February 15, 2019 [POLYMER COMPOUNDING]

Effect of fillers on the properties of Polypropylene:

Calcium Carbonate Filled PP:

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) can be classified as Mineral ground or natural and Precipitated.
Naturally occurring calcium carbonate is found as chalk, limestone, marble and is the preferred
variety for filler incorporation into PP.
A typical composition of filler grade calcium carbonate is shown below;

CaCo3 MgCo3 Fe2O3

98.599.5% Upto 0.5% Upto 0.2%

Other impurities include silica, alumina and aluminium silicate, depending on location, source of the
ore. Typical mineral properties are shown in below table;

Density Hardness Degree of Oil absorption Surface area

whiteness

2.7 g/cm3 3 85-95% 9-21/100g 1-15 m2/gm

Loadings of calcium carbonate in PP typically run from 10 to 50%, although concentrations as high as
80% have been produced. Generally speaking, large particle size, greater than 5 um CaCO3 are less
expensive, but they reduce the impact strength of the PP compound. Smaller particle sizes (less than 1
um) cost more and are more difficult to compound, but provide superior impact strength and
improved surface appearance. CaCO3 is usually selected as a filler when a moderate increase in
stiffness is desired.

Loading vs Impact strength

4.50E+00
4.00E+00
3.50E+00
impact strength

3.00E+00
2.50E+00
2.00E+00 without surface
1.50E+00 modification
1.00E+00
5.00E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01 5.00E+01 6.00E+01
Filler loading

Graph 1: Relation b/w filler loading and Impact strength

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Filler Loading Vs Impact Strength

1.40E+01

1.20E+01

1.00E+01
Impact strength

8.00E+00

6.00E+00 CaCo3With Surface…

4.00E+00

2.00E+00

0.00E+00
0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01 5.00E+01 6.00E+01
Filler Loading

Graph 2: Relation b/w filler loading and Impact strength

Graph 1 and 2 represent that impact strength of polypropylene goes on increasing with increase in
CaCo3 loading in polymer. Graph 2 shows the increase in impact strength than shown in graph 2.
Higher strength in graph 2 is due to the surface modification of fillers with surface modifier.

Table 1: Typical Product Properties of CaCO3, Filled PP

Properties 20 % filled PP 40 % filled PP

0.903 1.05
Density, glee
Tensile strenglh (yield) MPa. 36 32

Flexural modulus(1% secant), 1656 2311

MPa
Heat deftection temperature 97 117
(deg. C)

Talc filled PP:

Talc, chemically is hydrated magnesium silicate and can be represented at 3 MgO.4SiO2H2O.
Naturally occurring talc can exist in various forms like fibrous lamellar, needle, modular etc.
A typical composition of talc is as under:

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO H2O

40-62% 0.2-11% 0.1-0.5% 0.1-6.0% 0.3-1.0% 30-33 16-17%

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Typical Mineral properties are;

Density Oil absorption Moh’s Hardness

2.90 g/cm3 28-51 /100g 1

Talc is generally selected to achieve higher stiffness than is possible with CaCO3, although at the cost
of reduced impact strength and greater sensitivity to moisture. It helps to decrease shrinkage and
warpage and increases thermal conductivity of the PP compound. Additional effects are higher HDT's
and higher tensile strength as compared to CaCO3 formulations.

Properties Unfilled 20% Talc filled pp 40% Talc filled pp

Density (g/cc) 0.903 1.05 1.21

Tensile strenglh (yield) 35 34 31
MPa.
Flexural strength 1656 2484 3278
(MPa)
Heat deftection 88 110 118
temperature
(deg. C)
Table 2: Typical Product Properties of Talc, Filled PP

Table 2 shows the effect of filler on the various properties of polypropylene. Table represents that the
above mentioned properties increases with filler loading except tensile strength which is decreasing
with filler loading. Graph 2 represents relation between filler loading and tensile properties of
polypropylene. Tensile properties of polymer usually decrease with the filler loading but there are
filler which increase tensile properties of polymers.

Loading vs Tensil strength

36
Tensil strength

35
34
33
32
31 Series1
30
0 10 20 30 40 50
Loading of Talc

Graph 3 relation b/w loading of filler and Tensile strength

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Mica filled pp:

Mica is found in a platelet form rather than in the more particular form of CaCO3. As the fillers pass
from the particulate form through the platelet form on their way to a fibroustype form, the changes in
physical properties correspond. From another viewpoint, as the aspect ratio, or lengthtodiameter (or
thickness) ratio of the filler increases, strength tends to increase and impact to decrease. Mica offers
outstanding stiffness as well as increased HDT. These properties are further enhanced by the addition
of a coupling agent.

Table 3: Typical product properties of mica filled pp

Properties Unfilled 40% loading 40% loading with
without coupled coupled

Density 0.903 1.23 1.23

Tensile strenglh 35 43 46
(yield) MPa.
Flexural modulus(1% 1656 5796 6555
secant), MPa
Heat deftection 88 136 138
temperature
(deg. C)
Melt flow rate g/min 4 2 2

Table 3 shows the effect of Mica filler on the various properties of polypropylene. Table 2 represents
that the above mentioned properties increases with filler loading except melt flow rate which is
decreasing with filler loading.

Glass fibre filled pp:

Typical fibre lengths of glass are 1/8 to 3/16 inch, although longer fibres are available for specialty
applications. The standard glass diameter for PP applications is 13 microns. The factors influencing
properties are the base resin, the starting glass fibre geometry, the compounding and processing
techniques, the presence or absence and type of a coupling agent.

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Table 4: Typical product properties of glass filled pp

Properties Homo-polymer 20% glass filled 30% glass filled 40% glass
pp pp filled pp
Density 0.90 1.06-1.08 1.15-1.17 1.19-1.21
Tensile strenglh 35 35.5 36 37
(yield) MPa.
Flexural strength 330 440 450 450
(MPa)
Heat deftection 75 90 97 112
temperature
(deg. C)
Elongation % 60 30 20 30

Loading Vs Flexural strength

500

400
Flexural strength

300

200
Series1
100

0
0 10 20 30 40
loading of filler

Graph 4: relation between loading of filler vs flexural strength

Elastomer filled pp:

One of the most common reasons to utilize a rubber/elastomer "modifier" in PP is to improve its low
temperature impact resistance. Originally, the frist impact PP products were formulated from blends
of PP homopolymer with butyl rubber. Subsequently, it was discovered that ethylenepropylene
(EPM) rubber offered greater toughening power and was easier to disperse and compound into PP.
The industry then evolved towards fine tuning of the EPM materials with the closely related
ethylenepropylenediameter polymers (EPDM). When EPM/EPDM rubbers are thoroughly blended
with either PP homopolymer or copolymer to an extent of 1040% by weight, a new family of
thermoplastic materials called rubber or toughened PP is produced. Such a combination has been the
main reason for the success of these materials in the automobile industry.

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Table 5: Typical product properties of elastomer filled pp

Properties Test method Blend 1 Blend 2 Blend 3

Density D-1505 0.9-1 0.9-1 0.9-1

Tensile strenglh D-638 45 100 150
(yield) MPa.
Flexural strength D-790 7500 7500 7500
(MPa)
Elongation % D-638 500 500 500

Effect of fillers on the properties of ABS:

Clay filled ABS:
Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) is one of the engineering thermoplastic terpolymer widely
used over the past decades and found applications in many fields like automotive, aerospace, business
machines, computers, telephone handsets etc. Acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer is
selected as matrix material and clay is added into ABS polymer as a filler material. Mechanical
properties of tensile modulus, tensile strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength and hardness are
investigated.
The mechanical tests are performed for the fabricated composite and the influence of tensile modulus
and tensile strength with different compositions of clay filler are presented in graph. It is observed
from the graph 5that the tensile modulus increases from 896.53 MPa to 1832.81 MPa with the
addition of 20 wt % clay filler. This shows that the clay filler surrounds the matrix region and the
stiffness given by the filler withstands the deformation of the composite hence increase in modulus is
seen with the addition of filler.
In the case of tensile strength as shown in graph 5 (b) it is seen that the strength increases with an
addition of filler content up to 15 wt % clay filler. This shows that the composite has better strength
compared to stretching or pulling of specimen. The strength of the composite is mainly dependent on
the bonding between the filler and matrix as well as weakest section of the composite. In this case, the
stress transfer of the composite is inefficient above 15 wt % due to the bonding between the clay filler
and ABS matrix is not good enough to transfer the stresses at high filler content, thus decrease in
tensile strength is noticed.

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Graph 5(a): filler content vs tensile modulus

Graph 5(a): filler content vs tensile strength

Graph 5(b): filler content vs tensile Strength

CaCO3 filled ABS:

ABS is a widely used thermoplastic polymer because of its good chemical resistance, mechanical
properties, and processing advantages. Investigation of flame-retardant properties of ABS composites
containing calcium carbonate was determined. The effect of adding the filler to ABS in terms of
dynamic mechanical, tensile, and flame-retardant properties was determined. The mechanical
properties of ABS/CC with different filler concentrations are shown in below graph 6. The ABS/CC
composites decreased with addition of the CC filler. For example, at 35wt% of CC the tensile strength
was 24% lower than the value recorded for pure ABS.

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filler loading vs tensile strngth

4.00E+01
Tensile Strength 3.00E+01

2.00E+01

1.00E+01 Series1

0.00E+00
0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01
filler content %

Graph 6: relation between filler content % vs Tensile strength

Sea Shell filled ABS:

The effect of adding the filler to ABS in terms of dynamic mechanical, tensile, and flame-retardant
properties was determined. The mechanical properties of ABS/SS with different filler concentrations
are shown in below graph 7.

filler loading vs tensile strngth

4.00E+01
3.50E+01
3.00E+01
Tensile Strength

2.50E+01
2.00E+01
Series2
1.50E+01
Series1
1.00E+01
5.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01
filler content %

Graph 7: Graph 6: relation between filler content % vs Tensile

strength

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Vapour grown carbon fibre filled ABS:

Vapour grown carbon fibre is a type of filler which is use for ABS compounding. Vaporr grown
carbon fibre content affect various properties of ABS polymer. VG-CF was selected as a fiber type
filler.Influence of filler content on the melt flow properties of polymer is shown in below Table 7.

Table 6: influence of filler content on ABS MFI properties

Sample Name Contained Filler Wt % MFR (g/10min)

Content
ABS/V5 VG-CF 5.85 38.3

ABS/V10 VG-CF 9.54 30.1

ABS/V15 VG-CF 13.72 26.9

Table 7 shows that melt flow index of ABS compounded with vapour grown carbon fibre decrease as
the filler content increases. Graph shown below represents the effect of filler content on the density of
ABS polymer.

filler loading vs Density

3.30E+01
3.25E+01
3.20E+01
density

3.15E+01
3.10E+01
Series1
3.05E+01
3.00E+01
2.95E+01
0.00E+00 5.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.50E+01
filler content

Graph 8: filler content vs Density

Graph 8 shows the density reduction of each foaming sample as a function of the filler content. The
density reduction of all the samples was between 34 and 39%, having slight decreased tendency with
higher content.

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Talc filled ABS:

Talc is being used as filler for ABS compounding. Talc filler are added in the polymers to increase
their mechanical properties. Graph 8, 9 and 10 shows the relation between filler amount against
tensile strength, modulus and heat deflection temperature respectively.

filler Content vs Tensile Strength

5.00E+01
4.50E+01
4.00E+01
3.50E+01
Tensile Strength

3.00E+01
2.50E+01
2.00E+01 Series1
1.50E+01
1.00E+01
5.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01 5.00E+01
filler content

Graph 9: Filler Content vs Tensile Strnegth

filler Content vs Modulus

1.00E+04
9.00E+03
8.00E+03
Flexural Modulus

7.00E+03
6.00E+03
5.00E+03
4.00E+03 Series1
3.00E+03
2.00E+03
1.00E+03
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01 5.00E+01
Filler Content

Graph 10: Filler Content vs Modulus

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Filler % vs HDT
9.85E+01
9.80E+01
Heat deflection Temperature
9.75E+01
9.70E+01
9.65E+01
9.60E+01
Series1
9.55E+01
9.50E+01
9.45E+01
9.40E+01
9.35E+01
-1.00E+01 0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01 5.00E+01
Filler Content %

Graph 11: Filler Content vs Heat deflection Temperature

Graph 10 shows that at 40% filler loading, the ABS/Talc composites showed a 30% increase in the
modulus. Graph 9 shows that at 40% loading of the filler, tensile yield strength of ABS polymer
decrease 20%. The yield strength decreased gradually with increase in the CaCO3 filler loading. In
case of talc the yield strength reduced at 10% loading and was found to be consistent up to 30%.

Effect of fillers on the properties of HDPE:

Alumina Filled HDPE:
Alumina can be use as filler for high density polyethylene. Alumina particle size affects various
properties of HDPE polymer. The variation of thermal conductivity against concentration of alumina
particles in the Al2O3/HDPE polymer composite was investigated in the range 0 till 30% wt/wt for
particles of three different sizes, 75 μm, 212 μm, and 850 μm. It was generally observed that the
thermal conductivity increased gradually with increment in the filler content up to 15% concentration
and experienced decrease at 20% and 25% concentrations by weight before gradually increasing up to
the concentration of 30% composites.

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Table 7. Thermal conductivity for Al2O3/HDPE composites at different concentrations and Al

particle sizes.

Particle size 75 μm 212 μm 850 μm

Alumina concentration Thermal Thermal Thermal

conductivity conductivity conductivity
(kwm°C) (kwm°C) (kwm°C)
10 0.00292 0.00290 0.00315
15 0.00303 0.00251 0.00285
20 0.00294 0.00324 0.00269
25 0.00246 0.00259 0.00277

Table 8. Impact strength test for Al2O3/HDPE composites at different concentrations and Al
particle sizes.

Particle size 75 μm 212 μm 850 μm

Alumina concentration Energy Absorbed Energy Absorbed Energy Absorbed

% (j) (J) (j)
10 4.8 4.0 2.2
15 2.4 2.6 4.7
20 4.6 3.0 4.6
25 2.3 2.0 2.8

Chrysophyllum Albidum Seed Powder filled HDPE:

Chrysophyllum Albidum Seed Powder is being used as filler for High density polyethylene
compoundind. Mechanical properties of crysophyllum albidum seed powder (CASP) filled high
density polyethylene have been determined and are represented in below graph. The tensile strength
of high density polyethylene composites decreased with increased filler contents at all filler particle
sizes investigated graph 22. The decrease in tensile strength with increased filler content was probably
due to a heterogeneous dispersion of the filler in HDPE matrix. Also from the above graph, there was
an observed higher tensile strength of the CASP/HDPE composites with smaller particle sized filler at
all filler content investigated.

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tensil strength vs filler loading

3.50E+01

3.00E+01

2.50E+01
Tensil strngth

2.00E+01

1.50E+01 0.30 micro meter

1.00E+01

5.00E+00

0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.50E+01 2.00E+01 2.50E+01 3.00E+01 3.50E+01
filler content

Graph 12: Relation between 0.30 micro meter Filler Content and Tensile
Strength

Tensil vs Filler Content

3.50E+01

3.00E+01

2.50E+01
Tensil Strength

2.00E+01

1.50E+01
0.75 micro meter
1.00E+01

5.00E+00

0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.50E+01 2.00E+01 2.50E+01 3.00E+01
% Filler Content

Graph 13: Relation between 0.75 micro meter Filler Content and Tensile
Strength

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Lignocellulose(LC) filled HDPE:

Mechanical properties of high density polyethylene can be change with various percentage of filler
content. Lignocellulose(LC) is being used as a filler for HDPE compounding. The graph shown below
representing the behaviour of % elongation and young modulus as a function of filler content
respectively. The data show improvement of the young modulus and lessening in % elongation of the
composite. This behaviour for the composite is a result of the improved stiffness of the composites
which was attributed to interaction between the polyethylene and fillers.

% filler Content vs % Elongation

70
60
50
% Elongation

40
30
Series1
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20

% Filler Content

Graph 14: Relation between % Filler Content and % elongation

Loading Vs Modulus
1.60E+02
1.40E+02
1.20E+02
1.00E+02
Modulus

8.00E+01
6.00E+01 Series1

4.00E+01
2.00E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.50E+01 2.00E+01 2.50E+01 3.00E+01
LC filler Content

Graph 15: Relation between % Filler Content and Younge Modulus

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Calciuam carbonate filled HDPE:

Mechanical properties of high density polyethylene can be change with various percentage of filler
content. Calcium carbonate is being used as filler for HDPE compounding. The graph shown below
representing the behaviour of young modulus and % elongation as a function of filler content
respectively. The data show improvement of the young modulus and lessening in % elongation of the
composite. This behaviour for the composite is a result of the improved stiffness of the composites
which was attributed to interaction between the polyethylene and fillers.

loading vs modulus
1.60E+02
1.40E+02
1.20E+02
1.00E+02
modulus

8.00E+01
6.00E+01 caCo3
4.00E+01
2.00E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.50E+01 2.00E+01 2.50E+01 3.00E+01
% filler content

Graph 16: Relation between % Filler Content and Younge Modulus

loading vs % elongation
7.00E+01

6.00E+01

5.00E+01
% elongation

4.00E+01

3.00E+01
CaCo3
2.00E+01

1.00E+01

0.00E+00
-5.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.50E+01 2.00E+01 2.50E+01 3.00E+01
CaCo3 Filler Loading

Graph 17: Relation between % Filler Content and % elongation

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Glass fibre filled HDPE:

Tensile properties of HDPE and its composites with different glass fiber loading levels are
summarized in below Table. Tensile modulus for both resin systems increased with increase of the
filler loading levels.

Table 9: Summary of mechanical properties of neat high density polyethylene (HDPE) and
filled HDPE composites by individual glass fiber.

HDPE-6706/GF
% Filler Content Tensile (MPa) Flexural (MPa) Impact (kj/m2)

0 18.9 19.76 8.12

10 27.1 25.3 7.37
20 35.42 37.7 9.72
30 46.74 56.3 11.81

GF filled HDPE composites showed the significantly enhanced behaviors of tensile strength. The
bonding at the interface is a crucial parameter in determining the tensile strength. The increasing trend
of GF filled composites was due to surface coupling treatment of GFs helped develop a strong bond
between the fiber and matrix, which avoid the stress concentration formed around the GF fiber in the
stressed composites and allows the composite to bear more applied load.

Effect of fillers on the properties of LDPE:

Waste office white paper filled LDPE:
Waste office white paper is use as filler for Low density polyethylene. Graph 14 shows effect of filler
loading and particle size on tensile strength of LDPE/WOWP composites. It can be seen that the
increasing of filler loading has increased the tensile strength of LDPE/WOWP composites. The
increasing interfacial adhesion between matrix LDPE and waste office white paper as filler yields
good transition and improve tensile strength.

Loading vs Tensile Strength

15
Tensil Strength (Mpa)

10

5 Series1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
% Filler Content

Graph 18: Filler loading vs Tensile Strength

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% Filler Content vs %Elongation

450

Elongation at Break
400
350
300
250
200
150
100 Series1
50
0
0 20 40 60
% Filler Content

Graph 19: % Filler Content vs % Elongation

From the figure can be seen that the increasing of filler loading significantly reduce elongation at
break of composites, due to the decreasing of deformation on stiffness matrix surface between filler
and matrix. Therefore, at higher filler loading, the interaction between filler-filler is more dominant
compared matrix-filler interaction.

Snail Shell Powder filled LDPE:

Effect of filler loading on the tensile strength of snail shell powder filled LDPE composites is shown
in below graph.

Graph 20: % filler load vs Tensile Strength

it is clear that the incorporation of snail shell powder into the low density polyethylene increased the
tensile strength of the composites from 128.29MPa in the unfilled test piece to 137.56MPa in %10
filled composite. Though a decrease of 115.62MPa was observed at 2% filler load but it gradually
increased from 6% to 10% filler load.

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Graph 21: % filler Load vs Elongation

Results of elongation at break of filled low density polyethylene composite are shown in above
graph.It can be seen from that the % elongation at break for the composites decreased with increasing
filler loading with unfilled specimen having % elongation at break of 200.16, while the 10% filled
LDPE composite had the least value of 168.34 % elongation at break. The increased filler loading in
the LDPE matrix resulted in the stiffening and hardening of the composite. This reduced its resilience
and toughness, and led to lower elongation at the break. The reduction of the elongation at break with
the increasing filler loading indicates the incapability of the filler to support the stress transfer from
filler to polymer matrix.

Glass fibre filler d LDPE:

By increasing the concentration of glass fibers from 0 to 40 wt%, a maximum value of tensile strength
was found around 30 wt%. After this, the property showed a slight decline.

Filler loading vs Tensile

Properties
12
10
Tensile Properties

8
6
4 Series1
2
0
0 20 40 60
% filler

Graph 22: % filler Load vs Elongation

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Raw/calcined kaolin filled LDPE:

Low density polyethylene can be compounded with raw and calcined kaolin. The relation between the
tensile strengths at break of LDPE atdifferent wt.% of raw and calcined kaolin filler is shown in graph
18. From this graph it is clearly seen that the tensile strength at breakdecreases with increasing wt% of
kaolin filler. The decrease of ten-sile strength is owing to the influence of the fracture stress,
whichleads to cracks appearing. Thus the observation leaves the message that the ten-sile strength at
break is independent of structure at micro-level ofthe composite material.

Graph 23: The relation between the tensile strengths of LDPE sample with different percentages of
The relation between the elongations at break of LDPE at different wt.% of raw and calcined kaolin
raw and calcined kaolin filler.
filler is shown in graph 20. The elongation at break in general is observed to be enhanced on addition
of kaolin filler. The increment of elongation with increase in weight percentage of kaolin filler is
probably due to an increase of micro-defects, those arise upon mixing LDPE with filler. This induces
stronger kaolin–kaolin interaction than kaolin/LDPE inter-action to enhance the observed elongation.

Graph 24: The relation between the elongations at break of LDPE with weight fraction of raw
and calcined kaolin filler.

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Pigments
Red Pigments:
Table 10: properties of red pigment

Family Coloristic Properties Resistance Properties Main Polymers in

which Used
BONA Lake high color Low heat and light PS, PP, LDPE, HDPE
strength,pure shade
Naphthol Lake high color Good heat and migraֵ PVC, PS, LDPE
strength,,pure shade on fastness
Quinacridone medium to high color, Good heat, light PVC, HDPE, PP, PS,
strength, bluish red and migraֵ on LDPE, PA
and violet fastness
Good to excellent
weathering,
parֵ cularly in TiO
reducֵ on

Blue Pigments:
Table 11: properties of Blue pigment

Family Coloristic Properties Resistance Properties Main Polymers in

which Used
Anthraquinone medium to high color Good heat, light PVC, PS, LDPE,
strength, and migraֵ on HDPE,
transparency fastness PP, PET
Good to excellent
weather to
fastness
Phthalocyanine high color strength Good heat, light PVC, LDPE, HDPE,
and migraֵ on PP,
fastness ABS, PA, PET
Good to excellent
weathering

Green Pigments:
Table 12: properties of Green pigment

Family Coloristic Properties Resistance Properties Main Polymers in

which Used
Phthalocyanine high color strength Good heat, light PS, PVC, LDPE,
and migraֵ on HDPE,
fastness PP, ABS
Good to excellent
weathering

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Brown Pigments:
Table 13: properties of brown pigment

Family Coloristic Properties Resistance Properties Main Polymers in

which Used
Diazo pigments high color strength, Good heat, light PVC
wide range of shade and migraֵ on
and opacity fastness
Medium to good
weathering

Yellow Pigments:
Table 14: properties of yellow pigment

Family Coloristic Properties Resistance Properties Main Polymers in

which Used
Isoindolinone Medium to high color, Excellent heat, PVC, PS, LDPE,
strength, greenish, light and HDPE,
reddish yellow, and migraֵ on fastness
Excellent
weathering,

Anthraquinone Medium to high color Good heat, light PS, PP, LDPE, HDPE,
strength, and migraֵ on PMMA, PC, PBT, PET
transparency fastness
Good to excellent
weather to
fastness

Black Pigments:

Iron Oxide Black is a very opaque pigment with a very high tinting strength. It is an indestructible
pigment and can therefore be used in such demanding applications as fresco and concrete tinting.

Lamp Black was historically made by lamp light as the name implies. It is as it was back then a very
soft black which is beautiful for glazes with a bit of warmth. Artists beware it is a slow dryer in oil.

Ivory Black used to made from ivory (hence the name) but today it is commonly made from a
mixture of bone and iron oxide black. We're sure there are a lot of relieved rhinos and elephants.
Generally speaking, it has a somewhat cool undertone.

Bone Black is made from animal bones. It has a warm undertone and is a semi-transparent pigment.
This makes it excellent for glazing applications.

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Table 15: Balck pigment

Pigment Color
Anthracite Black
Galena Black
Bitumen coal Black
Oil shale Black
Asphaltite Black

Stabilizers
Antioxidant for PP:

1- Phenolic synthetic antioxidant Irganox 1076 :

Stable in property. Easily soluble in such organic solvents as benzene, acetone, ester and so on;
slightly soluble in alcohol; but insoluble in water. Very little toxicity.

2- 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy):
It is colourless to light yellow liquid. Peroxides, such as 2,5-DIMETHYL-2,5-DI-(TERT-
BUTYLPEROXY) HEXANE, are good oxidizing agents. Organic compounds can ignite on contact
with concentrated peroxides. Strongly reduced material such as sulfides, nitrides, and hydrides may
react explosively with peroxides.

3- Tris(mono-nonylphenyl)phosphite:
Acts as an antioxidant that functions as a peroxide decomposer and as a processing stabilizer. Offers
low volatility and non-discoloring properties. Inhibits discoloration of the polymer caused by some
phenolic antioxidants. This antioxidant can be used in polyolefins, styrenics and a variety of other
polymers.

4- Phosphite:
Peroxide decomposer, halogen acceptor and masking agent. Provides good heat stability, color
stability, process stability and weatherability to polymers. It provides highest resistance to hydrolysis
among commercial phosphites.

5- Tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)phosohite:
Acts as an organo-phosphite antioxidant that exhibits excellent hydrolytic stability. Provides melt
flow and color protection during thermal processing of polymers. Used in polyolefins, polycarbonate,
polyester and styrenics.

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Antioxidant for ABS:

1-Bis(2,6-di-ter-butyl-4-methylphenyl) pentaerythritol-di-phosphite
Used in food packaging. Offers very good process stability and colour improvement at higher
temperature.

2- Tris-(2.4-di-tert-butyl-phenyl phosphate)
Acts as an antioxidant. Has low toxicity, good thermostability, non-hydrolyzable and good effect with
HALS. Offers very good resistance to extraction by water, low volatility and high heat stability. Can
effectively decompose hydroperoxides produced during the processing of polymeric materials.

3- Bis (2.4-di-t-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphate:

It is soluble in organic solvents like toluene and dichloromethane. It is slightly soluble in alcohol and
insoluble in water. GC RIANOX 626 shows compatibility with PE, PP, PS, PA, PC and ABS.
Recommended dosage level is 0.1-0.3%.

4- Polyalkylpolyphenylphosphite:
Very soluble in chloroform, toluene, xylene and petroleum hydrocarbons. Practically insoluble in
water. Non-staining, non-discoloring. Used effectively in cements and hot melts.

5- Tris-nonylphenyl phosphite:
Tris-nonylphenyl phosphite. Used to stabilise polyolefins, styrenics (ABS, PS), Engineering plastics
and polyurethane foams and rubbers.

Antioxident for Natural Rubber:

1-Blend of alkyl-aryl-p-phenylenediamines
Acts as a synthetic polymer stabilizer, antioxidant and antiozonant. Provides excellent high
temperature flex fatigue resistance, protection against catalytic degradation by copper and other heavy
metals. It will discolor compounds and cause severe contact and migration staining. For emulsion
systems, the product must be emulsified first.

2- N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine:
N-isopropyl-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine. Used as antiozonant and antioxidant. Provides very
good protection against ozone in static as well as in dynamic conditions.

3-Diphenyl amine derivative

Used as antioxidant for bicycle tyres, inner tubes, sponge rubber, footwear sole (particulary expanded
rubber soles). Offers protection against heat and oxygen.

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4-Octylated diphenyl amine:

Used as an antioxidant for bicycle tyres, inner tubes, sponge rubber, footwear sole (particulary
expanded rubber soles). Offers protection against heat and oxygen in CR.

5- Polymeric tertiary HALS in a polyethylene carrier;

An innovative masterbatch formulated with a polymeric tertiary HALS in combination with a
synergic blend of UV absorbers and an antioxidant agent in a polyethylene carrier. Expressly designed
for the UV stabilization of agricultural green-house films. Special HALS has a very low pKa value
which makes it more resistant to pesticides than traditional HALS.

Antioxidant for PE:

1- Bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphate:

Bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite. Acts as a secondary high performance
antioxidant for organic polymers. Possesses excellent melt flow and color protection during thermal
processing of polymers. Its applications include polyolefins, elastomers, polycarbonate, polyester, and
styrenics.

2- Tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite:
Tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite. Acts as an assistant antioxidant. Has a good synergistic effect
when cooperated with KY-1010 or KY-1076. Can prevent resin from thermal degradation during the
process of extrusion and injection molding. Long term protection is offered to the polymers at the
same time.

3- 4,4'-isopropylidene-di-phenyl-alkyl(C12-C15)-phosphite:
Acts as an antioxidant(phosphite). Offers low volatility and good compatibility. Exhibits very good
thermal, light and color stability. Used to effectively improve heat and light stability of various kinds
of polymers such as PVC and PE.

UV stabilizers
UV Stabilizers for Polypropylene:

1- Hexadecyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate
Acts as a very good ultraviolet light stabilizer for olefins, particularly pigmented opaque formulations,
for applications such as pipes, drums, sheeting, marine, and garden. Provides antioxidant activity both
during thermal processing and in moderate elevated temperatures due to radical scavenging
mechanism.

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2- Hexadecyl 3,5-bis-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate:
It acts as a UV absorber and can be used with Synsorb-81. It is compatible with PE film, film, FR
products, TPO, PET, PBT, PC and soft PVC. Synsorb -2908 is suitable for injection and rotational
molding products.

3- 2‐Ethylhexyl‐2‐cyano‐3,3‐diphenylpropenoate:
Chemically non-interacting with reactive monomers and metal-based catalysts, suitable for use with
optical brighteners due to its low long wavelength UV absorbance, non-discoloring, chemically non-
interacting with reactive monomers and polymerization catalysts.

4- 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy) hexane:
GC BPDH can be in polymerization of Controlled rheology polypropylenes and rubber cross-linking.
It can be also used as curing agent of unsaturated resin.

UV Stabilizers for Polyethylene:

1- Benzophenone:
Acts as a UV absorber. Imparts good light stability when used in combination with a hindered amine
light stabilizer (HALS). Shows good compatibility with polyolefins and plasticized PVC. Protects a
number of other polymers against degradation caused by light exposure such as plasticized PVC and
rubbers.

2- Hexadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate:
Acts as a hindered hydroxybenzoate light stabilizer. It offers significant advantages when used in
combination with antioxidants and high-molecular weight HALS light stabilizers. Possesses low
volatility, low color and good solubility/migration balance. HXA UV-2908 provides high
compatibility with a variety of polymers and resin compositions.

3- Benzoic acid,
3,5−bis(1,1−dimethylethyl)−4−hydroxy−,hexadecyl ester:
It functions by scavenging free radicals formed during the photodegradation of plastic materials.
Combinations of this product with hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) often provide superior
performance vs. HALS used alone, especially in polyolefin substrates.

UV Stabilizers for ABS:

1- Hindered amine with polyethylene resin carrier:

Acts as an ultraviolet stabilizer (UVS). It interrupts photodegradation process before light can get
destructively underway. Offers free radical scavenging, peroxide decomposition and little energy
absorption.

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2- Poly[N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-1,6-
hexanediamine-co-2,4-dichloro-6-morpholino-1,3,5-
triazine]Tris (2,3 dibromopropyl) isocyanurate:

It is a poly[N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-1,6-hexanediamine-co-2,4-dichloro-6-
morpholino-1,3,5-triazine]. It shows minimal color contribution, good solubility and migration
properties.

3- Bis (2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebaceate:
Acts as a UV light stabilizer. It is a highly effective radical scavenger that protects polymers against
degradation caused by exposure to UV radiation. It is free-flowing. Shows synergistic effect with
other UV absorbers and antioxidant products. Compatible with PP, SAN, ASA, SBS, PS, PU, PA,
polyacetals. Recommended for thick sections and film applications.

Decanedioic acid, 1,10−bis(2,2,6,6−tetramethyl−4−piperidinyl) ester:

Acts as an hindered amine light stabilizer. It is free-flowing, low dust, exhibits excellent long-term
light stability in thick cross sections, excellent long-term light stability, particularly in articles with
high surface areas such as films and tape, non-coloring and thermally stable. Provides effective
ultraviolet light protection for applications demanding particularly high light stability.

4-UV stabilizers for PVC:

1- Polymer of dimethyl succinate and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-

tetramethyl-1-piperidine ethanol:
It typically demonstrates reduced interaction with co-additives such as pigments or other stabilizer
and is an excellent stabilizer for systems containing high loadings of carbon black. It is compatible
with polypropylene, polyethylene, styrenics, unsaturated polyester, acrylics and vinyl polymers (PVC,
PVB).

2- Hydroxy-4-methoxy diphenyl ketone:

It acts as a UV absorber and can effectively absorb 270-340 nm UV light with almost no absorption of
visible light. It is light and shows heat stability with no decomposition at 200°C. It is especially
suitable for light colored transparent products.

3- Diethylene glycol dibenzoate (DEDB):

Acts as a plasticizer. It is compatible with PVC resin. It has good heat stability, plasticized capacity,
resistance to freeze, electrical properties and UV filtering properties. Used in PVC granule, non-filling
rolling film, artificial leather, cable, board material, flaky material, pipe material, rubber bar, foam
material, film, rubber and plastisol etc.

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UV stabilizers for EPS:

1- Tetrabromobisfenolo A bis (2,3-dibromo-2-metilpropil ether)

2- Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3 dibromopropylether)

Fire Retardant
1-Fire retardants for PC/ABS:

1- SAN encapsulated PTFE granular

Compared with virgin PTFE, the melt strength and flexural modulus will be increased as well. Has
very good dispersability and easy handling features. Is not easy to be agglomerated at room
temperature.

2- Polytetrafluoroethylene
Acts as a processing aid and anti-dripping agent for flame retardant compounds. Shows easy handling,
minimum agglomeration and good wear resistance. It reduces friction & noise and improves stick-slip
response. Designed for food contact applications. Compatible with polycarbonate, polyamide,
polypropylene, ABS and their blends.

3- Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
Used as anti-dripping additive in flame retardant formulations of ABS, PC+ABS and high impact
polystyrene (HIPS).

4- Perfluorocarbon resin
Used as an anti-drip in flame retardants and as a melt strength improver. Designed for latex blending.

5- Alumina trihydroxide:
Used as a flame retardant and smoke supressive additive for specific application in polymeric
adhesive backing of tufted carpeting. Provides a level of flame retardancy to the carpet system.
Exhibits high loading potential in high viscosity backing compounds.

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2-Halogen free Fire retardants for PVC:

1- Chlorinated paraffin
Acts as a secondary plasticizer for PVC resin compounding and flame retardant. It is chemically inert
and non-corrosive, practically non-volatile, non-flammable and imparts flame-resistant properties.
Shows excellent resistance to water and decomposes before boiling.

2- Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate:
Acts as a flame retardant containing chlorine and phosphorous. Exhibits insolubility in water, but
solubility in most organic solvents. Possesses good compatibility with resins. Offers the best
hydrolysis stability among currently available halogenated organic phosphates.

3- Zinc borate:
It exhibits high thermal stability and provides excellent performance in smoke suppressant capabilities
of other polymeric systems, with or without halogens. GC ZnBO3 is suitable for thermoplastic
polymers such as polyamide, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, polyurethanes,
elastomers, rubber and epoxide resins.

4- Hydrated calcium borate:

Acts as a flame retardant. Recommended for wire and cable, flooring, roofing, electrical appliances,
conveyor belts, flexible and rigid foam.

5- Melamine Pyrophosphate

3-Halogen free Fire retardants for Polycarbonate:

1. Bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate)
2. Phenoxy cyclo tri-phosphazene
3. Cyclic Phosphonate
4. Potassium diphenyl sulfone sulfonate
5. Pentaerytritol

4-Halogen based Fire retardants for PE:

1- PE carrier resin based chlorinated compound:

Polyethylene carrier resin based PBDPO free chlorinated flame retardant masterbatch. Used for PE
foams. Can be used in construction applications.

2- Chlorinated paraffin CP-70

Acts as a flame retardant. Applications include PP(polypropylene), PE(polyethylene),
TPO(thermoplastic olefin), EPDM(ethylene propylene diene monomer) and PVC.

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3- Hydrated calcium borate:

Acts as a flame retardant. Recommended for wire and cable, flooring, roofing, electrical appliances,
conveyor belts, flexible and rigid foam. Compatible with PE, EVA, PVC, NBR, PA6, TPO and
neoprene.

4- Tri(β-chloroethyl) phosphate:
Acts as flame retardant. Possesses good hydrolyze stability, excellent stability against ultraviolet ray
and property of subzero-resistant. It can dissolve in organic solvent, such as alcohol, ketone, aromatic
hydrocarbon, methenyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride but insolve in fatty hydrocarbon. Has good
plastifying property as well as improves water-resistant, weatherability and anti-static ability.

5- Tri(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate:
It is also an additive of lubricating oil. Possesses cubic elasticity as well as low volatility. It improves
the fluidity of colophony forming and shine. Used in polyester, polyurethane, polysterol, epozide
resin, bakelite, polyvinyl chloride, marlex, polypropylene, poly-ethylene acetate, rubber to improve
polymer’s high burning.

6- Chlorinated Paraffin-70:
It appears as a white or light yellow resinoid solid, with good chemical stability, resistance to
chemicals, solubility and anti-aging properties as well as good thermal stability.

6-Fire retardants for Polyamides:

1. Calcium Phosphinate
2. Antimony Trioxide
3. Zinc Borate
4. Brominated polystyrene

Blowing Agents
1-Blowing Agent for PS:

1- Mixture of polycarbonic acids and carbonate

5% active endothermic foaming agent concentrate suitable for a variety of thermoplastic resins such
as polyethylene, polypropylene-styrenics, MPPO and ABS. Recommended for injection molding to
remove sink marks and take stress out of molded parts.

2- 1, 1'-azobisformamide:
Acts as a foaming agent of heat decomposition type. Has small decomposition temperature range.
Azodicarbonamide AC-6 can be decomposed into N2, CO, CO2. It is free from poison, smell and
pollution, but it can be decomposed at high temperature (>120°C).

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3- SAFOAM® FP-20
Improves surface quality and to reduce VOC emissions. Used in injection molding to reduce machine
energy, to eliminate sink marks, improve cycle time, reduce warp and for minor weight reduction. In
extrusion it is used to create a cellular structure and improve throughput in medium density
extrudates.

4- Blend of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane and

chlorodifluoromethane:
Used as a blowing agent in expansion of polystyrene boards and polyolefin foams for pipe insulation
and packaging. Offers very low ozone depletion potential and global warming potential.

5- Chlorodifluoromethane:
Used alone or in combination with other blowing agents to expand polystyrene boards or polyolefins
used for pipe insulation. Can be used as a co blowing agent in polyurethanes and polyisocyanurates
for such products as cold storage building panels.

2-Blowing Agents for PVC:

1- Azodicarboamide:
It is a chemical foaming agent, used in a broad range of polymers processed between 250 - 450ºF.
Typical polymers include plasticized and rigid PVC, rubber, polyolefins, styrenics, thermoplastic
elastomers and ABS. Actafoam® 754-A is recommended for flexible PVC and elastomers.

2- Benzenesulfonyl hydrazide:
Benzenesulfonyl Hydrazide is a white to light-colored crystalline solid. Insoluble in water and denser
than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion.

3- Sodium bicarbonate:
Used in extrusion processes of rigid PVC, where the use of azodicarbonic acid diamide is not
possible. Developed for rigid PVC processing but also fits for the foaming of other thermoplastics.

4- Carbonate-based compound:
Acts as an endothermal blowing agent and nucleating agent. It is a dust-free, low-cost masterbatch.
Releases non-toxic gases (carbon dioxide & water vapor) by means of thermally activated
decomposition reaction that occurs during processing of thermoplastics. Exhibits controlled reaction,
good dispersion, improved heat & noise insulation, better dielectric properties and improved impact-
absorption.

5- Diphenylsulfone-3,3' -disulfonylhydrazide

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3-Blowing Agents for Polyethylene:

1- Blowing agent masterbatch with EVA carrier resin:

Suitable for ABS, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene. Used in polymer processing
applications such as blow molding, injection molding, rotational molding and extrusion.

2- Endothermic multicomponent system based on sodium

bicarbonate:
Acts as a foaming agent. It contains 100% of the active substance. Compatible with HDPE, LDPE,
PP, PS, ABS for extrusion (chemical foaming) and LDPE, PP, PS for direct gassing.

3- Blowing agent masterbatch in EVA carrier resin:

It lowers density of parts leading to lower costs. It is compatible with PE, PS, ABS, PA and PP. It is
suitable for extrusion-profile/ sheet and injection molding applications.

4- Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid derivatives:

Acts as a foaming agent and a nucleating agent as well. It contains 20% of the active substance.
Compatible with LDPE, HDPE for extrusion (chemical foaming) and LDPE, HDPE, TPE, TPU for
injection and blow molding.

Antistatic Agents
1-Antistatic agents for PMMA:

1- Surfactol® 365:
Surfactol® 365 by Vertellus Specialties is a castor oil grade based on the addition of ethylene oxide to
the hydroxyl groups. Acts as a solvent, wetting agent, non-ionic surfactant, defoamer, emulsifier and
anti-static agent. Shows dispersability or complete solubility of the product. It is ideal for low foaming
oil/ water emulsions.

2- Surfactol® 318:
Surfactol® 318 by Vertellus Specialties is a castor oil based on the addition of ethylene oxide to the
hydroxyl groups. Acts as a non-ionic surfactant, defoamer, emulsifier, wetting and anti-static agent.

3- Markstat® AL-48:
Cationic quaternary antistatic additive. Used as an internal additive in semi-rigid and rigid PVC.
Provides very good antistatic functionality without severe impairment of heat stability. Can be used as
an internal additive in ABS and Acrylic polymers.
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4- Markstat® AL-26 :
Cationic quaternary antistatic additive. Used as an internal additive in semi-rigid and rigid PVC.
Provides very good antistatic functionality without severe impairment of heat stability. Can be used as
an internal additive in ABS and Acrylic polymers.

2-Antistatic Agent for ABS:

1- ADK STAB AS-113

High molecular weight polyether antistatic agent. Offers very good heat resistance and colour
stability. Provides good performance without effecting physical properties and processability.

2- Hostastat® FA 38
Hostastat® FA 38 by Clariant is an ethoxylated alkyl amine based on renewable fatty acid. It acts as
an antistatic agent. It offers high performance, easier processing and long-term efficiency.

3- Noroplast® 3000
Polyol amine derivative. Acts as an antistatic agent for plastic materials such as ABS, polystyrene,
polyolefins, etc.

4- CESA® -stat 3301

Antistat agent masterbatch containing the effective substance in PS and ABS carriers. It is easier to
disperse uniformly than antistatic agents in liquid or paste form. The active ingredients of CESA-stat
3301 masterbatch can also be combined with other additives and pigments in a single easy-to-use
masterbatch.

3-Antistatic Agent for PP

1- Ionphase™ U1
Ionphase™ U1 by Croda acts as an anti-static agent. It is used in compounding, injection molding and
extrusion applications. It is suitable for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for covers and
housings in electronics, dust prevention for automotive interior parts as well as in consumer
appliances.

2- Dodecanamide, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl):
It is a diethanolamide-based anti-static agent. Provides faster longer term anti-static effect as
compared to ethoxylated alkylamines. It is ideal for use in electronics packaging applications due to
its low moisture sensitivity and low basicity.

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3- Lauryl diethanolamide:
It is a diethanolamide-based anti-static agent. Provides faster longer term anti-static effect as
compared to ethoxylated alkylamines. It is ideal for use in electronics packaging applications due to
its low moisture sensitivity and low basicity.

4- Polyol amine derivative:

Acts as an antistatic agent for plastic materials such as styrenic polymers type ABS, polystyrene
(standard and shock qualities), polyolefins, etc.

Curing Agents:

1-Curing Agents NR:

1- Dicumyl peroxide:
It acts as a crosslinking agent. It is recommended for polyolefins & elastomers. It is designed for use
in end-products such as hoses, wires, tires and rubber seals. GC DICUMYL PEROXIDE is suitable as
a synergist in halogenated flame retarded EPS.

2- Bis (t-butylperoxy isopropyl) benzene:

It is a peroxide formulation based on bis (t-butylperoxy isopropyl) benzene. It acts as a crosslinking
agent. It is recommended for thermoplastic polyolefins, and synthetic- & natural rubber. GC BIPB 40
works very efficiently even at low dosage.

3- 2,5-di- methyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy) -hexane

Acts as a crosslinking agent. It is a bifunctional, aliphatic peroxide providing highly energetic free
radicals on decomposition. Feasible for transparent and UV stable articles.

4- t-butyl perbenzoate:
It is t-butyl perbenzoate. Acts as a cross-linking agent for silicone and other elastomers. Is 98% assay
light yellow liquid, effective in the temperature range 132 to 173°C (265 to 345°F).

5- Di-(2-tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene:
Non-sulfur curing agent for NR and SR. Cross-linking agent for PE, EPDM, EPM, EPR, silicone,
EVA, CPA and VAE. Provides excellent compression set.

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2-Curing Agents for Unsaturated polyester:

1- Methyl Ethyl Ketone peroxide:

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide in dimethyl phthalate. Acts as a curing agent. Being thermally unstable
substance, it may undergo self-accelerating decomposition. Used for the curing of unsaturated
polyester resins in the presence of cobalt accelerator at room and elevated temperatures.

2- Acetylacetoneperoxide:
Used for the curing of unsaturated polyester resins.

3- tert-Amyl hydroperoxide:
Tert-Amyl hydroperoxide. Used for the copolymerization of styrene/butadiene (SBR rubber) and
acryl nitrile/ butadiene/styrene (ABS rubber).

3-Curing Agents for Polyolifins:

1- 2,2-Di-(tert.butylperoxy)-butane:
It acts as an initiator for the polymerization of styrene, ethylene, vinyl acetate, (meth-)acrylates and
for radical synthesis at elevated temperature. Also acts as a curing agent. It appears as a colorless,
mobile liquid, which is de-sensitized with aliphatic hydrocarbons. It has a 234.3 g/mol of molar mass.

2- Dibenzoyl peroxide:
Dibenzoyl peroxide. Used as polymerisation initiator and curing agent for monomeric vinyl, acrylic,
styrene and unsaturated polyester/vinyl ester resins, and copolymers of these resins.

3- Organic Peroxide:
It acts as a curing agent. Suitable for polypropylene.

4- Vinyltrimethoxysilane:
It is a silicon compound with a vinyl functional group. Acts as a crosslinker and coupling agent.
Exhibits compatibility with PE. Used in reinforcement of fiberglass. Applications include plastic
compounding.

5- Glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane:

It is a silicon compound with an epoxy functional group. Acts as a crosslinker and coupling agent.
Exhibits compatibility with PE. Used in insulation and reinforcement of fiberglass. Applications
include plastic compounding.

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4-Curing Agent for Epoxy resin:

1- Amino terminated polydimethoxysiloxane:

It is an amino terminated polydimethoxysiloxane-based curing agent. It acts as a sizing agent glass
fiber and resin. APMS A1000 is suitable for silicone-polyurethane grafted polymers and epoxy resin
modification.

2- Diethylenetriamine:
Used as curing agent for civil engineering applications and in the manufacture of epoxy-amine
adducts. Provides a short pot-life.

3- DCPD hydrocarbon resin:

It acts as a curing agent. It shows good compatibility with epoxy resin in ester solvent and
polyurethane solvents. It offers reduced convergent force.

4- Heterocyclic amine:
It is a substitute imidazole that may be used either as a latent catalytic curing agent for liquid epoxy
resins or as a latent accelerator for anhydride and amine cured epoxy resins. Has good latency at room
temperatures and snap cure properties.

5- N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane:
It acts as a coupling agent, adhesion promoter, crosslinker and surface modifier. Exhibits premium
quality, reliability and competitive price.

Plasticizer
1-Plasticizers for Polystyrene:

1- Adipic acid polyester:

Acts as a plasticizer. It has low volatility and low temperature property. Exhibits good plasticizing
efficiency, excellent heat stability, excellent heat aging stability, oil resistance, mechanical strength,
good water extraction resistance, compatibility, good solvent extraction resistance and good electrical
insulation property.

2- 2, 2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol):
It is a highly efficient, nonpolluting anti-oxidant. It is suitable to prevent thermal aging and light
aging of polyester chloride, polystyrene, ABS resin, polyoxymethylene and cellulose resin.

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3- Non-phthalate polyester:
It exhibits low volatility and an excellent non-migration property. Imparts thermo-resistance, oil-
resistance and solvent-resistance. Used for both PS & ABS test.

2-Plasticizers for PVC:

1- Dibutyl Maleate:
Acts as a plasticizer. Dibutyl Maleate (DBM) is suitable for vinyl resins and copolymers applications
involving PVC and vinyl acetates.

2- low molecular weight adipate:

Acts as a polyester plasticizer. Exhibits good processability and good permanence properties such as
resistance to extraction, migration and heat aging. Its flexibility at low temperature and the
plasticizing efficiency are superior to polymeric plasticizer and quite similar to DOP (dioctyl
phthalate).

3- benzoate plasticize:
Imparts very good stain resistance in PVC or PVC acetate copolymers. Exhibits high resin solvation
at elevated temperatures, coupled with its tolerance for fillers, makes it the plasticizer of choice for
wall coverings and vinyl floor coverings.

4- Dioctyl phthalate:
Provides a free flowing, easy to handle powder that incorporates quickly into rubber compounds.
Eliminates need for heating viscous liquid, higher yield on usage and improves batch incorporation
time. Reduces waste and clean up time.

5- Adipic acid and polyhydric alcohol:

t is compatible with most of the monomeric plasticizers that are usually utilized to soften PVC. It is
recommended for electrical cables, safety footwear, tubes, gloves, protective garments and conveyor
belts. It offers good processing characteristics, permanence, low tendency to migrate and low
volatility.

3-Plasticizer for butyle Rubbers:

1- Tricresyl phosphate:
Produced from naturally derived cresols. Offers excellent hydrolysis stability, good electric insulation
performance, superior mildew resistance and abrasion resistance. Tricresyl phosphate by Ocean chem
Group is compatible with synthetic rubber.

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2- Isopropylated phosphate ester:

Can be used as a plasticizer to use in PVC, rubber and flexible PUR foams and also as a processing
aid for PC and PPO. Recommended for electronics and electricals, transportation, construction.

3- Aromatic hydrocarbon, silicon-dioxide blend:

Acts as a plasticizer/processing aid for NR, SBR, CR, IIR, NBR, BR, EPM, and EPDM. It aids filler
dispersion, and gives rapid incorporation.

4- Ethylene terpolymer:
Used as non-migratory plasticizer, and/or flex modifier for a variety of other polymers.

4-Plasticizer for ABS:

1- Triisononyl trimellitate
It offers excellent heat stability, permeability, low extraction and heat aging. It shows aging-, oil- and
migration resistance.

2- Trioctyl trimellitate:
It is a trioctyl trimellitate offering good low-temperature properties, heat aging, permeability and low
extraction.

3- Sebacate ester:
This synthetic ester complies with the quality standards across industries. Has 2-ethylhexanol (C8)
termination and rigid manufacturing specifications.

4- Decanedionic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester:

Used as a fine cold-restart plasticizer. Can be used for manufacturing of frost-resisting cable
plasticator, leatherette for aircraft and motor transport, PVC linoleum etc.

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DOP replacement
1- Ressol:
RESSOL is a versatile intermediate and it replaces DOP to the tune of 30% without compromising the
quality performance & portability of your products and processes.

2- Composite plant ester:

Composite Plant Ester is kind of light yellow and odorless liquid, made of natural palm oil, good
resistance to low temperature. It works and does not crystallize in winter, even at minus 18℃. The
plastic products adding Composite Plant Ester has high mechanical properties, excellent gel
capability, low migration and good resistance. Composite Plant Ester as substitute for
DOP/DBP/DOTP as secondary plasticizer which help to save huge cost.

Molecular mass: 400-500

3- Emoltentm 100 (DHPE):

Dipropylheptyl phthalate (DPHP) is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) soft and flexible. Its
chemical and physical properties make it especially suitable for automotive, wire and cable, and
outdoor applications such as roofing membranes and tarpaulins, as well as many other products
consumers use every day.

4- Isosteric Acid

5- Oleic Acid

Phosphorous based flame retardants

1- Phosphinate:
Exolit® OP 1230 by Clariant is a non-hygroscopic, organic phosphinate with high phosphorus
content. Acts as a halogen-free, flame retardant (UL 94 V-0). Compatible with thermoplastics,
thermosets and bio-based HPPAs (high performance polyamides). Possesses excellent physical &
electrical properties and good color ability.

2- Isopropylated triaryl phosphate:

GC FOS 65 by GreenChemicals is a halogen-free flame retardant and plasticizer. It is an
isopropylated triaryl phosphate exhibiting good thermal resistance. It shows low volatility and is

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available in light yellow transparent liquid form. GC FOS 65 is compatible with vinyls, PVC, epoxy
and polyurethanes.

3- Combination of monoethyl- and diethyl phosphoric acid ester:

Acts as a flame retardant-, anti-corrosive- and anti-static agent. Offers corrosion inhibition, hard water
stability and exhibits low foam production. It is acidic, less corrosive than mineral acids and is
completely soluble in water and oil. Applications in water-based formulations for textiles.

4- Tri Cresyl Phosphate:

olorless to pale yellow liquid free of foreign materials. Acts as an efficient phosphate plasticizer for
PVC and PVC copolymers. Shows insolubility in water. Widely used among phosphoric ester due to
its characteristic like fire retardancy, electrical insulation, low volatility.

5- Diphenyl cresyl phosphate:

Acts as a highly effective flame retardant phosphate ester. Its flame retarding efficiency permits
blending with standard plasticizers and so allowing wide flexibility for formulators.

References:
1- Altan, M., (2010). Reducing shrinkage in injection moldings via the Taguchi, ANOVA and
neural network methods. Materials and Design 31, 599-604.
2- Abdullah, A. H, Russell, D. S, & Abdulwahab, A. S. (2011). Particle Reinforced Polymers,
Journal of Basrah Researches Science., 37(3A): 3642.
3- Pigments data online taken from: special chem.com. pigments foe plastics.
4- Sung, Y. T.; Fasulo, P. D.; Rodgers, W. R.; Yoo, Y. T.; Yoo, Y.; Paul, D. R. J. Appl. Polym.
Sci. 2012, 124, 1020.
5- Online taken from: Plastmart.com. [20-03-2019]
6- Online taken from:http://polymerscience.imedpub.com/talc-as-reinforcing-filler-in-
polypropylenecompounds-effect-on-morphology-andmechanical properties.php?aid=20089
[15-03-2019]
7- Yao, F.; Wu, Q.L. Coextruded polyethylene and wood-flour composite: Effect of shell
thickness, wood loading, and core quality. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 118, 3594–3601.
8- Online taken from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_33 [10-03-
2019].
9- Chukwujike1, I. C., Odo, J. U., Ihekweme, G. O. (2015). Studies on the Mechanical
Properties of Carbonized/Uncarbonized Cornhub Powder Filled Natural Rubber/Acrylonitrile
Butadiene Rubber Bicomposite. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,
5(4), 2250-3153.
10- P. Noorunnisa Khanam & Mariam Al Ali AlMaadeed Processing and characterization of
polyethylene-based composites, Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science,
1:2, 2015, pp. 63-79.

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11- Yao F., Wu Q.L. Coextruded polyethylene and woodflou composite: Effect of shell thickness,
wood loading, and core quality. J. Appl. Polym. Sci 2010;118:3594–3601. doi:
10.1002/app.32742.
12- Online taken from :https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_33

13- Online taken from ‘’Effect of some organic and inorganic filler on physical properties of
LDPE composites”
14- Online taken from: https://www.plasteurope.com/Material-Databases/additives.asp
[25-04-2019].

15- Difallah, B., Kharrat, M., Dammak, M., Monteil, G., (2012). Mechanical and tribological
response of ABS polymer matrix filled with graphite powder. Materials and Design 34,
782–787.
16- Online taken from:https://www.specialchem.com/ [23-04-2019].
17- Online taken from: https://greenchemicals.eu/ [27-04-2019].

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