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Diploma in Human Anatomy and Physiology

This module outlines the key learning outcomes for studying the human cardiovascular system. It will introduce students to the basic components and functions of the circulatory system, including identifying the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Students will learn about the transport of substances through the body, the protective functions of blood, and the direction of blood flow through arteries and veins. They will also learn about the dual circulation of blood through the pulmonary and systemic cycles, and how fetal circulation differs prior to birth.

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Naveed Saki
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113 views2 pages

Diploma in Human Anatomy and Physiology

This module outlines the key learning outcomes for studying the human cardiovascular system. It will introduce students to the basic components and functions of the circulatory system, including identifying the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Students will learn about the transport of substances through the body, the protective functions of blood, and the direction of blood flow through arteries and veins. They will also learn about the dual circulation of blood through the pulmonary and systemic cycles, and how fetal circulation differs prior to birth.

Uploaded by

Naveed Saki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Diploma in Human Anatomy and Physiology - Revised 2017

Module 1: Learning Outcomes

 Identify why there is a need for a circulatory system in the human body.
 Identify the substances carried to and from cells in the body.
 List some circulatory systems and briefly describe their components.
 Briefly outline the structure and functions of the human cardiovascular system.
 Define blood and describe its functions.
 List and briefly describe the components of blood.
 List the steps involved in response to hemorrhage.
 Distinguish between whole blood and plasma transfusions.
 Recognise why blood donors and recipients must be matched.

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System


The cardiovascular system is the primary circulatory system of the human body.

It comprises:

 a heart
 blood
 blood vessels

General Functions of the Cardiovascular System


One function of the cardiovascular system is transport.

Some substances ‫ مادے‬carried by the cardiovascular system


are dissolved or suspended in the fluid portion of the blood.

Others are bound up ‫ مُنسلک‬in special cellular elements called


red blood cells (RBCs).

The cardiovascular system also provides protection against


foreign substances. This function involves active attack by
white blood cells as well as more subtle processes of the
immune system ‫قوتُمدافعت‬.
Direction of Flow of Arteries and Veins
Blood vessels are the conduits of the cardiovascular system. They
make up a closed system, since there is no place in the system where
whole blood can leave.

Arteries generally carry blood from the chambers of the heart to the
tissue of the body.

Veins carry blood from the tissues to the chambers of the heart.

(Coronary arteries carry blood from the chambers of the heart inside
to the walls of the heart outside.)

The Circulatory System


Blood circulation is also a two-cycle system.
It involves both the pulmonary cycle and the systemic cycle.
Blood circulates through two circuits.
In the pulmonary cycle, blood circulates from the heart to the lungs and back
to the heart.
In the systemic cycle, blood circulates from the heart to the rest of the body
and back to the heart.

Fetal Circulation
Since the fetus is located within the uterus, its lungs do not take in air.
Therefore, the pulmonary cycle does not function in the fetus.
Essentially, fetal blood flows to and from the placenta.
There are certain bypasses in the heart to avoid the pulmonary cycle.
At the time of birth, the fetal circulation is changed to the normal
pattern.

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