Detection of basic radicals
Group (v)
Calcium (Ca2+)
:Physical properties
Calcium like other elements of this group is a silver white metal. It is salts slightly
.soluble in water at ordinary temperature forming hydroxide and hydrogen
:Chemical properties
Add ammonium chloride solution to the solid salt solution then add ammonium hydroxide (1
after that add ammonium carbonate solution a white ppt of calcium carbonate soluble in
.mineral acids and acetic acid
CaCl2 + (NH4)2 CO3 = ↓CaCO3 + NH4Cl
Calcium chloride + Ammonium carbonate = Calcium carbonate + Ammonium chloride
Add Calcium sulphate solution to the solid salt solution (no ppt distinction from Sr2+ and (2
Ba)
Add ammonium oxalate solution a white ppt of calcium oxalate slightly soluble in acetic (3
.acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid
COO
=CaCl2 +NH4OOC-COONH4 Ca ↓ + 2NH4Cl
COO
Calcium chloride + Ammonium oxalate = Calcium oxalate + Ammonium chloride
Add sodium phosphate solution to the solid salt solution a white ppt of calcium phosphate (4
.will be formed which is soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, acetic and nitric acid
CaCl2 + 2Na2HPO4 = Ca3 (PO4)2 + 4 NaCl + 2HCl
Calcium chloride + disodium hydrogen phosphate = Calcium phosphate + sodium chloride + HCl
:Flame test
Volatile calcium compounds impart a brick-red color to the Bunsen flame. To have the
salt in volatile form, the platinum wire is moistened with concentrated HCl before being
.dipped into the substance
Detection of basic radicals
Group (v)
Calcium (Ca2+)
:Physical properties
.Salt color -1
.Crystalline shape -2
.Solubility in water and it is effects on litmus paper -3
:Chemical Properties
Experiment Observations Conclusions
+ Solid salt solution +Ammonium chloride (1
Ammonium hydroxide + Ammonium carbonate
CaCl2 + NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2 CO3
(Solid salt solution + Calcium sulphate 2
CaCl2 CaSO4 +
Solid salt solution + Ammonium oxalate (3
CaCl2 + NH4OOC-COONH4
Solid salt solution +Sodium phosphate (4
CaCl2 + 2Na2HPO4
Calcium chloride + disodium hydrogen phosphate
Flame test (5
Detection of basic radicals
Group (V)
Barium (Ba2+)
:Physical properties
.Slight metal with silver color
:Chemical Properties
Add ammonium chloride solution to the solid salt solution then add ammonium hydroxide (1
after that add ammonium carbonate solution a white ppt of barium carbonate soluble in dilute
mineral acids and acetic acid except sulphuric acid due to formation of insoluble barium
.sulphate
BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 = ↓BaCO3 + 2NH4Cl
Barium chloride + Ammonium carbonate = Barium carbonate + Ammonium chloride
Add calcium sulphate solution to the solid salt solution immediately a white ppt of barium (2
sulphate will be formed insoluble in mineral acids (used to distinguish between calcium,
.barium and strontium
BaCl2 + CaSO4 = ↓BaSO4 + CaCl2
Barium chloride + calcium sulphate solution = barium sulphate + Calcium chloride
Add sodium phosphate solution to the solid salt solution a white ppt of barium phosphate (3
.will be formed soluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid
3BaCl2 + 2Na2HPO4 = ↓ Ba3 (PO4)2 + 2HCl + 4 NaCl
Barium chloride + disodium hydrogen phosphate = barium phosphate+ hydrochloric acid+ Sodium
chloride
Detection of basic radicals
Group (V)
Barium (Ba2+)
:Physical properties
.Salt color -1
.Crystalline shape -2
.Solubility in water and it is effects on litmus paper -3
:Chemical Properties
Experiment Observations Conclusions
Solid salt solution + Ammonium chloride (1
solution + NH4OH + (NH)2CO3
Solid salt solution + Calcium sulphate solution(2
BaCl2 + CaSO4
Barium chloride + calcium sulphate solution
Salt solution + Sodium phosphate solution (3
3BaCl2 + 2Na2HPO4
Barium chloride + disodium hydrogen phosphate
Detection of basic radicals
Group (VI)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
:Physical properties
Magnesium (Mg2+) is a white metal which burn in air (oxygen) with a brilliant white light,
forming the oxides. The metal is slowly decomposed by water at the ordinary temperature but
.rapidly at 100ċ.It is readily soluble in acids librating hydrogen
:Chemical Properties
Add to the salt solution ammonium chloride solution, ammonium hydroxide solution and (1
sodium phosphate solution a white ppt of magnesium ammonium phosphate will be formed
.which is soluble in acetic acid and dilute mineral acids
+ MgCl2 + NH4OH + Na2HPO4 = ↓MgNH4PO4
+Magnesium chloride + Ammonium hydroxide + disodium hydrogen phosphate= magnesium ammonium phosphate
NaCl + H2O
Sodium chloride +water
Add ammonium carbonate solution to the solid salt solution a white ppt of magnesium (2
carbonate increase on boiling but no ppt obtained in the presence of excess of ammonium
.salts
MgCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 = ↓ 2NH4Cl + MgCO3
Magnesium chloride + Ammonium carbonate solution = ammonium chloride+ Magnesium carbonate
Add ammonium hydroxide solution to the solid salt solution a white ppt of magnesium (3
hydroxide will be formed soluble in dilute acids and ammonium chloride solution (The same
.happened with sodium hydroxide solution)
MgCl2 + NH4OH = ↓ 2NH4Cl + Mg (OH) 2
Magnesium chloride+ Ammonium hydroxide = Ammonium chloride+ magnesium hydroxide
MgCl2 + NaOH = ↓ Mg (OH) 2 + 2NaCl
Magnesium chloride+ sodium hydroxide = magnesium hydroxide+ Sodium chloride
Detection of basic radicals
Group (VI)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
:Physical properties
.Salt color -1
.Crystalline shape -2
.Solubility in water and it is effects on litmus paper -3
:Chemical Properties
Experiment Observations Conclusions
Slid salt solution +Ammonium hydroxide (1
+Sodium phosphate
MgCl2 + NH4OH + Na2HPO4
Solid salt solution + Ammonium carbonate (2
.solution
MgCl2 + (NH4)2CO3
Solid salt solution + Ammonium hydroxide (3
MgCl2 + NH4OH
Solid salt solution + Sodium hydroxide
MgCl2 + NaOH
Detection of basic radicals
Group (VI)
Sodium (Na+)
:Physical properties
Sodium is a silver –white soft metal. It oxidizes rapidly in moist air. The metal reacts
.violently with water forming sodium hydroxide and evolving hydrogen
:Chemical Properties
Add to the solid salt solution potassium dihydrogen antimonite solution a white ppt
.of sodium dihydrogen antimonite (NaH2SbO4) will be formed
NaCl + KH2SbO4 = ↓ NaH2SbO4 + KCl
Sodium chloride + potassium dihydrogen antimonite = sodium dihydrogen antimonite + KCl
:Flame test
.Sodium compounds give a golden yellow colour when exposed to Bunsen burner flame
Detection of basic radicals
Group (VI)
sodium (Na+)
:Physical properties
.Salt color -1
.Crystalline shape -2
.Solubility in water and it is effects on litmus paper -3
:Chemical Properties
Experiment Observations Conclusions
Solid salt solution+ potassium dihydrogen antimonite(1
NaCl + KH2SbO4
Sodium chloride + potassium dihydrogen antimonite
Flame test (2
Detection of basic radicals
Group (VI)
Potassium (K+)
:Physical properties
Potassium, in its pure form, is silvery-white with a dull sheen, and is very soft. It's important
to note, however, that potassium is very reactive with air and water. It is for this reason that it
is not found in its elemental form in nature. It can be found bonded to other compounds or in
:minerals in
Nitre, or Saltpeter, the mineral form of Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
:Chemical Properties
Add tartaric acid to the solid salt solution a white ppt of potassium acid tartrate (KC4H5O6) (1
from concentrated solution precipitation is accelerated buy vigorous shaking or scratching the
side of the test tube with a glass rod and by adding alcohol ammonium salts yield a similar
.ppt
KCl + HO─ CH─COOH = ↓ HO─CH─COOK
| HCl + |
HO─CH─COOH HO─CH─OOK
Add sodium cobaltinitrite solution freshly prepared to the salt solution a yellow ppt of (2
potassium Cobaltinitrite K3 [CO (NO2)6] insoluble in dilute acetic acid .Ammonium salts give
a similar ppt
3KCl + Na3 [CO (NO2)6] = ↓ K3 [CO (NO2)6] + 3 NaCl
Potassium chloride + sodium cobaltinitrite = potassium Cobaltinitrite + Sodium chloride
:Flame test (3
.Potassium compounds give a violet colour when exposed to Bunsen burner flame
Detection of basic radicals
Group (VI)
Potassium (K+)
:Physical properties
.Salt color -1
.Crystalline shape -2
.Solubility in water and it is effects on litmus paper -3
:Chemical Properties
Experiment Observations Conclusions
Solid salt solution + tartaric acid(1
Solid salt solution + sodium cobaltinitrite solution (2
3KCl + Na3 [CO (NO2)6]
:Flame test (3
