Version 3 had a
command line interface like DOS.
In 1980, Apple II was released, allowing Ansys to convert to a graphical use
interface in version 4 later that year. Version 4 of the Ansys software was easier
to use and added features to simulate electromagnetism. In 1989,
Ansys began working with Compuflo. Compuflo's Flotran fluid dynamics software
was integrated into Ansys by
version 5, which was released in 1993. Performance improvements in version 5.1
shortened processing time two to four-fold, and was followed by a series of
performance Improvements to keep pace with Advancements in computing.
Ansys also began integrating its software with CAD software, such as Autodesk.
In 1996, Ansys released the Design Space
Structural analysis software, the LSDYNA crash and drop test simulation product,
and the Ansys Computational
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulator. Ansys also added parallel processing support for
PCs with multiple processors. The educational product Ansys was introduced in
1998. Version 6.0 of the main Ansys product was released in December 2001.
Version 6.0 made large-scale modeling practical for the first time, but many users
were frustrated by a new blue user interface. The interface was redone a few
months later in 6.1. Version 8.0 introduced the Ansys multi-field solver, which
allows users to simulate how multiple physics problems would interact with one
another. Version 8.0 was published in 2005 and introduced Ansys' fluid structure
interaction software. which simulates the effect structures and fluids have on one
another. Ansys also released its Probabilistic Design System and Design explorer
software products, which
Both deal with probabilities and randomness of physical elements. In 2009
version 12 was released with an
Over hauled Second Version of Workbench. Ansys also began increasingly
consolidating features into the Workbench software. Version 15 of Ansys was
released in 2014. It added a New features for composites, bolted connections,
and better Mesh tools. In February 2015, version 16 introduced the AIM physics
engine and Electronics Desktop, which is For semiconductor design. The following
year, version 17 introduced a new user interface and performance improvement
for computing fluid dynamics problems. In January 2017, Ansys released version
18. Version 18 allowed users to collect real-world data from products and then
incorporate that data into future simulations. The Ansys Application Builder,
which allows engineers to build, use, and sell custom
Engineering Tools, was also introduced with version 18.
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

PROCEDURE:

FOR THE THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

1: PREFERENCES :

 SELECT THERMAL

2: PREPROCESSOR:

 SELECT ELEMENT TYPE

 SOLID-QUAD 4 NODE

GO TO OPTIONS

 PLANE BEHAVIOUR
 PLANE THICKNESS
 CLOSE

3:REAL CONSTANTS:

 ADD-PLANE 55-CLOSE
 GIVE THICKNESS
 CLOSE

4:MATERIAL PROPERTIES

 MATERIAL MODELLING
 THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY
 ISOTROPIC
 THERMAL COEFFICIENT
 GIVE KXX VALUE

5:MODELLING

 KEY POINTS
 IN ACTIVECS-KEYPOINTS
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

 CREATE REQUIRED KEYPOINTS

6:LINES: LINES:

 STRAIGHT LINE
 JOIN THE LINES

7:AREAS:

 ARBITARY
 BY LINES

8:MESHING:

 SIZE CONTROLS
 GLOBAL-SIZE
 GIVE SIZE

9:MESH:

 AREAS
 FREE
 SELECT-AREAS
 MESH IT

10:MODIFY MESH:

 REFINE AT LINES
 SELECT LINES

11:LOADS:

 DEFINE LOADS
 APPLY-THERMAL
 TEMPERATURE
 ON LINES
 GIVE TEMPERATURE-(1100)
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

12:CONVECTION:

 SELECT LINES
 GIVE FILM COEFFICIENT
 BULK TEMPERATURE-CLOSE

13:SOLUTION:

 SOLVE
 CURRENT LS

14:GENERAL POST PROC:

 PLOT RESULTS
 CONTOUR PLOT
 NODAL SOLUTION
 GET RESULTS

15:QUERY RESULTS:

 SUBGRID SOLUTION
 TAKE TEMP AT DIFFERENT NODES.

16:PATH OPERATION:

 ODES
 SELECTDEFINE PATHS
 BY N NODES.

17:MAP ON TO PATHS

 GIVE LABLE NAMES

 GET GRAPHS.
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

RESULTS:-

NODAL SOLUTION OF THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

1
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
TEMP (AVG)
RSYS=0 MAY 31 2018
SMN =350 11:52:49
SMX =1100

MN

Y
MX
Z X

350 516.667 683.333 850 1016.67

433.333 600 766.667 933.333 1100
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

TEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENT NODES ON TRIANGULAR FINS

 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

SHOWING NUMBER OF NODES

1
A-E-L-K-N

MAY 31 2018
11:53:53

Y
Z X
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

FIN GRAPH OBTAINED AT DIFFERENT NODES ON TRIANGULAR

1
POST1
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
PATH PLOT
NOD1=42 MAY 31 2018
NOD2=10 11:55:07
UU 1100

1025

950

875

800

725

650

575

500

425

350
0 17.202 34.404 51.606 68.808 86.006
8.601 25.803 43.005 60.207 77.409
DIST
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

VECTOR SOLUTION FOR THERMAL ANALYISIS OF FINS

1
VECTOR
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
TF
ELEM=196 MAY 31 2018
MIN=.497E-07 11:59:11
MAX=5714.27

Y
Z X

.497E-07 1269.84 2539.68 3809.51 5079.35

634.919 1904.76 3174.6 4444.43 5714.27
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

NODAL SOLUTION FOR THERMAL ANALYIS OFRECTANGULAR FINS

1
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
MAY 31 2018
TEMP (AVG)
12:05:07
RSYS=0
SMN =350.135
SMX =1100

MX
Y
Z X MN

350.135 516.772 683.408 850.045 1016.68

433.454 600.09 766.727 933.363 1100
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

TEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENT NODES ON RECTANGULAR FINS

 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

VECTOR SOLUTION OF RECTANGULAR FIN

1
VECTOR
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
MAY 31 2018
TF
12:06:57
ELEM=535
MIN=2.98453
MAX=12120.1

Y
Z X

2.98453 2695.67 5388.36 8081.05 10773.7

1349.33 4042.02 6734.7 9427.39 12120.1
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

GRAPH OBTAINED AT DIFFERENT NODES ON RECTANGULAR FIN.

1
POST1
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
MAY 31 2018
PATH PLOT
12:40:10
NOD1=95 1100
NOD2=339
KK 1025.046

950.094

875.142

800.19

725.238

650.286

575.334

500.382

425.43

350.478
0 8.602 17.204 25.806 34.408 43.014
4.301 12.903 21.505 30.107 38.709
DIST
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

NODAL SOLUTION FOR THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ARBITARY FIN

1
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
MAY 31 2018
TEMP (AVG)
11:43:46
RSYS=0
SMN =350.001
SMX =1100

MX
Y
Z X

MN

350.001 516.667 683.334 850 1016.67

433.334 600 766.667 933.333 1100
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

VECTOR SOLUTION FOR THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ARBITARY FIN

1
VECTOR
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
MAY 31 2018
TF
11:57:41
ELEM=373
MIN=.014271
MAX=7219.81

Y
Z X

.014271 1604.41 3208.81 4813.21 6417.61

802.213 2406.61 4011.01 5615.41 7219.81
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

GRAPH OBTAINED AT DIFFERENT NODES ON ARBITARY FIN

1
POST1
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
MAY 31 2018
PATH PLOT
11:59:45
NOD1=600 1100
NOD2=720
VV 1025.002

950.002

875.002

800.002

725.002

650.002

575.002

500.002

425.002

350.002
0 21.628 43.256 64.884 86.512 108.144
10.814 32.442 54.07 75.698 97.326
DIST
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

TEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENT NODES ON ARBITARY FIN

 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

CONCLUSION:

From the investigation the following conclusion were made:

 It is found that the temperature drop along the perforated fins length is
consistently higher than that for the non perforated fins.
 It is found that the heat transfer rate is more for different perforated fin
compare to plane fin.
 It is also concluded that from various perforated fins Plane solid have
minimum heat transfer rate whereas solid with perpendicular hole and
axial hole of one by two length have highest heat transfer rate.
 It is found that the Nusselt number, heat transfer andheat transfer
coefficient is maximum in case of solid with perpendicular hols and axial
hole one by two length fin.
 Perforated fin leads to decreases the expenditure of the fin material.
 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FINS

REFERENCES:
1)A.D.KRAUS , A.AZIZ , J.R.WELTEY

EXTENDED SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER

JOHN WILEY (NEWYORK) 2002.

2) M.HATAMI , A.HASANAPOUR , D.D.GANJI

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH POROUS FINS WITH TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT

HEAT GENERATION

3). Mr. N. Phani Raja Rao, Mr. T. Vishnu Vardhan, “Thermal Analysis of Engine
Cylinder Fins By Varying Its Geometry and Material”, International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 2 Issue 8, August – 2013

4). S.S. Sane, N. K. Sane, G.V.Parishwad, “Computational Analysis of Horizontal

Rectangular Notched Fin Arrays Dissipating Heat by Natural Convection”, 5th
Thermal-Sciences Conference, The Netherlands, 2008 [5]. Nocedal J & Wright S.
(1999),