Canola oil

Canola oil, or canola for short, is a vegetable oil derived from rapeseed that is low in erucic acid, as opposed to colza oil. It is also the name of the seed
variety that produces it. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from the seed of any of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae,
namely cultivars of Brassica napus L., Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera, syn. B. campestris L. or Brassica juncea, which are also referred to as "canola".

Consumption of the oil has become common in industrialized nations. It is considered safe for people to eat,[1][2] and has a relatively low amount of
saturated fat, a substantial amount of monounsaturated fat, with roughly a 2:1 mono- to poly-unsaturated fats ratio.[3] It is also used as a source of
biodiesel.

Contents
Etymology
History
Production and trade
Canola oil
Health information
Erucic acid
Biodiesel
Comparison to other vegetable oils
Genetic modification
Regulation
Litigation
See also
References
External links

Etymology
Canada, and "ola" for oil.[4]
In the 1970s, the Rapeseed Association of Canada chose the name "canola" to represent "Can" for

History
Canola was developed through conventional plant breeding from rapeseed, an oilseed plant already used
in ancient civilizations as a fuel. The word "rape" in rapeseed comes from the Latin word rapum meaning
turnip. Turnip, rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, mustard, and many other vegetables are related to the
two natural canola varieties commonly grown, which are cultivars of B. napus and B. rapa. The change in
name serves to distinguish it from natural rapeseed oil, which has much higher
erucic acid content.

Brassica oilseed varieties are some of the oldest plants cultivated by humanity, with documentation of its
use in India 4,000 years ago, and use in China and Japan 2,000 years ago.[5]:55 Its use in Northern Europe
for oil lamps is documented to the 13th century.[5] Its use was limited until the development of steam
power, when machinists found rapeseed oil clung to water- and steam-washed metal surfaces better than
other lubricants. World War II caused high demand for the oil as a lubricant for the rapidly increasing
number of steam engines in naval and merchant ships.When the war blocked European and Asian sources
of rapeseed oil, a critical shortage developed, and Canada began to expand its limited rapeseed
production.

After the war, demand declined sharply, and farmers began to look for other uses for the plant and its
products. Rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957 as food products, but these
suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a disagreeable Close-up of canola blooms
greenish color, due to the presence of chlorophyll. It also contained a high concentration of erucic acid.
Experiments on animals have pointed to the possibility that erucic acid, consumed in large quantities, may
cause heart damage, although Indian researchers have published findings that call into question these conclusions and the implication that the consumption

of mustard or rapeseed oil is dangerous.[6][7][8][9][10] Feed meal from the rapeseed plant also was
of mustard or rapeseed oil is dangerous.[6][7][8][9][10] Feed meal from the rapeseed plant also was
not particularly appealing to livestock, because of high levels of sharp-tasting compounds called
glucosinolates.

Canola was bred from rapeseed at the University of Manitoba, Canada, by Keith Downey and
Baldur R. Stefansson in the early 1970s,[11][12] having then a different nutritional profile than
present-day oil in addition to much lesserucic acid.[13]

A variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant canola
variety to date. This and other recent varieties have been produced using genetic engineering. In
2011, out of the 31 million hectares of canola grown worldwide, 8.2 million (26%) were genetically
Canola flower
modified.[14]

Canola was originally a trademark name of the Rapeseed Association of Canada, and the name was
a condensation of "Can" from Canada and "ola" from other vegetable oils like Mazola,[15] but is now a
generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed oil in North America and Australia.

A definition of "canola" is codified in Canadian law . According to the Canola Council of Canada, an
industry association, the "official" definition of "canola" is:

"Seeds of the genus Brassica (Brassica napus, Brassica rapa or Brassica juncea) from
which the oil shall contain less than 2% erucic acid in its fatty acid profile and the solid
component shall contain less than 30 micromoles of any one or any mixture of 3-butenyl Canola field in New South Wales,
glucosinolate, 4-pentenyl glucosinolate, 2-hydroxy-3 butenyl glucosinolate, and 2- Australia
hydroxy- 4-pentenyl glucosinolate per gram of air
-dry, oil-free solid."

— Canola council of Canada, What is Canola?, [16]

Production and trade

In 2014, world production of rapeseed oil was 26 million tonnes, led by China, Germany, and Canada as
leading producers accounting together for 47% of the world total.[17] Canada was the world's largest Rapeseed oil production – 2014
exporter of rapeseed oil in 2016, exporting 2.9 million tonnes or approximately 94% of its total Country (tonnes)
production.[17] China 5,702,700

The benchmark price for worldwide canola trade is the ICE Futures Canada (formerly Winnipeg Commodity Germany 3,540,557
Exchange) canola futures contract.[18]
Canada 3,116,100

India 2,473,000
Canola oil
France 1,914,600
Canola oil is made at a processing facility by slightly heating and then crushing the seed.[19] Almost all
Japan 1,073,881
commercial canola oil is then extracted using hexane solvent[20] which is recovered at the end of processing.
Finally, the canola oil is refined using water precipitation and organic acid to remove gums and free fatty World 25,944,831
acids, filtering to remove color, and deodorizing using steam distillation.[19] The average density of canola Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[17]
oil is 0.92 g/ml.[21]

Cold-pressed and expeller-pressed canola oil are also produced on a more limited basis. About 44% of a seed is oil, with the remainder as a canola meal
used for animal feed.[19] About 23 kg (51 lb) of canola seed makes 10 L (2.64 US gal) of canola oil. Canola oil is a key ingredient in many foods. Its
[22] and overall it is the third-most widely consumed vegetable oil.
reputation as a healthy oil has created high demand in markets around the world, [23]

The oil has many non-food uses and, like soybean oil, is often used interchangeably with non-renewable petroleum-based oils in products,[22] including
industrial lubricants, biodiesel, candles, lipsticks, and newspaper inks, depending on the price on the spot market.

Canola vegetable oils certified as organic are required to be from non-GMO rapeseed.[24]

Health information
In 2006, canola oil was given a qualified health claim by the United States Food and Drug Administration for lowering the risk of coronary heart disease,
[25]
resulting from its significant content of cholesterol-lowering unsaturated fats; the allowed claim for food labels states:
 "Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests that eating about 1 ½ tablespoons (19 grams) of canola
oil daily may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease due to the unsaturated fat content in canola oil. To achieve
this possible benefit, canola oil is to replace a similar amount of saturated fat and not increase the total number of
calories you eat in a day. One serving of this product contains [x] grams of canola oil."

A 2013 review, sponsored by the Canola Council of Canada and the U.S. Canola Association, concluded there was a substantial
reduction in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and an increase in tocopherol levels and improved
insulin sensitivity, compared with other sources of dietary fat.[3] A 2014 review of health effects from consuming plant oils rich
in alpha-linolenic acid, including canola, stated that there was moderate benefit for lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, bone
fractures, and type-2 diabetes.[26]

Regarding individual components, canola oil is low in

saturated fat and contains both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty Compound Family % of total
acids in a ratio of 2:1. It is high in monounsaturated fats, Oleic acid ω-9 61%[27]
which may decrease the risk of heart disease.[34] Bottle of canola
Linoleic acid ω-6 21%[27]
cooking oil
Alpha-linolenic acid ω-3 11%[27] 9%[28][29]
Erucic acid
Saturated fatty acids 7%[27]
Although wild rapeseed oil contains significant amounts of
erucic acid,[35] the cultivars used to produce commercial, Palmitic acid 4%[28]
food-grade canola oil were bred to contain less than 2% erucic Stearic acid 2%[28]
acid,[36] an amount deemed not significant as a health risk. To
Trans fat 0.4%[30]
date, no health effects have been associated with dietary
consumption of erucic acid by humans; but tests of erucic acid Erucic acid 0.01%[31] <0.1%[32][33]
metabolism in other species imply that higher levels may be
detrimental.[37][38]:646–657 Canola oil produced usinggenetically modified plants has also not been shown to explicitly produce adverse ef
fects.[39]

The erucic acid content in canola oil has been reduced over the years. In western Canada, a reduction occurred from the average content of 0.5% between
1987 and 1996[40] to a current content of 0.01% from 2008 to 2015.[31] Other reports also show a content lower than 0.1% in Australia
[32] and Brazil.[33]

Canola oil poses no unusual health risks,[38]:646–657 and its consumption in food-grade forms is generally recognized as safe by the United States Food
and Drug Administration.[2][36]

Biodiesel
[41]
Europe has invested heavily in infrastructure to use canola oil for biodiesel, spurred by EU biodiesel policy initiatives.

Comparison to other vegetable oils

 Vegetable oils[42][43]
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids
Processing
Type fatty Oleic linolenic Linoleic Smoke point
Treatment Total Total
acids acid acid acid
mono[42] poly[42]
(ω-9) (ω-3) (ω-6)

Avocado[44] 11.6 70.6 13.5 1 12.5 249 °C (480 °F)[45]

Canola[46] 7.4 63.3 61.8 28.1 9.1 18.6 238 °C (460 °F)[47]

Coconut[48] 82.5 6.3 6 1.7 175 °C (347 °F)[47]

Corn[49] 12.9 27.6 27.3 54.7 1 58 232 °C (450 °F)[50]

Cottonseed[51] 25.9 17.8 19 51.9 1 54 216 °C (420 °F)[50]

Flaxseed/Linseed[52] 9.0 18.4 18 67.8 53 13 107 °C (225 °F)

Hempseed[53] 7.0 9.0 9.0 82.0 22.0 54.0 166 °C (330 °F)[54]

Olive[55] 13.8 73.0 71.3 10.5 0.7 9.8 193 °C (380 °F)[47]

Palm[56] 49.3 37.0 40 9.3 0.2 9.1 235 °C (455 °F)

Peanut[57] 20.3 48.1 46.5 31.5 31.4 232 °C (450 °F)[50]

Safflower[58] 7.5 75.2 75.2 12.8 0 12.8 212 °C (414 °F)[47]

Soybean[59] 15.6 22.8 22.6 57.7 7 51 238 °C (460 °F)[50]

Sunflower (< 60% 227 °C (440 °F)[50]

10.1 45.4 45.3 40.1 0.2 39.8
linoleic)[60]

Sunflower (> 70% 227 °C (440 °F)[50]

9.9 83.7 82.6 3.8 0.2 3.6
oleic)[61]

Cottonseed[62] Hydrogenated 93.6 1.5 0.6 0.3

Palm[63] Hydrogenated 88.2 5.7 0

Partially
Soybean[64] 14.9 43.0 42.5 37.6 2.6 34.9
hydrogenated
Values as percent (%) by weight of total fat.

Genetic modification
A genetically engineered rapeseed that is tolerant to herbicide was first
introduced to Canada in 1995 (Roundup Ready canola). In 2009, 90% of the
Canadian crop was herbicide-tolerant.[65] As of 2005, 87% of the canola grown
in the US was genetically modified.[66] A 2010 study conducted in North Dakota
found glyphosate- or glufosinate-resistance transgenes in 80% of wild natural
rapeseed plants, and a few plants that were resistant to both herbicides. The
escape of the genetically modified plants has raised concerns that the build-up of
herbicide resistance in feral canola could make it more difficult to manage these
plants using herbicides. However one of the researchers agrees that ".. feral
populations could have become established after trucks carrying cultivated GM
seeds spilled some of their load during transportation." She also notes that the
GM canola results they found may have been biased as they only sampled along
Blooming canola field inSaskatchewan, Canada. roadsides.[67]

Regulation
There are several forms of genetic modification, such as herbicide (glyphosate and glufosinate, for example) tolerance and different qualities in canola oil.
Regulation varies from country to country; for example, glyphosate-resistant canola has been approved in Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Korea, Mexico,
Philippines, and the US, while Laurical, a product with a dif [68]
ferent oil composition, has been approved for growing only in Canada and the US.
In 2003, Australia's gene technology regulator approved the release of canola genetically modified to make it resistant to glufosinate ammonium, a
herbicide.[69] The introduction of the genetically modified crop to Australia generated considerable controversy.[70] Canola is Australia's third biggest
crop, and is used often by wheat farmers as a break crop to improve soil quality. As of 2008, the only genetically modified crops in Australia were canola,
cotton, and carnations.[71][72]

Litigation
Genetically modified canola has become a point of controversy and contentious legal battles. In one high-profile case (Monsanto Canada Inc. v.
Schmeiser) the Monsanto Company sued Percy Schmeiser for patent infringement after he replanted canola seed he had harvested from his field, which he
discovered was contaminated with Monsanto's patented glyphosate-tolerant canola by spraying it with glyphosate, leaving only the resistant plants. The
Supreme Court ruled that Percy was in violation of Monsanto's patent because he knowingly replanted the resistant seed that he had harvested and also
imposing fees of over $200,000 on Schmeiser, but he was not required to pay Monsanto damages since he did not benefit financially from its presence.[73]
On 19 March 2008, Schmeiser and Monsanto Canada Inc. came to an out-of-court settlement whereby Monsanto would pay for the clean-up costs of the
contamination, which came to a total ofC$660.[74]

See also
Colza oil
List of canola diseases
Triangle of U

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External links
USDA-ERS Topic - Canola Summary of canola production, trade, and consumption as well as links to relevant USDA reports.

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