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 1
1 2 2
1 H 2 18
13 14 15 16 17 He
3 4 s - block elements 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 8
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S C A 8
block20 21 22
4 ‘s’ 19 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 l 36
r
K C Sc Ti V C Mn 18
F Co Ni C Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
‘p’ block
37 38a 39 40 41 42
r 43 e 45 46 47
44 u 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
18
5 Rb Sr Y Z Nb Mo T Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
‘d’ block
55 56 57 72r 73 c 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
74 75
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re By Ir Pt Au
Os arvind Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 32
Arora
87 88 89 104
105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rs Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Inc.
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90 91 92 93 94 95 ‘f’96block
97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Group 1 18
H
Group 2 s - block elements 13 14 15 16 172H
Li Be F2
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cl2
K Ca Br2
Rb Sr I2
Cs Ba At

Fr Ra
By arvind Arora Uus

Na + O2 → Na2O H2 + O2 → H2O
H = 1s1
Na + Cl2 → NaCl H2 + Cl2 → HCl
Na + S → Na2S H2 + Cl2 → H2S
Group I Alkali metals forms oxides and hydroxides Alkali

Group II Alkaline Earth Metals

Form Alkaline oxides

and Hydroxides
By arvind Arora
Metal oxides

Occur in earth’s curst

 Electronic EC wrt
At. configurat
Elements S Noble
1 7s 7p
No. ion
ns
y gas 6s 6p 6d 6f
Lithium Li 3 1s2, 2s1 [He]2s 1
5s 5p 5d 5f
Sodium Na 11 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 [Ne]3s1
4s 4p 4d 4f
Potassium K 19 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 , 3p6, 4s1 [Ar]4s1
3s 3p 3d
Rubidium Rb 37 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 , 3p6, 3d10, [Kr]5s1
1
4s2 , 4p6, 5s 2s 2p
Caesium Cs 55 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 , 3p6, 3d10, [Xe]6s1
4s2, 4p6, 4dBy , 5sarvind
, 5p6, 6s1 Arora
10 2 1s

Francium Fr 87 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 , 3p6, 3d10, [Rn]7s1

4s2, 4p6, 4d10, 4f14,5s2, 5p6,
5d10,6s2, 6p6, 7s1

H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
2 8 8 18 18 32
 At. Electronic 2 EC wrt
ElementSy ns
No. configurat Noble gas
s
Beryllium Be 4 1s2, 2s2ion [He]2s2
Magnesium Mg 12 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 [Ne]3s2
Calcium Ca 20 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 , 3p6, 4s2 [Ar]4s2
Strontium Sr 38 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 , 3p6, 3d10, [Kr]5s2
4s2 , 4p6, 5s2
Barium By
Ba 56 1s2, 2s2, 2p 6
, 3sarvind
2
Arora
, 3p6, 3d10, [Xe]6s2
4s2 , 4p6, 4d10, 5s2 , 5p6, 6s2
Radium Ra 88 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 , 3p6, 3d10, [Rn]7s2
4s2 , 4p6, 4d10, 4f14,5s2 , 5p6,
5d10,6s2 , 6p6, 7s2
 Metals Never found free in nature but
Occurrence
always found in combine state.

Reactive Less Reactive

Alkali Metals

Na, K Abundant
Li, Rb, Less abundant
By arvind Arora
Cs F Radioactive
r
223
Fr

21 minutes half life

i) Spodumene, LiAl (SiO3)2
ii) Petalite, LiAl (Si O )
2 5 2
iii) Common salt or rock salt, NaCl
iv) Sodium carbonate, Na CO
2 3
v) Sodium sulphate or Glauber’s salt, Na2SO4 10 H2O
vi) Cryolite, Na AlF
3 6
ByOarvind
vii) Borax, Na B O . 10H Arora
2 4 7 2
viii) Sylvine,
KCl
ix) Carnallite, KCl. MgCl . 6H O
2 2
x) Feldspar, K O.Al O .6SiO
2 2 3 2
Occurrence Metals

Less Reactive Reactive

Alkaline earth Metals

Ca – 5th
th
earth crust.
Mg – 6
By arvind Arora
Sr
lower abundance.
Ba
Be – rare
Ra – Rarest Radioactive
 i) Magnesite, MgCO
3
ii) Dolomite, MgCO .CaCO
3 3
iii) Carnallite, KCl.MgCl .6H O
2 2
iv) Epsom salt (Epsomite), MgSO .7H2O
4
v) Limestone, marble, chalk or calcite, CaCO3
vi) Anhydrite, CaSO4
vii) Gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O
By arvind Arora
viii) Fluorspar, CaF2
ix) Hydroxyapatite, 3 Ca2(PO4)2.Ca(OH)2
x) Phosphorite, Ca3(PO4)2.
 Group 1 Group 2
ATOMIC e– e –
e– e–
RADII Li Be e–
e – e – Across the period
atomic size
e– e– e– decreases.
Na Mg

e– e– e–
K Ca
By arvind Arora
Down the group
atomic size
e– e–
increases. e–

Rb Sr
IONIC RADII

Li Li+
e– e– e–

e –
> e–
152 pm 76 pm

Be Be+2 ByDown
arvind
–
theArora
group
e– e– e
Ionic size
e – e– > e– increases.
112 pm 31 pm
Ionisation enthalpy

The ionization energy (IE) is qualitatively defined as the amount

of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the
valence electron, of an isolated gaseous atom to form a cation.

1st Ionization enthalpy of group 1 elements are lower

than 1st Ionization enthalpy of group 2 elements.
By arvind Arora
2nd Ionization enthalpy of group 1 elements are greater than
2nd Ionization enthalpy of group 2 elements.
Group 1 Group 2 Ionization Enthalpy
e– e–
Li e– Be e– e–
e– e–

– –
e– Down the group
Na e Mg e
IE decreases.

– – e–
K e
ByCaarvind
e
Arora

Stable configuration

Caesium used in photoelectric cell

 With Na+ and H2O Interaction Hydration
enthalpy
δΗ δΗ
δΗ + + δΗ
+ + hydration reaction is a chemical reaction
– δΗ in which a substance combines with water.
+
Oδ Oδ +
δH – Oδ– This Process is known as hydration
+ By arvind Arora
Oδ Na –

H
δΗ Oδ
+ – δ+
Oδ–
δΗ δΗ
+ +
H δΗ
δ+ +
 With Na+ and H2O Interaction
H2O H2O
This is hydrated sodium ion.

Hydration energy Na+

H2O H2O
The energy involved in this process is called
Hydration energy.
H2O H2O
By arvind Arora
1
Hydration energy ∝
Size of cation
 With Na+ and H2O Interaction

Size of cation Hydration energy

H2O Li+
Smallest Maximum
Na+
Increases K+ Decreases
Rb+ By arvind
H2Arora
O
H2O
Cs+
Biggest Fr+ Minimum
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal

LiCl . 2H2O MgCl2. 6H2O

NaCl CaCl2. 6H2O

KCl BaCl2. 2H2O

By arvind Arora
 Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal
Li+ ion is the strongest
Oxidation
4]
state +1 +2 reducing agent

Reducing EXCELLENT WEAKER reducing agent

5]
property reducing agent compared to alkali metal
By< Li
Na < K < Rb < Cs arvind Arora
The reducing character 1) Heat of vapourization
of any metal is best
measured in terms of its 2) Ionization enthalpy
electrode potential 3) Heat of hydration
 Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal
Metallic
6] MOST metallic LESS metallic
character

7] Electropositive Metals have a great tendency to Group 2 elements are

loose . These metals are highly less electropositive
character
electropositive in nature. than Group 1 elements
+
ns1 ByMarvind Arora
electron ions

Down the group Electropositive/Metallic

character INCREASES.
 Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal

8] Melting point Group 2 elements have

Down the group
& higher M.P and B.P than
melting point
boiling point Group 1 elements
DECREASES

M – N.M → Ionic bond

By arvind Arora
N.M – N.M → Covalent bond
M – M → Metallic bond

Liquid
 Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal
9] Density Low Alkaline earth
density metals are DENSER
than alkali metals
Down the group atomic mass increases, which
more than compensates the bigger atomic size
therefore density increases
By arvind Arora
K, however, is lighter than Na which is due to an
abnormal increase in its atomic size because of Lightest metal
presence of penultimate d orbitals

Ca is less than Mg because of presence of penultimate d orbitals

 Alkali metal
10] Flame coloration
Fr being radio active does
not give flame colouration

Li Na K By
Rb arvind
Cs Arora
Crimson red Pale violet Sky blue
Golden yellow Purple (violet)
 Alkaline earth metal
10] Flame coloration

Ca Sr Ba By Ra
arvind Arora
Brick Crimson Apple Crimson Be and Mg because of their high
red red green ionization enthalpies, however, do
not impart any characteristic colour
to the bunsen flame.
 Chemical Property (Alkali metal)
1) Reaction with water (moisture)
2 M + 2 H2O 2 MOH + H2
e.g : 2 Li + 2 H O 2 LiOH + H2
2
2 Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2
Down the group
Reactivity
INCREASES. By arvind Arora

Most reactive : Cs
Least reactive : Li LiOH is a weak base, but all other
hydroxides
are highly basic
2. Reaction with air (oxygen)
Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide
M + O2 M O M M O M2 O 1
1 2
Li Li + O2 Li2 O

Metal + Oxygen Metal peroxide

KO2 + H2O KOH + O2
M + O2 M O O M
O O KOH + CO2 KHCO3
(M2 O2)
Na Na + O2 Na2 O 2 O2–2
By arvind Arora
Metal + Oxygen Metal superoxide
M + O2 (O ... O ) – M+ (O ... O )–
(MO2)
K , Rb , Cs K + O2 K O2 O 2–1
O–2 Oxide Li+ Small cation will be Stabilized
ion by small anion

O2–2 Peroxide Na+

ion
By arvind Arora Only lithium forms oxide
i.e. monoxide
K+
O2–1 Superoxide Rb+
ion Cs+
Reaction with air (Nitrogen)
Metal + Nitrogen ⇒ Nitride
M
M N
6 M + N2 M N M 1 3
2M3N
Li
6 Li + N2 2 Li3N
By arvind Arora

Only Li forms nitride

3) Reaction With Hydrogen
2M + H2 2MH M H Down the group
1 1 Reactivity
INCREASES.
Li 1073 K Other Alkali Metals 673 K
LiH is the stablest of all hydrides

By arvind Arora
4) Reaction With Halogen LiF is insoluble in water
2M + X 2 2MX
Reactivity : M ⇒ Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
X ⇒ F > Cl > Br > I
5) Solubility in Liquid Ammonia
All the alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia giving
deep blue solutions when dilute, due to the presence of
ammoniated (solvated) electrons in the solution
M +(x + y) NH3 M+ (NH3)x + e– (NH3)y

These electrons are excited to higher energy levels and the ABSORPTION of
Byofarvind
photons occurs in the RED region Arora
the spectrum

Thus the solution appears blue

Solutions of alkali metals (Li, Na and K) in liquid ammonia :
1. Conducting due to the presence of ammoniated
electrons mainly.
▪ However, on cooling, the conductivity increases further

On raising the temperature of the solution

▪ Conductivity decreases like those of metals

By arvind Arora
2. Strongly reducing due to the presence of ammoniated electrons
and are widely used as reducing agents in organic chemistry
under the name BIRCH REDUCTION
 General characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals
Oxides and Hydroxides
❑ Under appropriate conditions pure compounds M2O, M2O2 and
MO2 may be prepared.
▪ All the common compounds of the alkali metals are generally
IONIC in nature.
By
These oxides are easily hydrolyzed byarvind
water to Arora
form the hydroxides according to

M2O + H2O → 2M+ + 2OH-

M2O2 + 2H2O → 2M+ + 2OH– + H2O2
2MO2 + 2H2O → 2M+ + 2OH– + H2O2 + O2
 The superoxides are paramagnetic

The oxides and the peroxides are colorless when pure, but the
superoxide's are yellow or orange in colour
Example : KO2
The superoxide O2– is paramagnetic
because of One Unpaired Electron in
π*2p molecular orbital By arvind Arora
The alkali metal hydroxides are the STRONGEST of all bases and dissolve
freely in water with evolution of much heat on account of intense Hydration
Halides The alkali metal halides, MX, (X=F,Cl,Br,I) are all
high
melting, colourless CRYSTALLINE solids.
• All these halides are soluble in water.

• The melting and boiling points always follow the trend:

FLUORIDE > CHLORIDE > BROMIDE > IODIDE
Bywater
The low solubility of LiF in arvind Arora
is due to its high lattice enthalpy

whereas
the low solubility of CsI is due to smaller hydration enthalpy
of its two ions.
 Salts of Oxo-Acids
What are Oxo-Acids?

Oxo-acids are those in which the acidic proton is on a hydroxyl

group with an oxo group attached to the same atom.

Example : Carbonic acid, H2CO3 (OC(OH)2

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 (O2S(OH)2)
By arvind Arora
The alkali metals form salts with All the oxo-acids.
 They are generally soluble in water and thermally stable.

Carbonates Hydrogen carbonates

Their M2CO3 and MHCO3
Are highly stable to heat.
Lithium carbonate Hydrogencarbonate
is Not So Stable to heat By arvind Arora
Does Not Exist as a solid.

lithium being very small in size polarises a large CO32– ion leading to the
formation of more stable Li2O and CO2.
SMALL size
charge
Highest POLARIZING power i.e ratio
radius
By arvind Arora
High IONIZATION enthalpy

Low ELECTROPOSITIVE
character compared to other metal
 Alkali Metals Lithium
Water 2 M + 2 H2O 2 MOH + H 2 2 Li + 2 H2O 2 LiOH + H2
Strong base Weak base
Metal Oxygen
+ Metal oxide
Air Li + O2 Li2O
Na + O2 Na2O 2
K + O2 KO2 6 Li + N2 2 Li3N
By arvind Arora
Hydrogen 2M + H2 2 MH LiH
Unstable Stable

Halogen 2M + X 2 2 MX LiF
Soluble Insoluble
ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES :
LiOH Weak base Other alkali metal from strong hydroxides.
Li least reactive
Strong reducing agent
Li2O (Lithium monoxide) Other alkali metals do
Li + Air
not form monoxide
Li3N (Lithium nitride) and nitrides.
LiH Byalkali
most stable. Other arvind Arora
metal hydrides are not much stable
Lithium carbonate (Li2 CO3)
Lithium fluoride (LiF) Sparingly soluble.
Lithium phosphate (Li3 PO4) But corresponding salts of other alkali
metals are soluble in H2O
5) Li Hard metal
M.P and B.P high

6) LiCl deliquescent To dissolve and become liquid by

Due to high hydration enthalpy absorbing moisture from air.

Crystallize LiCl.2H2O
s other alkali metals chlorides
do not form hydrates.
By arvind Arora
7) 4 Li NO Δ 2Li2O + 4 NO2 + O2
3
(Lithium nitrate) (Lithium monoxide)
2 Na NO3 Δ 2 NaNO2 + O2
(Sodium nitrate) (Sodium nitrite)
8) Li2 CO3 Δ Li2O + CO2
(Lithium
Carbonate)
other alkali metal carbonates do not evolve carbon dioxide.

9) Lithium hydrogen carbonate (LiHCO3) Not obtained in solid form

other alkali metal hydrogen carbonates Solid form
10) Li + NH3 Li 2NH +ByH2 arvind Arora
Lithium imide
other alkali metal form amides (MNH2)

Fe (NO3)3
M = Na, K, Rb, Cs. 2 Na + 2 NH3 2 NaNH2 + H2
Ferric nitrate
 Diagonal Relationship

A diagonal relationship is said to exist between

certain pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the
SECOND and THIRD periods of the periodic table.

By arvind Arora
 Diagonal Relationship Similarity b/w Li and Mg

Atomic Radii : Li = 152 pm

Mg = 160 pm

Ionic Radii : Li + = 76 pm
Mg ++ = 72 pm
REASON :
Similarity in ionic Polarizing
By arvind power
Arora: Li + 1.7
sizes charge Mg 2+ 3.9
Similarity in ratio
radius
Electro negativities : Li 1.00
Mg 1.20
 Points of Similarity between Li and Mg
1) LiOH is a WEAK base 1) Mg (OH)2 WEAK base
2) Li → Li3N 2) Mg3N2
3) Lithium is HARD 3) Even Magnesium is HARD
4) LiCl deliquesent 4) Even MgCl2
LiCl. 2H2O MgCl2 . 8H2O
5) Li2CO3 → Decomposes By arvind
5) Arora
MgCO3 also Decomposes
6) Lithium hydrogen carbonate 6) Magnesium hydrogen carbonate

cannot be obtained in solid form cannot be obtained in solid form

 Arvind Arora

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