1.

Distance Protection

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1.2 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for MiCOM P433 Distance relay

Data required

1. Positive sequence Line impedance = R1+jX1

2. Zero sequence Line impedance = R0+JX0
3. CT Ratio
4. PT Ratio
5. Protected Line Length in kms
6. Adjacent Shortest Line Length in kms
7. Adjacent Longest Line Length in kms
8. Adjacent Second Longest Line Length in kms
9. Voltage ratio of the transformer at the remote end if any.
10. MVA of the transformer at the Remote end
11. % Impedance of the transformer at remote end
12. Maximum load on the feeder in Amperes

Calculation Procedure

The relay settings are in terms of impedance that is R and X

Total Positive sequence impedance of protected line with reference to primary
ZPL = [ZPL (Ohms /km)*Protected Line Length (km)]
ZPL W.R.T Secondary = ZPL W.R.T Primary *(CT ratio/PT ratio)
Reactance of protected line = ZPL W.R.T Secondary *SIN(Line angle)
Resistance of protected line= ZPL W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
Positive sequence impedance Angle = Tan-1(X1/R1)
Similarly the Impedance for Adjacent Shortest Line ZSL, Adjacent Remote Long
Line ZLL and second Adjacent Long Line Z2LL can be calculated.
Total Transformer Impedance ZT(At Remote end) =
(% Transformer Impedance) *((KV) 2/MVA)]
Zero sequence impedance Z0 = √R0 +X02
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Zero sequence impedance Angle Z0 = Tan-1(X0/R0)

Loadability:
The Limiting conditions for setting the distance relay reach to avoid encroachment into loads.
As per “Reliability Standard PRC-023”, the maximum impedance for the distance relay
characteristics along 30º on the impedance plane for 0.85 per unit rated voltage and the
maximum specified current for each condition.
The maximums Load w.r.t Secondary Zmax = 0.85*VL-L/ (√3*1.5*.IL)

Where IL corresponds to thermal limit of the conductor.

The Resistance reach corresponding to Zmax w.r.t Secondary

R = Zmax *COS (30)
The Reactance reach corresponding to Zmax w.r.t Secondary
X= Zmax *SIN (30)

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The New impedance for Parallel line drawn parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts
the Resistance axis is Z new= X (at Zmax) /SIN (Line angle)

The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (Line angle)

Resistance reach of Relay Characteristics obtained from maximum loadability condition

Resistive Reach R = (R correspond to Zmax – Rnew)

Zone Settings

Zone 1
Zone 1 = 80 % of Protection Line
X1 = Z1 * SIN (Line Angle)
Kz 1 Zero sequence compensation
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
Kz1 angle = angle of Kz1
As per manufacturer’s specification the maximum X/R ratio allowed is 10, hence considering
this limitation and the maximum loadability limit the minimum of the two is considered
Resistive reach
R2= Zone2 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)

R1 PH = Minimum of (8* Zone 1 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

R1G = Minimum of (8* Zone 1 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

Zone 2
Zone 2 = Min of [MAX OF ((Protection line+ (0.5*Adjacent shortest line)) and
(1.2*Protection line)] and (Protected line + 05* Transformer impedance)
X2 = Z2 * SIN (Line Angle)
tz2 = if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.3 sec
Kz2 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
Kz2 angle = angle of Kz2

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R2= Zone2 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
R2 PH = Minimum of (8* Zone 2 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)
R2 G = Minimum of (8* Zone 2 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

Zone 3
Zone3 = [MIN OF (1.2*Protection line + Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line + Adjacent
Long line +0.25* Adjacent Second Long Line) & (Protection line +Transformer
impedance)]
R3= Zone3 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
R3 PH-R4PH = Minimum of (8* Zone 3 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)
R3 G-R4G =Minimum of (8* Zone 3 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

tz3 = 1 sec

Zone 4
Zone4 = 0.25 *Zone 1
R4= Zone4 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
tz4 = 1 sec

Sample setting calculation for MiCOM P433

Substation : 220 kV Bhakra Power House

Line : 220 kV GSS Bhakra right to 220 kV GSS Mahilpur

Relay Name : Areva MiCOM P433

Data

Positive sequence Line impedance = 0.0797+j0.40651

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Zero sequence Line impedance = 0.233+j1.329
CT Ratio = 1200A/1A
PT Ratio = 220kV/110V
Protected Line Length(Mahilpur) = 51.1 Km
Adjacent Shortest Line Length (Rehan) = 26.7 Km
Adjacent Longest Line Length (Bhakra Right) = 51.1 Km
Second Longest Line Length = 0 Km
Voltage ratio of the transformer = 220 kV/132 kV
Maximum load on the feeder = 795 A (for Zeebra)
CT/PT ratio = 0.6

Calculation

Positive sequence impedance of Protected line ZPL = √R2+X2

= √(0.07972+0.40652)

ZPL = 0.4142 Ohms/Km

Total Positive sequence impedance of Protected line ZPL=

= [ZPL (Ohms /Km)*Protected Line Length (km)]

= [0.4142 * 51.1]

ZPL W.R.T Primary = 21.167 Ω

ZPL W.R.T Secondary = ZPL W.R.T Primary *(CT/PT ratio)

= 21.167 * 0.6

ZPL = 12.70 Ω

Positive sequence impedance of Adjasent Shortest line ZSL = √R2+X2

= √(0.07972+0.40652)

ZSL = 0.4142 Ohms/Km

Total Positive sequence impedance Adjacent Shortest ZSL=

= [Z (Ohms /Km)*Protected Line Length (km)]

= [0.4142 * 26.7]

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 ZSL W.R.T Primary = 11.06 Ω

ZSL W.R.T Secondary = ZSL W.R.T Primary * (CT/PT ratio)

= 11.06 *0.6

ZSL = 6.635 Ω

ZSL W.R.T Secondary = 6.635 Ω

Positive sequence impedance of Adjasent Longest line ZLL = √R2+X2

= √(0.07972+0.40652)

ZLL = 0.4142 Ohms/Km

Total Positive sequence impedance Adjacent Shortest ZLL=

= [Z (Ohms /Km)*Protected Line Length (km)]

= [0.4142 * 51.1]

ZLL W.R.T Primary = 21.167 Ω

ZLL W.R.T Secondary = ZLL W.R.T Primary * (CT/PT ratio)

= 21.167 * 0.6

ZLL W.R.T Secondary = 12.70 Ω

Total Positive sequence impedance of Adjacent Second Longest line Z2LL=

= [Z2LL (Ohms /Km)*Longest Line Length (km)]

= [0.4142 * 0]

Z2LL W.R.T Primary = 0Ω

Z2LL W.R.T Secondary = Z2LL W.R.T Primary * (CT/PT ratio)

= 0 * 0.6

Z2LL W.R.T Secondary = 0 Ω

Positive sequence impedance Angle =Tan-1(X/R)

Line Angle = Tan-1(0.4065/0.0797)

Line Angle = 78.91 Degree

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The maximums Load w.r.t Secondary ZMAX primary = 0.85*VL-L/(√3*1.5*.IL)

ZMAX = 0.85* 220 /(√3*1.5*795)

[795 A is the maximum capacity of ACSR Zebra conductor]

ZMAX = 90.53 Ω

Corresponding Zmax secondary = Zmax * CT/PT Ratio = 90.53 * 0.6

= 54.32 Ω

The Resistance reach corresponding to Zmax w.r.t Secondary

R = ZMAX *COS (30)

= 54.32*0.8660

R = 47.044 Ω

The Reactance reach corresponding to Zmax w.r.t Secondary

X = ZMAX *SIN (30)

= 54.32*0.5

X = 27.16 Ω

The New impedance for Parallel line Drawn Parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts the Resistance axis is

Znew = X (at Zmax) /SIN(78.91)

= 27.16/ SIN (78.91)

Znew = 27.67 Ω

The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (78.91)

= 27.67*cos 78.91

R new = 5.322

Resistances reach of Relay Characteristics with respect to secondary

= (R corresponds to Zmax – R new)

R = 47.044 -5.322

R = 41.722 Ω

Zone Settings

Zone 1

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Zone 1= 80 % of Protection Line

= 0.8 * 12.70

Zone 1 = 10.16 Ω

R1= Zone1 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)

R1 (PH-PH) = Minimum of (8* Zone 1 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)
R1 (PH-E) =Minimum of (8* Zone 1 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

X1PP, X1PG = 10.16* SIN (78.91)

X1PP, X1PG = 9.97 Ω

R1PP = Minimum of (8 *10.16 and 41.722)

R1PP = 41.722 Ω

R1PG = Minimum of (8*10.16 and 41.722)

R1PG= 41.722 Ω

Zone 2

Zone 2 = MIN OF [(Protected Line + 0.5*Transformer impedance at remote end) AND (MAX
OF (Protected line + (0.5*Adjacent shortest line) AND (1.2*Protected line))]

Since Transformer not available in Remote end.

= Max of [(16.02) and (15.24)]

= 16.02 Ω

Zone 2 = 16.02 Ω

tz4 = 0.35 sec

R2= Zone1 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)

R2 (PH-PH) = Minimum of (8* Zone 2 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

R2 (PH-E) =Minimum of (8* Zone 2 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

X2PP, X2PG =16.02 * SIN (78.91)

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 X2PP, X2PG = 15.72 Ω

R2PP = Minimum of (8* 16.02 and 41.722)

R2PP = 41.722 Ω

R2PG = Minimum of (8* 16.02 and 41.722)

R2PG= 41.722 Ω

Zone 3

Zone3= [MIN OF (1.2(Protected line) +Adjacent Long line) & (Protected line + Adjacent Long
line+25% Second Adjacent Long Line) & (Protected line +Transformer impedance at remote
end)]

Since Transformer not available in Remote end.

= Min of (15.24+ 12.7) & (12.70+12.70+0.25*0)

= Minimum of (27.94 and 25.40)

Zone3 = 25.40

tz3 = 1 sec

R3= Zone1 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)

R3 (PH-PH) = Minimum of (8* Zone 3 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

R3 (PH-E) =Minimum of (8* Zone 3 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)

X3PP, X3PG = 25.4 * SIN (78.91)

X3PP, X3PG = 24.925 Ω

R3PP = Minimum of (8*25.4 and 41.722)

R3PP = 41.722 Ω

R3PG = Minimum of (8*25.4 and 41.722)

R3PG= 41.722 Ω

Zone 4

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Zone4 = 0.25 *Zone1 Impedance

Zone4 = 0.25*10.16 =2.54

X4 = 5.73 *SIN ( 78.91)

X4 = 2.49 Ω

tz4 = 1 sec

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