D B SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT-2 X 600 MW

Village Baradarha, Janjgir-Champa, Chhattisgarh.

BALANCE OF PLANT PACKAGE
OWNER:

D B POWER LIMITED
OWNER’S CONSULTANT:

DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS PRIVATE LIMITED

EPC CONTRACTOR:
LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED

EPC CONTRACTOR’S CONSULTANT:

L&T-SARGENT & LUNDY LIMITED

E-BOP CONTRACTOR:

LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED

L&T-ECC JOB No.: O10231 L&T PROJECT No.: DBC104

TITLE:
Functional Design Specification for SAS-400kV Switchyard
SPEC. TITLE: Main Bill of Material of Substation
SPEC. NO.: DPCL-K8A03 VOLUME : IIC/3
Automation System for 400KV SWITCHYARD
L&T-ECC DOC. NO. : 3269PP515-FDS
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REVISION CERTIFICATION

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MECH CIVIL ELEC C&I
B CPN 9.05.12 PTG 9.05.12 GKK/KRV 9.05.12
 D B SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT- 2 X 600 MW
Village Baradarha,Janjgir-Champa, Chhattisgarh.
LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED BALANCE OF PLANT PACKAGE L&T-S&L LIMITED
Rev.: B
BOP PACKAGE
Functional Design Specification
for 400kV Switchyard Date: 09/05/2012
L&T Project No. : DBC104 Page: 2 of 104
L&T-S&L Job No.: 609000 L&T-ECC Document - 3269PP515-FDS
L&T-ECC JOB No.: O10231

REVISION SUMMARY SHEET

REV. DETAILS / DESCRIPTION DATE

 As per Dicussion/meeting with DBPL Dated :27.03.12 09.05.12

at M/s Alstom Works,Chennai
 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS (FDS)
FOR
SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM - 2x600MW DB
SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT

DOCUMENT NAME : FUNCTIONAL DESIGN

SPECIFICATIONS
CUSTOMER NAME : DB POWER LTD
DOCUMENT NO. : 3269PP515 - FDS
Issue & Date : Rev. B Dated 07/05/2012

NAME SHORT SIGNATURE

NAME
Author: Chintan Parikh CPN
Reviewed by: Chintan Parikh CPN
Validated by: Prashant Gopal PTG
 INDEX
1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT ........................................................................................................5
1.1 General ........................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Abbreviations ................................................................................................. 5
2 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................6

3 SYSTEM DESIGN .........................................................................................................................7

3.1.1 Station Level...................................................................................................8
3.1.2 Bay Level .......................................................................................................8
3.2 Power Supply Distribution in BCU Panel..................................................... 10
3.3 Major Hardware Components....................................................................... 10
3.3.1 Bay Control Unit (BCU) ................................................................................10
3.3.2 Redundant Station HMI PCs and DR work station........................................13
3.3.3 GATEWAY ...................................................................................................13
3.3.4 Time Synchronization Equipment .................................................................13
3.3.5 Dot Matrix Printer .........................................................................................14
3.3.6 Laser Printer.................................................................................................14
4 TIME SYNCHRONIZATION....................................................................................................14
4.1 Time resolution ............................................................................................ 15
4.2 Station Bus Equipment ................................................................................. 15
4.3 Time setting by an operator .......................................................................... 15
5 HMI SERVER REDUNDANCY ................................................................................................16

6 PACIS CAPABILITIES :- ..........................................................................................................17

6.1 PACiS System :-........................................................................................... 17
6.1.1 PACiS OI :-...................................................................................................17
PERFORMANCES :-.................................................................................................................................17
6.1.2 MiCOM C264 :- ............................................................................................17
6.1.3 PACiS GTW :- ..............................................................................................18
7 SYSTEM COMMUNICATION & SUPERVISION................................................................18
7.1 IEC 61850 Communication .......................................................................... 19
7.1.1 Structure of standard IEC-61850 ..................................................................21
7.1.2 The important parts of IEC61850 are:...........................................................21
7.2 IEC 60870-5-101.......................................................................................... 21
8 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ..........................................................................................................22
8.1 Bay Level Functions..................................................................................... 22
8.1.1 Digital Output Command ..............................................................................23
8.1.2 Digital Input ..................................................................................................24
8.1.3 Synchrocheck...............................................................................................24
8.1.4 Voltage Selection .........................................................................................25
8.1.5 Transformer Tap Changer Control................................................................25
8.1.6 Bay View Diagram ........................................................................................25
8.2 Station Level Function ................................................................................. 26
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8.2.1 Status Supervision .......................................................................................26
8.2.2 Electrical Overview .......................................................................................26
8.2.3 Busbar Representation.................................................................................26
8.2.4 Basic Icons and States .................................................................................26
8.2.5 HMI Mimic Representation ...........................................................................27
8.2.6 The Upper Banner ........................................................................................28
8.2.7 Description of the Upper Banner ..................................................................28
8.2.8 The Command Banner .................................................................................28
8.2.9 Description of the Command Banner............................................................30
8.2.10 The Alarm/Event Banner ..............................................................................30
8.2.11 The Lower Banner ........................................................................................30
8.2.12 Description of Lower Banner ........................................................................31
8.2.13 Substation Overview.....................................................................................31
8.2.14 Help View .....................................................................................................38
8.2.15 Process status displays and command procedures......................................38
8.2.16 The Alarm Event Status Viewer....................................................................39
8.2.17 Measurements..............................................................................................41
8.2.18 Reporting......................................................................................................43
8.2.19 Automatic Disturbance File Transfer.............................................................45
8.2.20 Disturbance Analysis ....................................................................................45
8.2.21 IED parameter setting...................................................................................45
8.2.22 Network Management System......................................................................45
8.2.23 Dual Redundant Link: ...................................................................................46
8.2.24 Security Access............................................................................................46
8.3 Documentation ............................................................................................. 48
9 COMMON PROTECTION, CONTROL & METERING. ....................................................49
9.1 400kV Bay wise Protection System.............................................................. 49
10 LINE BAYS ..................................................................................................................................50
10.1 Implementation of Line bay functionality..................................................... 50
10.1.1 Description of line bay functionality ..............................................................50
10.1.2 Main Distance protection scheme.................................................................50
10.1.3 Channel-aided distance schemes (85-PSCH) ..............................................51
10.1.4 Switch on to Fault and Trip on Reclose protection (SOTF)...........................51
10.1.5 Over voltage protection ................................................................................51
10.1.6 Additional non-protection features: ...............................................................52
10.1.7 Distance to fault locator (RFLO) ...................................................................53
10.1.8 Alarm and event recorder (RDRE)................................................................53
10.1.9 Disturbance recorder (DR-RDRE) ................................................................54
10.1.10 Residual Compensation for Earth Fault Elements ........................................54
10.1.11 PROGRAMMABLE SCHEME LOGIC DEFAULT SETTINGS.......................54
10.1.12 Trip relay supervision ...................................................................................55
10.1.13 Autoreclosure (79-RREC).............................................................................55
10.2 Line Bay Interlock Logics ............................................................................ 55

11 ST (STATION TRANSFORMER) BAYS.................................................................................61

11.1 Implementation of ST bay functionality ....................................................... 61
11.1.1 Description of ST bay functionality ...............................................................61
11.1.2 Transformer differential protection( 87-PTDF) ..............................................61
11.1.3 Vector Group matching.................................................................................62
11.1.4 Harmonic Restraint.......................................................................................62
11.1.5 Overfluxing Restraint ....................................................................................62
11.1.6 Transformer over load protection (51OL-PTOC)...........................................63
11.1.7 Thermal Overload Protection (51OL-PTOC).................................................63
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11.1.8 Over excitation protection (24HV-PVPH)......................................................63
11.1.9 Restricted earth fault protection (64R-PNDF) ...............................................63
11.1.10 Over excitation protection (24IV-PVPH) .......................................................63
11.1.11 Backup Overcurrent and Earth fault protection (67HV/64IV-PDOC & PDEF)63
11.1.12 Protections offered .......................................................................................64
11.2 Station Transformer Bay Interlock Logics.................................................... 64

12 GT (GENERATOR TRANSFORMER) BAY ..........................................................................70

12.1 Implementation of Reactor bay functionality................................................ 70
12.1.1 Backup impedance protection (51) ...............................................................70
12.2 Generator Transformer Bay Interlock Logics ............................................... 70

13 400KV TIE (WITH LINE BAY) ................................................................................................76

13.1 Implementation of 400kV Tie Bay Function ................................................ 76
13.1.1 LBB protection (for 400Kv Tie) .....................................................................76
13.2 Tie Bay Interlock Logics .............................................................................. 77

14 400KV BUSBAR PROTECTION ..............................................................................................82

14.1 APPLICATION............................................................................................ 82
14.2 PROTECTION FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW P741 and P743 ....................... 82
14.2.1 Main Zone Protection ...................................................................................82
15 OTHER PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS.....................................................................................85

16 A TYPICAL SYSTEM TOPOLOGY........................................................................................85

17 MICOM S1 – MICOM IEDS SUPPORT SOFTWARE .........................................................86

17.1 Applications ................................................................................................. 86
17.2 Typical setting menu .................................................................................... 86
17.3 Programmable Logic (PSL).......................................................................... 87
17.3.1 Line Bay - Distance Protection (P444) PSL................................................88
17.3.2 Station Transformer Bay – Differential Protection (P643) PSL ....................93
17.3.3 Station Transformer Bay – REF Protection (P141) PSL ..............................98
17.3.4 Generator Transformer – Over current Protection (P141) PSL .....................99
17.3.5 Tie Bay – LBB Protection (P141) PSL ..........................................................99
17.3.6 Busbar Protection – Central unit (P741) PSL .............................................100
17.3.7 Busbar Protection – Pheriperal unit (P743) PSL.........................................101

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1 About This Document

1.1 General

This document named FUNCTIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION is for 400 kV DB

POWER Chattisgarh Substation and It aims to explain the Sub-Station Automation
System (SAS) proposed for the projects. The SAS provides facility to control and
monitor all the equipments in the substation locally as well as remotely.

The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and
may be used, copied or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.

1.2 Abbreviations

The abbreviations are used in the document.

SAS – Substation Automation System

IED – Intelligent Electronic Device
HMI – Human Machine Interface
PC – Personal Computer
LAN – Local Area Network
DR – Disturbance Recorder
DMP – Dot Matrix Printer
RCC – Remote Control Centre
RSCC – Regional System Co-ordination Centre
LN – Logical Node
BCU – Bay Control Unit
GOOSE – Generic Object Oriented Substation Events
SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol
SNTP – Simple Network Time Protocol
SLD – Single Line Diagram

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2 Introduction
The SAS is based on ALSTOM make PACiS software components running on Station
HMI on two Industrial Grade PCs with Microsoft Windows’XP Operating System.

The SAS confirms to the IEC 61850 standards and has a decentralized architecture
consisting of the following main functional parts:

• Redundant application servers cum Station Human Machine Interface.

• Bay Control Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED s) for control & Monitoring
• Managed switched Ethernet LAN communication in fault tolerant ring
architecture.
• Gateway for remote supervisory control via industrial grade hardware to
RSCC. The gateway should be able to communicate with RSCC on IEC
60870-5-101/104 protocol.
• Remote HMI for Remote monitoring and controlling from Remote Substation.
• Disturbance Recorder (DR) workstation having necessary software for proper
analysis of faults.
• Dot Matrix Printer (DMP) for alarms & events log printing.
• Laser Printer for printing graphics and reports.
•
In addition to the above, one GPS receiver is provided to synchronize all SAS
equipments including IED s for protection and control. GPS Ethernet Board can handle
up to 500 requests per second on SNTP over the SBUS network.

The SAS provides an extensive range of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) functions. The hardware equipments as described above are used to
perform a dedicated task in SAS. They are installed with the appropriate Pacis
component to achieve this functionality.
S.No SAS Hardware SAS Functionality Pacis Non - Pacis
Component Component
Installed Installed
1) Server Collection of Data from Pacis OI SQL Server
Workstations # BCU’s and IED’s, Storage Server, Pacis
and Archiving of data in Agency,
SQL, Maintaining SQL SCADA 2000
Tables Server

2) Operator Display of SLD, Alarms, PACiS OI

#
Workstations Trends, Events Client
3) Disturbance Automatic upload and Micom S1
Recorder/Engin viewing of Disturbance Studio,
eering Files, making configuration PACiS SCE,
Workstation changes, Performing SAS PACiS CMT,
Maintenance activities. PACiS SMT,
PACiS
Agency,
PACiS RTMS
4) Gateway PC Conversion of data PACiS
collected from various Gateway,
equipments of SAS (BCU, PACiS
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 IED) through IEC 61850 Agency
protocol into other protocols
such as MODBUS, IEC
60870-5-101, IEC 60870-5-
104, OPC etc

3 System Design
The SAS is designed considering the functional requirements of the customer as per
the Power Grid’s Technical Specification.

The SAS is suitable for operation and monitoring of the complete substation including
future extensions. It supports remote monitoring from Regional Load Dispatch Center
(RLDC) through IEC 60870-5-101 communication Gateway as shown in system
architecture. As per section project wherever applicable one more gateway shall be
provided for remote monitoring as well as control from RCC.

The SAS comprises full complete station and bay level protection as well as control,
monitoring and protection functions. SAS also provides all required functions to ensure
safe and reliable operation of the 400kV Substation.

System Architecture

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A Typical architecture is presented above for reference. However, actual
implementation of SAS shall be done as per approved system architecture.

The SAS layout is structured in two levels:

• Station Level
• Bay Level

3.1.1 Station Level

A redundant PC based HMI manages local as well as remote station control through
the PACiS software package, which contains an extensive range of SCADA functions.

An authorization mechanism prevents system access to unauthorized users and

allows assignment of a number of authorization levels. This makes certain functions
accessible only to those users who have the required level of authorization.

The proposed system includes the following equipments at Station Level:

1. Two nos. Industrial PC for Redundant HMI Clients and Servers. *

or
Two nos. Industrial PC for Redundant HMI Servers. #
Two nos. Industrial PC for Redundant HMI Cleints. #
2. One no. Industrial PC for DR workstation.
3. One no SNTP based GPS system for time synchronization.
4. One no A4 color laser jet printer for reports and disturbance records.
5. Two nos. of 132 column dot matrix printers for event & log printing.
6. One no gateway with dual redundant IEC60870-5-101 link for RLDC SCADA
interface. *
Or
Two no gateway with dual redundant IEC60870-5-101 link for RLDC & RCC
SCADA interface. #

7. Managed Ethernet switch as shown in Architecture and approved GTP

8. As per requirement Bay Control Unit (C264 type) for Aux system.
9. MODEMS as shown in Architecture and approved GTP

Hardware shall be supplied as per approved system architecture & GTP of SAS

3.1.2 Bay Level

A bay comprises of one circuit breaker and associated disconnectors, earth switches
and instrument transformers. At bay level, the Bay Control Unit (BCU-C264) provides
all bay level functions like control (command outputs), monitoring (status indications,
measured values **) and Bay Protection Unit for protection .

Each bay control IED is independent of the others and its functioning is not affected by
any fault occurring in any of the other bay control units of the station.

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The data exchange among bay level IEDs, and between bay level and station level
take place via the fibre –optic inter bay bus according to IEC 61850 standard. The use
of fibre-optic LAN guarantees disturbance-free communication.

Though, at station level, the entire station is controlled and supervised from the station
HMI, it is possible to control and monitor the bay from the bay level equipment,
whenever required. The decentralized architecture ensures that station wide
interlocking is available even when the station HMI fails.

Clear control priorities prevent the initiation of simultaneous operation of a single

switchgear equipment from more than one of the various control levels, i.e. RCC,
station HMI, bay level or equipment level. The priority is on the lowest enabled control
level. The operation also depends on the status of other functions like interlocking,
synchrocheck, etc. as applicable.

The control priorities are as per follows:-

Control Level0:- Switchgear Equipment
Control Level1:- Bay Control Units
Control Level2:- Substation HMI
Control Level3:- Remote Control Center

From Remote Station, control command sent to Gateway. If the L/R data point for OI
defined in Aux. BCU will be in Local Position the control command will be rejected from

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the remote station and if its in remote position the same will be accepted and forward
the control command to the respective Bay BCU.

3.2 Power Supply Distribution in BCU Panel

Auxiliary supply of 220 V DC shall be extended for the Bay Control Unit (C264 type)
from station DC battery.

3.3 Major Hardware Components

Major components of the system architecture are described as follows.

3.3.1 Bay Control Unit (BCU)

The proposed BCU model is Alstoms’s state of art MICOM C264. C264 exchanges
data with the field through integrated IO boards. Each BCU is connected directly on
station bus on Ethernet and communicates with other BCUs and BPUs (Bay Protection
Unit) using IEC61850 protocol.

3.3.1.1 Hardware Characteristics of BCU

3.3.1.1.1 Power Supply Module (BIU 241)

This unit is called BIU 241. BIU works on 220 V DC supply and it does following
functions

• Give internal supply to different modules through back plane.

• Watchdog relay (NO/NC) (Closed if BCU is healthy)
• Protection against reversal polarity
• Port 1: RS485
• Port 2: RS485

3.3.1.1.2 CPU Module (CPU 270)

The CPU board controls the C264 control unit. This board is interfaced with all other
boards through back plane.

The CPU 270 board includes the following capabilities:

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 • The CPU270 is based on 32-bit PowerPC based microprocessor clocked at
266MHz
• 128 Mbytes SDRAM
• 64 Mbytes Flash memory
• Internal watchdog command (watchdog relay on BIU 241 board)
• Ethernet-based 10 / 100 Mbps Fiber Port.
• Port 3: RS232
• Port 4: RS232
• One IRIG-B input

3.3.1.1.3 Digital Input Module

DIU Board contains 16 optically insulated DI with 1 common per 2 inputs.

It interrogates on 220V DC input. In one C264 rack max. 14 DIU modules can be
accommodated with the TMU card and 15 DIU modules can be accommodated
without the TMU card.

3.3.1.1.4 Digital Output Module

DOU Board contains 10 outputs

• 8 single pole relays with one normally open (NO) contact

• 2 single pole relays with 1 common for 2 outputs (NO/NC)

In one C264 rack max. 14 DOU modules can be accommodated with the TMU card
and 15 DOU modules can be accommodated without the TMU card.

3.3.1.1.5 Analog Input Module

AIU Board contains 8 Modular independent 4-20 mA analogue inputs of opto-isolated

AI on one board (currents) 16 bits A/D converter (15 bits + sign).
In one C264 rack max. 6 AIU modules can be accommodated.

3.3.1.1.6 Transducer less CT/VT module

TMU Board contains

4 CT of Two ranges 1 and 5 Amperes

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5 VT Nominal voltages 57.73 to 500 Vrms

3.3.1.1.7 Built in Local/Remote switch on BCU

There is one local / remote switch in the MiCOM C264.

This should be selected in local mode for bay level operation.

For normal operation from HMI or Remote via BCU it should be selected in Remote
mode. By default, Remote mode is enabled in BCU.

3.3.1.1.8 RS-232 Front Serial Interface

The RS232 serial interface is used to connect the Engineering laptop to the MiCOM
IEDs to download the configuration files or to use the maintenance dialogue locally. In
routine above function are performed through HMI/Engg work station on station bus.

3.3.1.1.9 RJ-45 port for IEC61850 protocol

This port is on the rear side of the BCU. BCU is linked with station IEC 61850 protocol
buses by connecting this RJ-45 port to RJ-45 port of the Ethernet switch.

3.3.1.2 Software Characteristics of BCU

3.3.1.2.1 Main Application Software

The main application software manages all internal background processes of the C264
equipment. This is a firmware and cannot be modified since it is part of the equipment
itself.

3.3.1.2.2 Current Database

Current Database is the active database used by the main application software. This
file is generated during configuration’s compilation and is identified by a unique
version. In normal operation, Current Databases of all PACiS equipment have the
same version. If not, the PACiS equipment is considered as standalone device.

3.3.1.2.3 Standby Database

Standby Database can be considered as a temporary database file, which can be

downloaded and switched as current at any time. The purpose of this database is to
optimize the Database upgrade process and to be able to come back to a previous
database’s version.

Configuration modification requires downloading the compiled file on all PACiS

equipment in Standby Database. Then equipment is rebooted one by one in order to
switch properly from Standby Database to Current Database.

Note: PACiS OI Server as well as gateway also contains current & standby databases.
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3.3.2 Redundant Station HMI PCs and DR work station

There are two no. of Industrial grade PC that will work as a HMI PC s.
These PC’s having following configuration

• Intel Core 2 DUO CPU higher Industrial Grade processor with 2.4 GHz or more
clock speed.
• 2GB DDR RAM
• 80 GB or more SATA HDD, 1.44 MB FDD
• CD/DVD R/W Drive
• Display resolution up to 1280 x 1024 pixels
• Power supply is 240Vac – 50Hz.
The power supply shall be derived from 240V AC Inverter Output.
In Normal operation PACiS system will not take more than 30% capacity of processing
and RAM memory.
The capacity of Hard Disk is selected such that it requires less than 50% of disk space
for the following considerations:
• Storage of all analogue and digital data as per specification.
• Storage of all necessary software.
• 20 GB space for DB POWER use.

3.3.3 GATEWAY
The main hardware characteristics are:

• Intel Core 2 DUO CPU higher Industrial Grade processor with 2.4 GHz or more.
• 2GB DDR RAM
• 160GB HDD or more, 1.44 MB FDD
• CD/DVD R/W Drive
• Power supply is 240Vac – 50Hz.
Gateway computer will be installed in the networking panel at control room. For
security reasons, keyboard, mouse and screen are not included since normal use of a
gateway does not require these items. Modified database can be down loaded into
Gateway computer through LAN from HMI/Engineering PC. The mode of
communication between Gateway and Remote system (RLDC/RCC) can be
PLCC/Optical fiber/Microwave or any other communication medium provided by DB
Power.
NOTE : Refer the Approved GTP
3.3.4 Time Synchronization Equipment

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 The time synchronization equipment receives the UTC time transmitted through Geo
Positioning System and synchronies all equipments to the local time (IST) in a
Substation through SNTP protocol. The GPS shall run on 220V DC/ 230V AC. One
real time digital display unit will be mounted on top of the Aux. Panel in control room.
The GPS have less than 1µs, typical time accuracy depending on network load.

In case of connection / communication loss between antenna and satellite, an alarm

for the sync signal loss is generated in the HMI. But the IEDs are still synchronized
with the Internal Clock of GPS Receiver. If the GPS receiver itself fails then the IEDs
are synchronized with the internal clock of MiCOM C264 (defined as the master clock
in the configuration).

3.3.5 Dot Matrix Printer

It is robust and suitable for operation with a minimum of 132 characters per line.
Failure of printer shall be indicated on the Station HMI. The maintenance of the printer
is simple provisions for ribbon changing, paper insertion, etc. 2 nos. 132 column Dot
Matrix printers shall be used for alarm and event log printing.

3.3.6 Laser Printer

One no A4 color laser jet printer shall be used for printing reports and disturbance
records. Printer shall be continuously online.

4 Time Synchronization
The time synchronization is a mechanism which allows to have the same date / time
on all connected devices. This synchronization allows particularly:

• the time tagging of events : the time synchronization permits to preserve the
relative and absolute chronology of events. The relative chronology helps in
discriminating between events occurring in the same substation, and the
absolute chronology helps in discriminating between events occurring in
different substations.

• the synchronized reports : values or states of data extracted at different

locations at a precise time.

• the synchronized actions : programmed actions are performed at the same time at
different locations.

In Pacis system, upto two SNTP Servers can be configured. All IEDs on the station
Bus will synchronize to SNTP Server 1. In case of the event of failure of SNTP Source
1, SNTP Source 2 acts as a time source for all IEDs.

GPS on SNTP is working as SNTP Source1 and one of the BCUs (Aux. BCU) will be
configured as SNTP Source2.
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Note : refer the System Architecture for Time Synchronization
4.1 Time resolution
The time resolution is the smallest time difference that can be discriminated between
two events. The MiCOM computers have a resolution of 1 ms.

Synchronization Priority
• Synchronization priority of the System Master Clock :
1. From the GPS
2. From Aux. BCU if GPS does not exists
3. From the operator in case of failure of above two cases

The master clock (GPS / Aux. BCU) synchronizes the other equipment by sending
regularly messages containing the date and the time over the station bus.

4.2 Station Bus Equipment

The System Master Clock equipment is considered the unique time-date reference to
the whole system. It is connected on the Station Bus and it re-distributes the time-date
reference to the other PACiS component (MiCOM computers, IEDs). The equipment
connected on the Station Bus can communicate with IEDs connected on Legacy Bus.
In this case, they synchronize their IEDs through the legacy protocols.

4.3 Time setting by an operator

When a SBUS equipment receives no synchronization messages, an operator is
allowed to set its time manually. This setting can be done using the PACiS SMT
application or the local HMI of the computers. If the operator modifies the time of the
System Master Clock, all SBUS equipment will be synchronized on this new time.

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5 HMI Server Redundancy

Servers (Server-1 and Server-2) as shown in the diagram, are configured in

redundant configuration. Both the servers have their own SQL database. Both the
clients are normally connected to their respective servers, and can perform normal
function i.e. open different screens, alarm & trend screen.

Whenever Server-1 fails, then automatically the client B connects to the server-2,
and vice versa. When Server-1 is restored and server-1 application is launched,
the Client B automatically connects to Server-1, after some defined period of
interval. The data during the fail time of Server-1 also gets updated automatically in
server-1. The same case happens when Server-2 fails.

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6 PACIS CAPABILITIES :-
6.1 PACiS System :-

Logical Plant Item Max. Currently Accommodated

Site 1
Voltage Level 4 Per Substation
Bays 512
Circuit Breakers 512
Diconnectors 2048
Transformers 512
Digital Input Points 37500
Output Control Points 7500
Measures 5000

6.1.1 PACiS OI :-

Performances :-

Elements Limits
Maximum number of server 2
Maximum number of local HMIs 8
Maximum windows per screen 64
Maximum Animations per window 400
Maximum transit time on operator action 200 ms
Maximum execution time on operator action 300 ms
Refresh time on mimic 500 ms
Input bandwidth (in real-time database) 300 events/s
Input bandwidth (alarm) 300 events/s

6.1.2 MiCOM C264 :-

Elements Limits
Communication port (for SCADA and/or legacy
protocols) 4
SCADA protocols 2
Master legacy protocols (for IED communication) 4
IED on a per Legacy Bus basis 16
Station Bus server for a MiCOM C264 client 16
Station Bus clients for a MiCOM C264 server 10
Time discrimination and tagging of events 1ms
Maximum execution time on operator action <500ms
Refresh time on mimic <200ms

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 Input bandwidth (per sec) 100 events/100 alarms
Event Storage capacity 2000 events
Alarm Storage capacity 2000 alarms

6.1.3 PACiS GTW :-

Elements Limits
SCADA protocols 2
Binary inputs, per station bus equipment 2000
Measurements, per station bus equipment 500
Output controls, per station bus equipment 1000
Maximum transit time <500ms
Maximum execution time <500ms

7 SYSTEM COMMUNICATION & SUPERVISION

The PACiS architecture is based on Station Bus (SBUS) with the IEC61850 protocol,
over Ethernet. The TCP-IP network is 100Mbps speed and uses Ethernet switches to
interconnect all PACiS devices such as HMI PCs, Disturbance Recorder PC, Bay
Control Units (C264) and PACiS gateway. The PACiS system is fully compliant with
IEC61850 protocol.

Protocol used: IEC61850

Devices connected to:

• PACiS devices (Operator Interface, System Management Tool)

• MiCOM C264

System is fully compatible for any future expansions of the existing 400/220 KV bays
or connecting any 3rd party IEDs required by the customer.

Link layer: Ethernet 10/100 Mb/s

Physical support:

• The Ethernet switch with Optical Fiber and Copper ports.

The system can exchange data using following common class on S-Bus
communication.

• Single-Point Status like alarms

• Double-Point Status like status of Circuit Breaker, Isolator, Earth Switches
• Measurement Value like MW, MVAR, Current, Voltage, Frequency
• Single Point Control like 86 Reset.
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 • Double Point Control like Transformer TAP changer Raise/Lower, CB close &
open (used with combination of SBO).

All above mentioned type of datapoints have an attribute values :-

• OI (Operator Interface) & C264: no archive, no logging:
• OI (Operator Interface) & C264: archive, logging:
• OI (Operator Interface) & C264: archive, no logging:
• Only C264: no archive, logging:
• Only C264: archive, logging:
• Only C264: archive, no logging:
• Only OI (Operator Interface): archive, logging:
• Only OI (Operator Interface): archive, no logging:

Archiving and Logging is activated as soon as one ‘state treatment’ attribute is set to
‘Archive and logging’ or ‘archive only’ at data point profile level. Archiving and Logging
for OI and C264 with respect to each data point is configurable in SCE.

Data points which have been archived will be acquired in SQL database named
“Historian”. Scripts or Jobs which are required to enable this activity will be
automatically installed during PACiS Server installation and the data stored in the
tables will be acquired for trending and reporting purposes.

7.1 IEC 61850 Communication

IEC61850 is an important new international standard for substation automation that will
have a very significant impact on how electric power systems are designed and built
for many years to come. IEC61850 is a part of the International Electro technical
Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 57 (TC57) architecture for electric power
systems. The model-driven approach of the TC57 standards, including IEC61850, is
an innovative approach that requires a new way of thinking about substation
automation that will result in very significant improvements in both costs and
performance of electric power systems.
IEC 61850 is based on the need and the opportunity for developing standard
communication protocols to permit interoperability of IEDs from different
manufacturers. Utilities also require IED interchangeability, which is the ability to
replace a device supplied by one manufacturer with a device supplied by another
manufacturer, without making changes to other elements in the system.
IEC 61850 identifies all the known functions in a substation automation system and
splits them into sub-functions or so called logical nodes. A logical node is a sub-
function located in a physical node, which exchanges data with other separate logical
entities. In IEC 61850, all logical nodes have been grouped according to their most
common application area, a short textual description of the functionality, a device
function number if applicable and the relationship between logical nodes and functions.

Long-term maintenance requires a possibility to extend a substation for example. It is

not necessarily possible or wanted to use the same type of equipment in the

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extension. The standard supports these requirements with the Substation
Configuration Language.

All devices from any supplier deliver all stand-alone configuration data relevant for
communication in the formal description standardized as Substation Configuration
Language (SCL). Also the overall system configuration is described in SCL. Therefore,
these data are understandable for any system configuration tool compliant with
IEC61850. The output of such a tool can be configuration files for the devices including
all relevant system interaction and functionality. The output is used in minimum for
device specific configuration tools, e.g. per supplier. With the SCL all information
exchanged in a sub stations communication network can be described. If all this formal
information is stored for system documentation over the life cycle of the system, any
IEC61850 compliant tool in the future easily handles any extension.

ICD/SCD files can be extracted from the relays (including third party relays) once they
are fully configured as per approved scheme drawings. The extracted ICD/SCD files
will be imported in the SCE tool for data reporting between relay and HMI. Configured
file will be compiled and generated with the specific version. Same shall be loaded in
the server.

One driving force behind the creation of IEC 61850 was to better accommodate
interoperability among IEDs from multiple vendors. The standardization of GSE
messages ensures interoperability directly between IEDs for protection, interlocking,
and automation. Although the two messages are different, they can both exist on the
network and provide interoperability between multiple devices that support GSSE
and/or between multiple devices that support GOOSE or both. Further, the content of
these messages is configurable to satisfy IED and system requirements. Therefore,
even if two IEDs support the same message type, design and configuration must be
performed to make the IEDs interoperable.

A second driving force behind the IEC 61850 was standardization of data acquisition
and description methods to reduce the integration effort. Vendors can then support
fewer standardized and proprietary communications methods and better focus on
making the best IEDs possible to serve the electric power system. Network designers
will find mapping consistently named values into database locations and operator
displays much easier than understanding a unique method for each IED. The process
of IEC 61850 clients discovering available LNs within locally connected IEC 61850
servers has even been automated.

• Data Communication shall be held between IED & HMI in Report mode.
• Data Communication shall be held between IEDs in Goose mode.

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7.1.1 Structure of standard IEC-61850

7.1.2 The important parts of IEC61850 are:

Part 1 – Introduction and overview

Part 2 – Glossary
Part 3 – General requirement
Part 4 – System and project management
Part 5 – Communication requirement for functions and device model
Part 6 – Configuration language for substation IEDs
Part 7 – Basic communication structure for substation and feeder equipment
Part 7-1 – Principles and models
Part 7-2 – Abstract communication service interface (ACSI)
Part 7-3 – Data types for data object classes
Part 7-4 – Compatible data types
Part 8 – Specific communication mapping (SCSM)
Part 8-1 – Mapping to MMS over ISO 8802-3
Part 9 – Specific communication mapping
Part 9-1 – Mapping to Point-Point with ISO8802-03
Part 9-2 – ACSI Mapping to ISO 8802-03 based process bus
Part 10 – Conformance testing

7.2 IEC 60870-5-101

PACiS Gateway is provided as an interface for client upper level SCADA Package. It
uses Tele Control Bus (T-Bus) to communicate with upper level SCADA over
IEC60870-5-101 protocol. On T-Bus, Gateway is considered as Slave and SCADA as
Master.

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As per the requirement of the project, one no. or two nos. of Gateway PCs are
provided, which are as follows:

1). RCC Gateway : All the controlling and monitoring data flows through the Gateway
to the upper level SCADA over IEC60870-5-101 protocol. The whole sub-station can
be controlled and monitored by RCC.

2). RSCC Gateway : Only monitoring of limited data is provided at the remote end. No
controlling is provided. The data to be transmitted to the remote end is as follows:

Status: CB and Isolators position for all bays.

Measurement : For Bus Æ Voltage and Frequency
For Line Bay Æ MW and MVAR
For ICT Æ MW, MVAR and Tap position
For Line Reactor Æ MVAR
For Bus Reactor Æ MVAR
Typical signal list is mentioned above. Signal addition shall be possible as per DB
POWER site requirement.

Each gateway is provided with two communication ports for interface with both RCC as
well as RLDC.

8 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The system includes 3 levels

• Operation by Bay Control Unit when embedded L/R switch (on BCU) is in Local
mode.
• Operation by HMI PC through Bay Control Unit when embedded L/R switch (on
BCU) is in Remote mode
• Monitoring at Remote Control Centers (NRLDC) through Gateways
.
Any single fault on any one BCU of a particular bay will not affect the functionality of
the other BCU.

The system has the capability for additional I/O’s inside the unit or extension via fiber
optic communication and process bus. A combination of maximum 14 number of I/O
cards (DIU211, DOU201, AIU210) can be accommodated inside one BCU.
For existing switchyard’s extension also, additional BCUs and IEDs can be
accommodated via fiber optic communication and process bus.

8.1 Bay Level Functions

Typical functions are following

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8.1.1 Digital Output Command

Select Before Operate

In this mode, the device is managed in two phases, selection and execution.
The command is generally used for CB & Isolator. First phase is the selection phase.
Before execution/operation of the command a selection is required to ensure
confirmation of the action that is being taken. If the selection is mistakenly done or to
change the selection the command, execution can be aborted/terminated without the
physical Relay Output being energized. Also in the selection phase, it is verified that all
associated interlocks are true. If any of the interlock fails, a negative acknowledgment
is received by the operator (Interlock failed) and the command sequence is terminated
and no relays is energized. If all the interlocks are true, the sequence shifts to next
phase (execution step). At this step, respective DO and relays will get energized. Even
during this phase, command will get terminated if the feedback of the command is not
received within a particular time. A negative acknowledgement shall be received by the
operator (Feedback Fail). This is known as runtime command calculation. The
sequence is aborted and waits for a new selection.

The command also gets cancelled automatically if not executed within a particular time
(user configurable) after selection of action. This is called Selection Timeout. No
Relay Output will be energized.

Figure :- Diagram of SBO Pop Up

Direct Execute

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No selection is required before issuing the command. Command is issued and relay
output is energized as soon as the action button is pressed. However, in this case also
interlocks are verified before energizing the DO/Relay.

Figure :- Diagram of Direct Execute Pop Up

8.1.2 Digital Input

All the digital inputs are acquired as listed out in IO list. Typical signals are as follows:

• Breaker position per Phase

• Isolator and Earth switch positions
• Alarms/Events, Eg: Watchdog, protection, Transformer trouble alarms, Fire
protection, ACDB, DCDB and DG set signals etc.

8.1.3 Synchrocheck
MiCOM C264 synchrocheck function is designed to measure two voltages with respect
to phase angle, frequency and magnitude to safeguard against the interconnection of
two unsynchronised systems. The voltage, frequency & phase angles are being
measured from the TMU card.

Typically the synchro parameters are considered as follows:-

• Voltage difference – 10% of nominal voltage
• Phase difference - 150
• Frequency difference – 0.22Hz

The following cases are considered for synchrocheck function:

• Live line / live bus
• Live line / dead bus
• Dead line / live bus
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 • Dead line / dead bus

Voltage above 70% is treated as live condition

Voltage below 20% is treated as Dead condition

8.1.4 Voltage Selection

The voltages relevant for the Synchrocheck functions are dependant on the station
topology, i.e. on the positions of the circuit breakers and/or the isolators. The correct
voltage for synchronizing and energizing is derived from auxiliary switches of circuit
breakers, isolators and earth switch and shall be selected automatically by the Bay
Control Unit (BCU). Details are given in the GA & Schematic drawings of respective
bays.

8.1.5 Transformer Tap Changer Control

Raise and lower operation of OLTC taps of transformer shall be facilitated through
BCU in SBO mode of operation. Tap changer mode and Tap changer position also
shall be monitored through BCU.

8.1.6 Bay View Diagram

Bay view diagram shows all the necessary information for one bay. Controls of all
switchgear equipment are possible through this detailed view through specific buttons
defined during configuration phase. In the view controls of devices are possible.

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8.2 Station Level Function
The mimics shown below are for indicative/information.

8.2.1 Status Supervision

The position of each switchgear, e.g. circuit breaker, isolator, earth switch, transformer
tap changer etc, shall be supervised continuously. Every detected change of position
shall be immediately displayed in the single line diagram (SLD) on the station HMI
screen, recorded in the event list, and a hard copy printout of the corresponding event
(if configured for logging) shall be produced in the Dot Matrix printer. Alarms shall be
initiated in case of spontaneous position changes.

One separate Auxiliary BCU shall monitor the alarms and analogue values of the
substation auxiliaries.

8.2.2 Electrical Overview

Animated single line diagrams of the electrical substations allow displaying the status
of the different equipment with their associated measurements and status.

The following layers of electrical views are considered in this project.

• System Overview
• Single Line Diagram of each switchboard
• Detailed single line diagram of each incoming and outgoing feeder.

8.2.3 Busbar Representation

The standard colors of busbar and lines as per respective voltage levels are
represented below.

Colour representation Colour name Voltage level

Dark Blue 400kV

8.2.4 Basic Icons and States

The screen displays are schematic representations of the substation by means of
symbols.

The following table shows basic icons, their meaning and the way they are operated.

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Icon Description Operation
Located on the lower banner,
Selection resembling a push button it Single mouse
Button selects what is implicated by its left click
description.
Located on the command
Selection banner, resembling a push Single mouse
Button button it selects what is left click
implicated by its description.
Shows measured values with
Measurement Not active
their units

Represents the status and allows

Circuit Breaker to control a circuit breaker Open or close
(command only in detail view)
Represents the status and allows
Isolator to control a isolator (command Open or close
only in detail view)

Represents the status of the

Earth Switch Open or close
earth switch

Each switching device (double point indication) can be represented by 4 different

states.
Presentation of the three states:

Double Point Input

Symbol State
Input 1 Input 0

1 0 Open

0 1 Closed

0 0 Device in jammed state

1 1 Device in Undefined state

8.2.5 HMI Mimic Representation

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The monitor concept is implemented to allow the operator to have a larger and better
view of the entire system. The operator can access to different views by clicking on
dedicated buttons that are available.

The screen can be used as a control and supervision screen.

The HMI screen is divided in 5 parts: The upper banner, the command banner, the
alarm/event banner, the lower (navigation) banner and the operation area filling the
major part of the screen.

HMI displays are segregated as below:

• Substation Overview (System Architecture)
• Display of exact switchyard bay arrangement for all voltage level.
• Detailed Bay view
• Help View
• Alarm/State/Event views

All the displays/graphics/mimics as per the site requirement are configured through the
SCE tool.

Substation overview shall display the status of each device, associated protection
relays installed in the substation for each bay at station level and interconnection
between each equipment.

8.2.6 The Upper Banner

8.2.7 Description of the Upper Banner

Rotating logo when OI server is running.

Shows the substation name and the control source
status.
Shows the active server to which the client is
connected (not configurable)

Shows the User and the associated Profile

Shows the hour and the date of the system

Shows the product logo. Can be replaced by
customer logo if available

8.2.8 The Command Banner

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The Command banner is part of PACiS product and cannot be configured.

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8.2.9 Description of the Command Banner

Log In / Log Off button

Password Utility : to add/change password. This

service is subject to access right profiles.

Profiles : displays the profile of all Users

Active Memo(s) :User can type the message for

other users. E.g. Bay is under maintenance.
Tools : displays list of software that can be run (ie
MiCOM S1)
SMT : System Management Tool activation
(database download, SCS equipment maintenance)

Klaxon : Suspend audible alarm

Hardcopy : prints full screen

P&C Web site : link to P&C web site : This button is

disabled.

Help: displays the On-line help (ie PACiS OI)

About : Displays the Factory link S2K, PACiS OI

and the ALSTOM copyright text
Stop : Stop the PACiS OI Client. This service is
subject to access right profiles.

8.2.10 The Alarm/Event Banner

The Alarm/Event banner is managed as a standard of PACiS product. The 3 last

alarms are displayed in this banner.

8.2.11 The Lower Banner

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 This window shall enable the operator to toggle between various views as
defined.

8.2.12 Description of Lower Banner

The following buttons represent the major functions achievable on the lower banner of
the OWS.

Overview access.

Dedicated Detail view access.

System view access.

Alarm view access.

Right button : access to other button located at the
right of this button (not shown on the picture).
Left button (not shown on the picture) : access to
other button located at the left of this button.

Activation of functions is by single click on the mouse left button.

8.2.13 Substation Overview

On the HMI object has to be selected first. In case of blocking or interlocking

conditions are not met, a pop-up comes showing Interlock Failure condition, and an
appropriate alarm annunciation occurs. If a selection is valid, the appropriate control
execution button shall be pressed in order to close or open the corresponding object.
The operator shall give commands to the switchgear via mouse clicks.

All the screens are prepared based on Key SLD drawing of LUCKNOW S/s.
Following will be incorporated in screens:

• Single line diagram showing Switchgear status

• Measured Values
• Control dialogues with interlocking and blocking details
• Alarm List, station/bay oriented
• Event List, station/bay oriented
• System status
• Live / Dead status

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* Note: Typical screens are provided for reference. However, SAS system shall be implemented as per
approved KEY SLD & System architecture drawings.

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TYPICAL SUB-STATION KEY SLD

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TYPICAL 400kV GT-1

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TYPICAL 400kV TIE

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TYPICAL 400kV Line

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TYPICAL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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8.2.14 Help View

The said view on the HMI screen helps the operator in differentiating the different
states of the switchgear, equipments on the station bus, etc.

8.2.15 Process status displays and command procedures

The process status of the substation in terms of actual values of currents, voltages,
frequency, active and reactive powers as well as the positions of the circuit breakers,
isolators and transformer tap-changers shall be displayed in the HMI Screen.

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In order to ensure high degree of security against undesired operation, a “select-
before-execute” command procedure is provided. After the “selection” of the
switchgear, the user will be prompted for the desired action to be taken by the user.
Selection of that desired action (e.g. open or close), the operator will have the liberty to
“execute” or “Abort” the action/command. The operator will be in a position to execute
a command only, if no interlocking condition is violated. If the interlocks are not
satisfied for that particular switchgear, then, the list of the interlocks being not satisfied
is shown in the HMI screen. After the execution of the command, the change in the
state of that particular switchgear/equipment will be displayed in the HMI screen or an
indication that the switching procedure was unsuccessful with the indication of the
reason for non-functioning.

8.2.16 The Alarm Event Status Viewer

Events and alarms are generated either by switchgear, by the control IED s or by
station level Unit. They shall be recorded in an event list in the station HMI. Alarms
shall be recorded in separate alarm list and displayed on the screen. The alarms and
events shall be time-tagged with a time resolution of 1ms.

Using the navigation buttons provided on the lower banner, operator can choose
Alarms/States/Events page.

• The Alarm list

• The Event list
• The State list

Each list is displayed with the actual number of cached pages and latest occurred
information (alarms, new events, change of state) in addition to filtering and sorting
facilities. Analysis of different alarms can be done on basis of their time stamping,
name, status or their priority (gravity basis).

Bay Control Unit (BCU) can store 200 number of events.

Following actions can take place based on user authorities defined:

• Define filtering criteria

• Print the list
• Acknowledge the selected alarm(s), the alarm page, and all alarms
• Clear the selected alarm(s), the alarm page, and all alarms
•
Different priorities, classes for different alarms:

Five different gravity levels of alarms can be defined in PACiS system depending upon
their criticality.

At electrical distribution network level, all the events generated by system devices can
be configured to be event logged.

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8.2.16.1 Alarm Management

Three types of alarm management are available on PACiS system and are user
selectable during configuration process.

• « State basis » alarm management one alarm for each state is displayed

• « Gravity level basis » alarm management : one can differentiate different

alarms on the basis of criticality of the alarms with different colours. Maximum 4
gravity levels can be defined.

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 • « Data basis » alarm management only one is displayed. The current one
replaces the previous one.

Faults and errors occurring in the substation shall be listed in the alarm list. Whenever
an alarm condition occurs, the alarm condition is shown in the alarm list with an
audible alarm and also in the flashing state at the HMI. After acknowledgement of the
alarm, it appears steady (i.e. no flashing) and the audible alarm shall stop. The alarm
will disappear only if the alarm condition has physically cleared and operator has reset
the alarm with a reset command. The state of the alarms shall be shown in the alarm
list (Unacknowledged and persistent, Unacknowledged and cleared, Acknowledged
and Persistent). Filters for selection of a certain type or group of alarms shall be
available as for events.

Filtration of alarms on the basis of bays can also be done.

The alarm list shall consist of a summary display of the present alarm situation. Each
alarm shall be reported on one line that contains:

• The date and time of the alarm

• The name of the alarming object
• A descriptive text
• The acknowledgement state

8.2.16.2 Event Management

The following information is displayed in the event viewer.

• Position changes of circuit breakers, isolators and earth switches.

• Tap position indications
• Measurement change of state and value
• Operator action
• Log in and Log Off
• Device control and acknowledgment
• Alarm acknowledgment and clearing
• Indications of protection relay operation.

8.2.17 Measurements
Measurements are available on the system HMI through the MiCOM C264. The real
time measurements are displayed in respective electrical views, distributed among the
electrical mimic. The values of active power, reactive power, frequency rms value of
voltage and current shall be calculated and displayed.

Four levels of configurable analog threshold limits can be defined to indicate as

an alarm whenever threshold is violated. Normally following limits are
configured:
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 • Low-Low = 90% of the Nominal Value
• Low = 95% of the Nominal Value
• High = 105% of the Nominal Value
• High-High = 110% of the Nominal Value

The transmission of the measurement value through the MiCOM C264 to the system
HMI shall be as per the following tables:

Range for %
Measured Value (kV) Voltage level Variation % variation
Voltage 400 kV 0 to 25.5% 0.50%
Voltage 220kV 0 to 25.5% 0.50%

Range for %
Measured Value (A) CT Ratio Variation Typical % variation
Current 3000/1 0 to 25.5% 0.50%
Current 2000/1 0 to 25.5% 0.50%
Current 1000/1 0 to 25.5% 0.50%
Current 500/1 0 to 25.5% 0.50%

Range for %
Measured Value (MW) Voltage level Variation % variation
Active Power 400 kV 0 to 25.5% 0.50%
Active Power 220kV 0 to 25.5% 0.50%

Range for %
Measured Value (MVAR) Voltage level Variation % variation
Reactive Power 400 kV 0 to 25.5% 0.50%
Reactive Power 220kV 0 to 25.5% 0.50%

Range for %
Measured Value (Hz) Variation % variation
Frequency 0 to 25.5% 0.1%

8.2.17.1 Measurement Trends

Measurement trends are available at the HMI. User selected analog inputs are
recorded and displayed at regular intervals. The real-time viewer allows displaying
information on an event basis, i.e. the curve is updated at each new value.

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The archive viewer allows displaying archived information: the choice of the data point
to be displayed and the range of date is done on-line by the operator.

The Trend viewer of PACIS OI allows user to visualize real-time or historical evolution
of any measurement configured to be archived. Data are available with graphical
curves, line graph or bar graph. Trending handles multiple points and supports
graphical facilities like: change of scale, zoom, and different colors to indicate the limit
violations. EHV and MHV Lines have Predefined trend of active and reactive power,
ICT have Predefined trend of current, active and reactive power. Bus have Predefined
trend of voltage and frequency.

The time span and scaling ranges are adjustable.

8.2.18 Reporting

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The reporting tool of PACIS OI (PACiS RTMS) provides a mechanism for creating
reports to show information collected and produced by PACIS. It consists of different
types of reporting modules that allows the content and format of a report to be defined.

At runtime, the reporting tool will collect the relevant information and generate the
report. Reports can be saved in memory devices (hard disk, DVD-ROM, etc.).
Facilities are provided for viewing, editing and printing of reports

At runtime, the reporting tool will collect the relevant information from various tables
created in SQL server database and creates the report. A user friendly interface will be
provided to facilitate viewing, editing and printing of reports.

Types of reports:

• Instantaneous Value
• Minimum Value
• Maximum Value
• Average Value

Report production triggering:

• Daily
• Weekly
• Monthly
• Annually

Trend Report production triggering:

• Daily
• Weekly
• Monthly
• Semi Annually
• Annually

Reports will be generated as per instantaneous/minimum/maximum/average basis in

daily, monthly and annually as per Power Grid specified formats.

CB and PLCC counter reports are also generated as per Power Grid formats. The CB
counter is updated on basis of the CB position changes available in BCU and PLCC
counter is updated on the basis of Direct Trip Send/Receive & Carrier Send/Receive
available in the BCU. There is facility of counter offset also for maintaining sync
between physical mechanical counter and counter report.

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8.2.19 Automatic Disturbance File Transfer
All disturbances generated in the IEDs shall automatically uploaded (event triggered)
to the DRPC. It has to be taken care that SMT (System Management Tool) Kernel
application shall be running on the DR workstation.The latest database which is
downloaded in all equipments shall be made as current in SMT as well (to achieve
coherency). Whenever any disturbance occurs in the IED, the disturbance file
automatically gets uploaded gets stored in the specified location predefined in the hard
disk of the DR workstation. Micom S1 Studio software can then be used to view the
disturbance files (Fault current and Fault Events).

8.2.20 Disturbance Analysis

The DR workstation shall have the necessary software (Wave Win) to evaluate all the
required information for proper fault analysis.

8.2.21 IED parameter setting

It is possible to access protection and control IEDs for reading and changing (if
required) the parameters (settings) from the DR workstation with the use of MiCOM S1
Studio software installed on the workstation. The change of the settings is possible
only after entering password.

8.2.22 Network Management System

A Network Management Software is provided for the following management functions:

• Configuration Management
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 • Fault Management
• Performance Monitoring

This system shall be used for management of communication devices and IEDs in the
system. This NMS software is loaded in the DR workstation and is easy to use, user
friendly and menu based. Facility to import .mib file of each type of switch is available
with the offered NMS software. The NMS shall monitor all the devices in the SAS and
shall maintain a graphical display of SAS connectivity and device status. Alarms are
issued when error conditions occur.

8.2.23 Dual Redundant Link:

The station HMI, DR PC and the Gateway PCs are connected with the Ethernet Fiber
Switch with RJ45 cable in dual Redundant Configuration and redundancy is managed
by the teaming software, which comes along with the mother board drivers CD. One
virtual adapter is created besides the two physical adapters in the PCs by the teaming
software. The IP address of the device/PC is assigned to this virtual adapter that
manages the two physical adapters. Whenever any physical link fails, it manages the
data flow automatically to the other physical link, resulting in no breakage of the data
flow from/to the devices.
Station Bus is provided with dual redundant ring network on RSTP protocol through
the managed Ethernet Switches.

8.2.24 Security Access

Access to PACIS OI is protected by user password. Different classifications of user are

represented using user profiles. Security groups have different access rights to the
various operational and engineering function of PACIS OI based on the type of profile
they have been allocated. Each user can be configured to inherit a profile (from
Administrator with full privileges to the default user with only ability to view part of the
application).

For security point of view we can define 56 different users for COMMAND RIGHT (by
this it means that we are free to give particular command rights to each user and 62
different users for VIEW RIGHT (the operator with view rights can only monitor the
substation operation, he cannot give command to devices).

An optional automatic log-off is done if there is no operator activity during a configured

period.

8.2.24.1 Access Rights Profiles

The following user rights are available:

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 ¾ General rights :

• Administrator (allows SMT launching with administrator rights and users

management)
• Stop the OI application
• Audible alarm general stop
• Hardcopy
• SMT launch (with viewer right)
• Tools launch

¾ View rights: up to 64 levels for access to a specific mimic. These rights are
defined on a per mimic basis.

¾ Control rights: up to 64 levels for controlling purpose. These rights are

defined at the bay level, so all modules attached to a bay will have the
same control rights.

¾ Acknowledgement rights: up to 64 levels for individual alarm

acknowledgement and clearing. These rights are defined on a per datapoint
basis.

¾ Group Acknowledgement rights: up to 64 levels for graphical alarm

group’s acknowledgement and clearing. These rights are defined on a per
graphical alarm group basis.

These user rights can be assigned to user profiles. Up to 20 user profiles can be
defined during the configuration phase. So, a user profile is a free allocation of 0, 1 or
several general rights, plus 0, 1 or several view rights, plus 0, 1 or several control
rights, plus 0, 1 or several acknowledgement rights

The user names and the associated password are created / deleted on-line on the
PACiS OI by a user with the administrator rights (except the pre-defined user in the
case n°2 of the “access authorisation” above and the “super-user” who owns the
administrator rights), using the current profiles available in the database. One or
several user profiles are then attached to a user name. Up to 10 user names can be
defined. After a database switch, if some profiles have been deleted / updated from the
configuration, the users are automatically updated with these new profiles.
Furthermore, a language is defined with each user: at the user login, the OI
automatically switches to the attached language.

The password can be modified on-line by the user himself or a user with the
“administrator” rights.

For the DB POWER substation, the PACiS SCS is provided with four User profiles.

Access Level PublicOdy Operator Protection Administrator

ssey Engineer
Display System Status & Yes Yes Yes Yes
View Screens
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Controls – CB, Isolators No Yes No Yes
Acknowledge/Clear Alarms No Yes Yes Yes
Change HMI Config. No No No Yes
Create/Disable/Delete No No No Yes
User Account
Change User No No No` Yes
Profile/Access Level
Relay Setting Change No No Yes Yes

8.3 Documentation
The following documents shall be submitted for customer reference:
1. System Architecture Drawing
2. General Technical Particulars
3. GA & Scheme Drawing of Aux. Panel
4. GA & Scheme Drawing of Protection Panel
5. Factory Acceptance test
6. PACiS Package (PACiS CMT, PACiS SMT, PACiS GTW, PACiS OI& Server,
PACiS RTMS, PACiS Agency, PACiS SCE & PACiS Tools) along with Read
Me file which consist of complete installation procedure.
7. Operation and Technical Manual of PACiS
8. Operation and Technical Manual of C264 System.
9. IP address list along with naming convention
10. List of software deliverables

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9 Common Protection, control & Metering.
• 400kV system is provided with two Zones the decentralized Micom P740 Single
Bus bar protection scheme with built-in LBB protection for all the main bays on
both main Buses. Main-2 Bus bar using MCAG34 relay also provided for
redundancy purpose

• For every bay DC source-I & II, CB trip circuit-I & II monitoring are provided with
supervision relays and these signals and all the numerical relays unhealthy signals
are hardwired to the respective bay BCUs.

• Bus Earth switch Interlock

Apart from soft logic interlock from the BCU’s, hard wired Inter lock using the
Isolator contacts is provided for the Main Buses.

• Voltage selection for Metering, synchronising and Protection wherever applicable

is done through BCU with latching type electrically resetable relays trough.

• All the measurements and manual synchronising are done through the BCU of the
respective bays. Selected three Phase voltage for metering, incoming and single
phase voltage for reference are extended to the BCU for this purpose.

• Main and Check Energy meters for 400kV line feeders are provided in Separate
metering panel. Standby Energy meter is provided for 400kV side GT & ST and
the meters are located in the respective bay protection & control panel. These
meters are of Sems make Premier-100 type and are complying DB power
specification and CEA guidelines of Interface meter category.

• All energy meters are provided with RS232 / RS485 converters and are connected
with Modem for real time data transfer. A dedicated metering work station is
provided for viewing the real time data and the HMI is connected to SAS network
to share the time information. A dedicated modem is provided as loose for
installing in SLDC for real time data transfer. GSM network will be used for data
transfer between local station and SLDC.

• Line Earth Switch I/L is provided through BCU, Line status for this purpose shall
be taken from the Main Logical Nodes of the BPU through goosing.

• Additionally, hardwired Control switches are provided to operate the breaker

during emergencies. During such emergency operations interlocks through BCU is
bypassed.

9.1 400kV Bay wise Protection System

• Line Protection with Main-I (21M1) and Main-II (21M2) of different makes with Auto
reclose scheme built-in the respective Bay Control Unit.
• ST bays are provided with Differential, REF and Backup, over Flux.

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• GT bays are provided with Backup protections.
• Tie bays are provided with individual Local Breaker Backup protection scheme and
an Auto reclose scheme for the associated lines built-in the respective BCU.

10 Line bays

The following functions are provided for 400 kV line bays.

10.1 Implementation of Line bay functionality

The IED for Main 1 distance protection is ALSTOM make MicomP444 and for Main 2
we have used ABB make REL670 relay.

The Auto_Reclosing functionality is being incorporated in the respective bay control

units. The auto re-close function is triggered by hardwired outputs as well as Goose
from both Main-I & Main-II bay protection IEDs.

All intra-bay interlocks are software based and performed by the BCU. The complete
bay can be monitored and controlled from the local HMI on the BCU. Station wide
interlocks are software based; the data for the interlocks are transmitted used GOOSE
messages by the individual IEDs. Hardware backup is provided for bus earth switch
interlocks.

10.1.1 Description of line bay functionality

Distance protection (21) P444 and REL 670 relays have quadrilateral distance
elements, thus the resistive reach (RPh) is set independently of the impedance reach
along the protected line. RPh defines the maximum amount of fault resistance
additional to the line impedance for which a distance zone will trip, regardless of the
location of the fault within the zone.

10.1.2 Main Distance protection scheme

21G/21P (PDIS) : Phase and earth fault distance protection, each with up to 5
independent zones of protection. Standard and customized signaling schemes are
available to give fast fault clearance for the whole of the protected line or cable.
• 50/51(PTOC): Instantaneous and time delayed overcurrent protection - Four
elements are available, with independent directional control for the 1st and 2nd
element. The fourth element can be configured for stub bus protection in 1½ circuit
breaker arrangements. The 3rd element can be used for SOFT/TOR logic.
• 50N/51N: Instantaneous and time delayed neutral overcurrent protection. Two
element are available.
• 67N (PDEF) : Directional earth fault protection - This can be configured for channel
aided protection, plus two elements are available for backup DEF.

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• 59(PTOV): Overvoltage Protection - Two stage, configurable to measure either phase
to phase or phase to neutral voltage. Stage 1 may be selected as either IDMT or DT
and stage 2 is DT only.(Applicable only for 400KV line)
• 50/27: Switch on to fault (SOTF) protection - These settings enhances the protection
applied for manual circuit breaker closure.
• 50/27: Trip on reclose (TOR) protection - These settings enhance the protection
applied on autoreclosure of the circuit breaker.
• 78(RPSB): Power swing blocking - Selective blocking of distance protection zones
ensures stability during the power swings experienced on sub-transmission and
transmission systems. From version C1.0, the relay can differentiate between a stable
power swing and a loss of synchronism (out of steps).
• VTS (RFUF): Voltage transformer supervision (VTS). To detect VT fuse failures. This
prevents mal operation of voltage dependent protection on AC voltage input failure.
• CTS: Current transformer supervision - To raise an alarm should one or more of the
connections from the phase CTs become faulty.
• 46 BC : Broken conductor detection - To detect network faults such as open circuits,
where a conductor may be broken but not in contact with another conductor or the
earth.

10.1.3 Channel-aided distance schemes (85-PSCH)

The following channel aided distance tripping schemes are available when the
Standard program mode is selected:
• Permissive Under reach Transfer Trip Schemes PUP Z2 and PUP Fwd;
• Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip Schemes POP Z2 and POP Z1;
• Weak in feed logic to supplement permissive overreach schemes;
• Unblocking logic to supplement permissive schemes;
• Blocking Schemes BOP Z2 and BOP Z1;
• Current reversal guard logic to prevent mal operation of any overreaching zone used
in a channel aided scheme, when fault clearance is in progress on the parallel circuit of
a double circuit line.

10.1.4 Switch on to Fault and Trip on Reclose protection (SOTF)

Switch on to fault protection is provided for high speed clearance of any detected
fault immediately following manual closure of the circuit breaker. SOTF protection
remains enabled for 500ms following circuit breaker closure, detected via the CB
Man Close input or CB close with CB control or Internal detection with all pole dead
or for the duration of the close pulse on internal detection.

10.1.5 Over voltage protection

Over voltage conditions may occur on a power system for a variety of reasons, some
of which are outlined below:-
• Under conditions of load rejection, the supply voltage will increase in magnitude. This
situation would normally be rectified by voltage regulating equipment such as AVRs or
on-load tap changers. However, failure of this equipment to bring the system voltage
back within prescribed limits leaves the system with an over voltage condition which
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must be cleared in order to preserve the life of the system insulation. Hence, over
voltage protection which is suitably time delayed to allow for normal regulator action,
may be applied.
• During earth fault conditions on a power system there may be an increase in the
healthy phase voltages. Ideally, the system should be designed to withstand such over
voltages for a defined period of time. .(Applicable only for 400KV line)

10.1.6 Additional non-protection features:

10.1.6.1 The Power Swing Blocking Element

PSB(RPSB) can be disabled on distribution systems, where power swings would not
normally be experienced.

Operation of the PSB element is menu selectable to block the operation of any or all of
the distance zones (including aided trip logic) or to provide indication of the swing only.
The Blocked Zones function links are set to 1 to block zone tripping, or set to 0 to allow
tripping as normal. Power swing detection uses an .R (resistive) and .X (reactive)
impedance band which surrounds the entire phase fault trip characteristic.

10.1.6.2 Voltage transformer supervision (60-RFUF)

The voltage transformer supervision (VTS) feature is used to detect failure of the
analog ac voltage inputs to the relay. This may be caused by internal voltage
transformer faults, overloading, or faults on the interconnecting wiring to relays. This
usually results in one or more VT fuses blowing. Following a failure of the ac voltage
input there would be a misrepresentation of the phase voltages on the power system,
as measured by the relay, which may result in mal operation of the distance element.
The VTS logic in the relay is designed to detect the voltage failure (with internal
thresholds or external opto input), and automatically adjust the configuration of
protection elements (Distance element is blocked but may be unblocked on I1, I2 or I0
conditions in case of fault during VTS conditions) whose stability would otherwise be
compromised (Distance, DEF, Weak in feed, Directional phase current& all directional
elements used in the internal logic). A settable time-delayed alarm output is also
available (min1sec to Max 20sec).

10.1.6.3 Broken conductor detection (46)

The majority of faults on a power system occur between one phase and ground or two
phases and ground. These are known as shunt faults and arise from lightning
discharges and other over voltages which initiate flashovers. Alternatively, they may
arise from other causes such as birds on overhead lines or mechanical damage to
cables etc. Such faults result in an appreciable increase in current and hence in the
majority of applications are easily detectable. Another type of unbalanced fault which
can occur on the system is the series or open circuit fault. These can arise from
broken conductors, mal operation of single phase switchgear, or the operation of
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fuses. Series faults will not cause an increase in phase current on the system and
hence are not readily detectable by standard over current relays. However, they will
produce an unbalance and a resultant level of negative phase sequence current, which
can be detected.
It is possible to apply a negative phase sequence over current relay to detect the
above condition. However, on a lightly loaded line, the negative sequence current
resulting from a series fault condition may be very close to, or less than, the full load
steady state unbalance arising from CT errors, load unbalance etc. A negative
sequence element therefore would not operate at low load levels.
The relay incorporates an element which measures the ratio of negative to positive
phase sequence current (I2/I1). This will be affected to a lesser extent than the
measurement of negative sequence current alone, since the ratio is approximately
constant with variations in load current.

10.1.6.4 Setting Groups

Independent four setting groups to cater for alternative power system arrangements or
customer specific applications.

10.1.6.5 Remote Serial Communications –

To allow remote access to the relays. The Communications protocol is IEC61850.

10.1.6.6 Continuous Self Monitoring

Power on diagnostics and self checking routines to provide maximum relay reliability
and availability.

10.1.7 Distance to fault locator (RFLO)

The relay has an integral fault locator that uses information from the current and
voltage inputs to provide a distance to fault measurement. The sampled data from the
analogue input circuits is written to a cyclic buffer until a fault condition is detected.
The data in the input buffer is then held to allow the fault calculation to be made. When
the fault calculation is complete the fault location information is available in the relay
fault record.
When calculated the fault location can be found in the fault record under the VIEW
RECORDS column in the Fault Location cells. Distance to fault is available in km,
miles, impedance or percentage of line length. The fault locator can store data for up
to five faults. This ensures that fault location can be calculated for all shots on a typical
multiple reclose sequence, whilst also retaining data for at least the previous fault.

10.1.8 Alarm and event recorder (RDRE)

The relay records and time tags up to 250 events and stores them in non-volatile
(battery backed up – installed behind the plastic cover in front panel of the relay))
memory. This enables the system operator to establish the sequence of events that
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occurred within the relay following a particular power system condition, switching
sequence etc. When the available space is exhausted, the oldest event is
automatically overwritten by the new one (First in first out).

The real time clock within the relay provides the time tag to each event, to a resolution
of 1ms. The event records are available for viewing either via the front plate LCD or
remotely, via the communications ports or via MiCOM S1 with a PC. Connected to the
relay (event extracted from relay & loaded in PC).

10.1.9 Disturbance recorder (DR-RDRE)

The integral disturbance recorder has an area of memory specifically set aside for
record storage. The number of records that may be stored is dependent upon the
selected recording duration but the relays typically have the capability of storing a
minimum of 20 records, each of 10.5 second duration.

NOTE: 1. Compressed Disturbance Recorder used for reach that typical size value
(10.5 sec duration)

2. Uncompressed Disturbance Recorder used for could be limited to 2 or 3 seconds.

Disturbance records continue to be recorded until the available memory is exhausted,

at which time the oldest record(s) are overwritten to make space for the newest one.
The recorder stores actual samples which are taken at a rate of 24 samples per cycle.
Each disturbance record consists of eight analogue data channels and thirty-two digital
data channels. Note that the relevant CT and VT ratios for the analogue channels are
also extracted to enable scaling to primary quantities. (part of main-1 relay only)

10.1.10 Residual Compensation for Earth Fault Elements

For earth faults, residual current (derived as the vector sum of phase current inputs (Ia
+ Ib + Ic) is assumed to flow in the residual path of the earth loop circuit. Thus, the
earth loop reach of any zone must generally be extended by a multiplication factor of
(1 + kZ0) compared to the positive sequence reach for the corresponding phase fault
element. KZ0 is designated as the residual compensation factor.

10.1.11 PROGRAMMABLE SCHEME LOGIC DEFAULT SETTINGS

The relay includes programmable scheme logic (PSL) - one PSL by Group of settings
enabled (maximum 4 groups of PSLogic can be assigned in the relay). The purpose of
this logic is multi-functional and includes the following:
• Enables the mapping of opto-isolated inputs, relay output contacts and the
programmable LED’s.
• Provides relay output conditioning (delay on pick-up/drop-off, dwell time, latching or
self-reset).
• Fault Recorder start mapping, i.e. which internal signals initiate a fault record.
• Enables customer specific scheme logic to be generated through the use of the PSL
editor inbuilt into the MiCOM S1 support software.
Further information regarding editing and the use of PSL can be found in the MiCOM
S1
User manual.

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10.1.12 Trip relay supervision
Group-A and Group-B trip relay supervision are provided through opto inputs of Main-I
and Main-II relays respectively.

10.1.13 Autoreclosure (79-RREC)

Auto reclosing scheme is being provided in the respective Bay control Units. it checks
that the voltages on both sides of the circuit breaker are in synchronism, with at least
one side dead to ensure that closing can be done safely. The selected voltage for
double bus or one and a half scheme is done thru BCU with auxiliary relays. Manual
closing as well as automatic closing can be checked by the function and can have
different settings, e.g. the allowed frequency difference can be set to allow wider limits
for the auto reclose attempt than for the manual closing .A synchronizing function
providing closing of the breaker at the correct instance when network parts are running
asynchronous is also provided.

10.1.13.1 Local Breaker Backup Protection (LBB-RBRF)

LBB protection is part of Bus bar protection scheme, phase segregated initiation from
the main and 3 phase initiation from the various relays are provided from the lines.

10.2 Line Bay Interlock Logics

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11 ST (Station Transformer) bays
The following logical nodes as defined in IEC 61850, are required for 400kV ST bays.
• Transformer differential protection (87-PTDF) triple pole type with faulty phase
identification, percentage bias restraint for through faults, second harmonic
restraint for transformer inrush and fifth harmonic restraint for over excitation.
• Overload protection (51OL-PTOC).
• Over fluxing protection (24-PVPH) based on voltage to frequency ratio.
• Restricted earth fault protection (64R-PNDF) single pole type.
• Directional backup IDMT over current protection (67-PDOC)
• Directional backup IDMT earth fault protection (67N –PDOC)
• Trip relay supervision.
• Disturbance Recording (DR-RDRE)
• ST Metering

11.1 Implementation of ST bay functionality

All the transformer protections are implemented in the 400kV protection IEDs. The
implementation on the 400kv side has for controlling and monitoring, as well as for bus
bar protection and breaker failure protection.

11.1.1 Description of ST bay functionality

Functions not described earlier under line bay functionality are described below. The
functions 87, 24, 51OL are Part of ALSTOM make Numerical Differential protection
relay type MiCOMP64x and functions 64R, 67 are Part of ALSTOM make Numerical
Differential protection relay type MiCOMP141. Additionally directional Backup
protection relay type MiCOMP141 are provided for functions 67HV. In addition to the
above the general functionality like DC supply, CB trip circuit, and trip relay
supervision, LBB etc.. of the line bay are provided . All intra –bay locks are software
based and performed by the BCU .The complete bay can be monitored and controlled
from the local HMI on the BCU. Additionally, hardwired switches are provided to
operate the breaker during emergencies .During such emergency operation all the
interlocks are bypassed. Station wide interlocks are software based; the data for the
interlocks are transmitted using GOOSE messages by the individual IEDS Hardware
backup is provided for bus earth switch interlocks.

11.1.2 Transformer differential protection( 87-PTDF)

The differential protections devices of the MiCOM P64x are intended for the fast and
selective short-circuit protection of transformers, with three windings.
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The MiCOM P64x series provides high-speed three-system differential protection
using a tripleslope characteristic and two high-set differential elements in combination
with transformer inrush restraint, overfluxing restraint and through stabilization.
Amplitude and vector group matching is done just by entering the nominal values of
transformer windings and associated CTs.

For ring bus and breaker-and-a-half applications a virtual winding can be defined for
which the current measuring inputs are based on the vector sum of currents from two
or three freely selectable windings.

In addition many supplementary protective functions are incorporated in the devices.

Protective functions which are available several times are freely assignable to the
windings.

The P64x provides four setting groups for easy adaptation to varying system operation
conditions. All main functions are individually configurable and can be disabled or
enabled by the user as desired. By means of a straight-forward configuration
procedure, the user can adapt the device flexibly to the scope of protection required in
each particular application. Due to the powerful, freely configurable logic of the device,
special applications can be accommodated.

11.1.3 Vector Group matching

Matching of the MiCOM P64x series differential protection devices to the vector group
of the protected object is via a straight-forward input of the relevant vector group
identification number. The mathematical formula to be applied to the measured values
is automatically selected internally according to the relevant vector group and zero-
sequence filtering is taken into account simultaneously. For special applications, zero
sequence filtering may be deactivated separately for each winding.

11.1.4 Harmonic Restraint

Stabilization under inrush conditions is based on the presence of second harmonic
components in the differential currents. The ratio of the second harmonic component
to the fundamental wave for the differential currents of the measuring system serves
as the criterion. Optionally, tripping is blocked either across all three measuring
systems or selectively for one measuring system.

Through Stabilization Up to a certain limit, stability in the event of external faults is

ensured by means of the bias. Due to the triple-slope tripping characteristic, the
stabilization is particularly pronounced for high currents. However, as an additional
safeguard for through-currents with transformer saturation, the MiCOM P64x series
differential protection devices are provided with a saturation discriminator.

11.1.5 Overfluxing Restraint

Over fluxing Restraint for stabilization under over fluxing conditions, the ratio of the fifth
harmonic to the fundamental wave for the differential currents of the measuring system
serves as criterion. Tripping is blocked selectively for each measuring system. For
differential currents of 4·Iref or higher, the blocking criterion is no longer taken into
account. The over fluxing restraint function may be deactivated.
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Restricted Earth Fault Protection

11.1.6 Transformer over load protection (51OL-PTOC)

The definite-time over current protection function operates with separate measuring
systems for the evaluation of the three phase currents, the negative-sequence current
and the residual current. The negative-sequence current is determined from the filtered
fundamental component of the three phase currents. The residual current is obtained
either from the fourth current input or from the internal vector addition of the three
phase currents, depending on the user’s choice. Three stages each are provided for
the three phase measuring systems. Each stage of the phase current-related
measuring system operates with phase-selective starting.

11.1.7 Thermal Overload Protection (51OL-PTOC)

Using this function, thermal overload protection can be realized. The highest of the
three phase currents serves to track a first-order thermal replica according to IEC 255-
8. The tripping time is determined by the set thermal time constant t of the protected
object and the set tripping level..Trip and depends on the accumulated thermal load.

11.1.8 Over excitation protection (24HV-PVPH)

The function is provided with IEEE standard inverse curves and has also possibility to
set a user defined characteristics when the transformer over excitation capability
curves are available. The function has also an alarm level for early warnings.
The function shall be connected to transformer windings with out any tap changer. The
function can measure on the positive sequence voltage or phase to phase voltage.
The voltage has also a voltage drop function where the load current voltage drop is
compensated for to get a fully true flux measurement .The over excitation function
measures the U/F ratio which gives a measure of the magnetic flux in transformers
and generators.

11.1.9 Restricted earth fault protection (64R-PNDF)

Restricted earth fault protection (REF) is applied on transformers in order to detect
ground-faults on a given winding more sensitively than overall transformer differential
protection is able to do.
Two different measuring principles are available:
> Biased restricted earth fault protection
> High impedance restricted earth fault protection.

The advantage of restricted earth fault protection resides in the linear dependence of
the sensitivity on the distance between the fault and the neutral point.

11.1.10 Backup Over Current and Earth fault protection (67HV/64IV-

PDOC & PDEF)
The MiCOM P141 relay offers integral overcurrent and earth-fault protection as well as
numerous protection functions. It is suitable for application on solidly grounded,
impedance grounded; Petersen coil grounded and isolated systems.

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11.1.11 Protections offered
50/51/67 OcpPTOC /RDIR Directional / non-directional, instantaneous /
time delayed phase overcurrent (4 stage) and
50N/51N/67N EfdPTOC /EfmPTOC Directional / non-directional, instantaneous /
time delayed, measured earth fault (4 stage)

Four independent stages are available for each phase overcurrent element and the
two ground fault elements. The first ground-fault element operates from measured
quantities and the second element operates from derived quantities calculated from
the three phase currents. Each stage may be selected as non-directional or directional
(forward/reverse). All stages have definite time delayed characteristics and two of the
stages may characteristic. The IDMT stages have a programmable reset timer for
grading electro-mechanical, to reduce autoreclose dead times and to reduce clearance
times where intermittent faults occur.
11.2 Station Transformer Bay Interlock Logics

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12 GT (Generator Transformer) Bay
The following logical nodes, as defined in IEC 61850, are required for 400kv Generator
transformer bay.
• Backup protection ( 51-PNOC) triple pole type
• Trip relay supervision
• Trip circuit supervision.
• Trip relay supervision
• Disturbance recording(DR-RDRE), bay level acquisition.
• GT Metering.
12.1 Implementation of GT bay functionality
The implementation on the 400kv side GT bay has for controlling and monitoring, as
well as for bus bar protection and breaker failure protection. Functions not described
earlier under the previous bays functionality are described below

12.1.1 Backup protection (51)

The MiCOM P141 relay offers integral overcurrent and earth-fault protection as well as
numerous protection functions. It is suitable for application on solidly grounded,
impedance grounded; Petersen coil grounded and isolated systems.
12.2 Generator Transformer Bay Interlock Logics

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13 400kV Tie Bay
The following function (Logical nodes, or LN, as defined in IEC 61850) is required for
400kV Tie bays.
• Single shot auto reclose function (79-RREC), with single phase or three phase
reclosing facility.with buit-in Synchronizing and energizing check ( 25-RSYN).
• Trip circuit supervision
• Independent LBB(RBRF) protection scheme (only for 400KV Tie)

13.1 Implementation of 400kV Tie Bay Function

Auto reclosing scheme is in-built in the Bay control unit, it checks that the voltages on
both sides of the circuit breaker are in synchronism, with at least one side dead to
ensure that closing can be done safely. The selected voltage for double bus or one
and a half scheme is done thru BCU with auxiliary relays. Manual closing as well as
automatic closing can be checked by the function and can have different settings, e.g.
the allowed frequency difference can be set to allow wider limits for the auto reclose
attempt than for the manual closing .A synchronizing function providing closing of the
breaker at the correct instance when network parts are running asynchronous s also
provided .

Figure 5: Configuration of 400kV Tie bay protection

13.1.1 LBB protection (for 400kV Tie)

LBB protection is provided with ALSTOM make phase segregated numerical relay
MicomP141 scheme with a built in timer.

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13.2 Tie Bay Interlock Logics

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14 400 kV BUSBAR PROTECTION
The MiCOM P740 numerical bus bar protection scheme provides complete protection
for all voltages level up to extra / ultra voltage bus bar configurations. Built on a
number of innovative techniques, including CT supervision and saturation detection
and dynamic topology processing algorithms, the P740 offers a unique combination of
security, speed and sensitivity.
With a typical operating time of 13-17ms, the P740 protection is one of the fastest in its
class and meets the most stringent requirements of transmission systems. The
substation replica processing algorithms ensure that the P740 adapts to the
dynamically changing topology of the bus bar. The MiCOM P740 bus bar differential
protection scheme can be engineered to provide a centralized or distributed
architecture. It also supports easy maintenance, operation and future expansion of the
bus bar.
14.1 APPLICATION
The MiCOM P740 numerical bus bar protection scheme has been designed to protect
a wide range of bus bar Configurations. The modular scheme utilizes three
13.3 Relay types
• Central Unit - P741
• Peripheral Unit - P743
These units interconnect using fibre optic cables and together with the topology
configuration software, allow application to all types of bus bar configuration. The
Central Unit co-ordinates the scheme, receiving signals from all the peripheral units
associated with the protected bus bars and acting on these signals, initiates a bus
zone protection trip when necessary. A single Central Unit can accommodate up to, 8
Zones 28 Peripheral Units One Peripheral Unit is associated with each CT location,
usually one per incomer/feeder and one or two for each bus coupler/bus section,
depending on the number of CTs.
The Peripheral Units acquire the analogue signals from the associated CT and the
binary signals from the auxiliary contacts of the circuit breakers and isolators. The
Peripheral Units also incorporate the main circuit breaker failure logic together with
additional protection functions (Dead zone, over current, etc.). The P743 allows for
increased opto inputs, function keys and Ethernet board option and is particularly
useful in double bus bar applications.

14.2 PROTECTION FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW P741 and P743

14.2.1 Main Zone Protection

14.2.1.1 87BB / P Phase segregated biased current differential high speed bus
bar protection

The primary protection element of the P740 scheme is the phase segregated biased
current differential protection. The technique is based on the numerical application of
Kirchoff's Law for the selective detection and ultra high-speed isolation of a faulty
section of the bus bar.

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The analysis is carried out in the Central Unit (CU) which communicates with the
Peripheral Unit (PU) to gather current information from individual circuits and to
implement the tripping of circuits as required .This reliable, high speed communication
is achieved via a direct optical connection utilizing a 2.5 Mbps data rate.

14.2.1.2 Check Zone Protection

• 87CZ / P Check Zone segregated biased phase current differential high speed bus
bar protection and

• 87 CZ / N Check Zone segregated biased earth current differential high speed bus
bar protection bus bar protection

The zone element(s) are only permitted to trip if the order is confirmed by the above
check zone elements.

14.2.1.3 Breaker failure protection (LBB)

The P740 offers an in-built integrated solution for breaker failure protection. This
requires all Peripheral Units to receive a duplication of the trip commands generated in
their associated bay.

In general the Breaker Failure protection is executed on a per phase basis which
involves the possibility of receiving tripping orders on a per pole basis. The MiCOM
P740 bus bar protection scheme can also work in co-ordination with external breaker
failure protection relays. In this configuration, the receipt of an external breaker failure
command results in tripping of all the adjacent circuit breakers, via the topological
recognition system knowing which breaker is connected to which zone.

14.2.1.4 Busbar Protection Relays provided:

Main-1: MiCOM P74x Bus bar protection scheme with distributed architecture. This
scheme has Bus-1 zone protection, Bus-2 zone protection and Check Zone protection.

Main-2: High Impedance Scheme using MFAC34. This relay is MiDOS version of
CAG relay. This relay can be connected in 2 modes vise (a) Check Zone feature, this
is the additional check zone provided along with P74x check zone (b) Bus-1 zone
protection & Bus-2 zone protection, this will be in parallel with P74x bus bar scheme

14.2.1.5 Bus bar Protection Scheme Operation

P74x Bus bar protection will extend the tripping command to respective CBs with
zone discrimination. Similarly MFAC34 Bus zone protection will extend the tripping to
respective CBs with zone discrimination in parallel to P74x scheme.

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Note: During transfer between one bus to other bus of any feeder, the MFAC34
scheme will respond for the faults due to paralleling of Bus Zone-1 and Zone2.

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15 Other Protective functions of P743
50 / 51 / P Phase over current protection (2 stages) – not used
50 / 51 / N Earth over current protection (2 stages) – not used
50ST Dead zone protection (short zone between CTs and open CBs)
CTS Current transformer supervision

16 A Typical System Topology

Figure 1 : A Typical System Topology

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17 MiCOM S1 – MiCOM IEDs Support Software
S1 V2.x

MiCOM S1 V2 is the MiCOM IED support software which provides users global access
to all data stored in their MiCOM IEDs.

17.1 Applications

• Setting and support software for MiCOM Px20, Mx20, Px30 and Px40 devices
• Commissioning and maintenance of MiCOM IEDs Functions
• Setting files creation, edition, modification and transfer to and from MiCOM IEDs
• MiCOM IED fault and event records upload
• Upload and display of COMTRADE formatted disturbance records stored by MiCOM
IEDs
• Real-time display of MiCOM IEDs measurements
• Menu Text Editors for MiCOM Px40 and Px30 devices
• Graphic Display Editor for MiCOM Px30 devices. Key features
• A single commissioning and maintenance tool for MiCOM devices and many
ALSTOM IEDs
• RS232 and RS485 communication facilities
• Full graphical environment for programmable Scheme Logic creation
• Multi-lingual Software: available in English, French, German, Spanish More
information
• Access to any IEDs of the MiCOM Px20, Mx20, Px30 and Px40 ranges
• MiCOM IEDs setting files upload and download, locally via the RS232 port or
remotely ial the peer-to-peer RS485 / Ethernet port
• MiCOM IEDs event & fault records analysis
• MiCOM IEDs measurement and monitoring real-time supervision
• MiCOM IED disturbance record file viewer More compatibility
• Compatible with WindowsTM 98, NT4.0, 2000 and Me
• Transfer and display of COMTRADE formatted disturbance record files More assets
• Predictive maintenance of MiCOM IEDs
• Circuit breaker monitoring & maintenance data collection
• Simplified commissioning and upgrading of MiCOM IEDs MiCOM S1 V2 is a
Windows 98/NT4.0/2000/Me compatible package which offers global access to all
MiCOM IEDs functions via their RS232 and RS485 communication ports.
• Retrieve, create, edit and send MiCOM IEDs setting files (protection, automation,
measurements, communications)

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17.2 Typical setting menu
Micom S1 v2 also provides menu driven software environment for all setting and other
menus. A typical setting range selection menu in shown in figure 10.

Figure 2 : Typical setting menu

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17.3 Programmable Logic (PSL)

The purpose of the programmable scheme logic (PSL) is to allow the relay user to
configure an individual protection scheme to suit their own particular application. This
is achieved through the use of programmable logic gates and delay timers.
The input to the PSL is any combination of the status of opto inputs. It is also used to
assign the mapping of functions to the opto inputs and output contacts, the outputs of
the protection elements, e.g. protection starts and trips, and the outputs of the fixed
protection scheme logic. The fixed scheme logic provides the relay’s standard
protection schemes. The PSL itself consists of software logic gates and timers. The
logic gates can be programmed to perform a range of different logic functions and can
accept any number of inputs. The timers are used either to create a programmable
delay, and/or to condition the logic outputs, e.g. to create a pulse of fixed duration on
the output regardless of the length of the pulse on the input. The outputs of the PSL
are the LEDs on the front panel of the relay and the output contacts at the rear.
The execution of the PSL logic is event driven; the logic is processed whenever any of
its inputs change, for example as a result of a change in one of the digital input signals
or a trip output from a protection element. Also, only the part of the PSL logic that is
affected by the particular input change that has occurred is processed. This reduces
the amount of processing time that is used by the PSL; even with large, complex PSL
schemes the relay trip time will not lengthen. This system provides flexibility for the
user to create their own scheme logic design. However, it also means that the PSL can
be configured into a very complex system, hence setting of the PSL is implemented
through the PC support package MiCOM S1 Studio.

17.3.1 Line Bay - Distance protection (P444) PSL

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Project 326PP515 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION Revd. CPN
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Project 326PP515 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION Revd. CPN
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17.3.2 Station Transformer Bay– Differential protection (P643) PSL

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17.3.3 Station Transformer Bay– REF Protection (P141) PSL

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17.3.4 Generator Transformer Bay – Over current protection (P141) PSL

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17.3.5 Tie Bay – Local Breaker backup protection (P141) PSL

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17.3.6 Bus Bar protection – Central Unit (P741) PSL

Project 326PP515 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION Revd. CPN

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17.3.7 Bus Bar protection – Peripheral Unit (P743) PSL

Project 326PP515 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION Revd. CPN

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