Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5

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Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

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Case Report

Ayurvedic management in cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Sarvesh Kumar Singh a, *, Kshipra Rajoria b
a
P.G. Department of Panchkarma, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
b
Department of Panchkarma, S.S.S.B. Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Renwal, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The age related spondylotic changes may result in direct compressive and ischemic dysfunction of the
Received 17 July 2016 spinal cord known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Symptoms often develop insidiously and
Received in revised form are characterized by neck stiffness, unilateral or bilateral deep aching neck, arm and shoulder pain, and
30 August 2016
possibly stiffness or clumsiness while walking. The management available in current mainstream
Accepted 31 August 2016
Available online xxx
medicine is not satisfactory. Various Ayurvedic treatments have been in use for these manifestations. We
present a case of CSM, which was treated with a combination of Panchakarma procedures and Ayurvedic
oral drugs. The patient was considered suffering from Greevastambha (neck stiffness) and was treated
Keywords:
Ayurvedic treatment
with Shalishastika pinda svedana (sudation with medicated cooked bolus of rice) for one month and
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy Mustadi yapana basti (enema with medicated milk) for 16 days along with oral Ayurvedic drugs such as
Greevastambha Brihatavata chintamani rasa 50 mg, Ekangaveer ras-250 mg, Ardhangavatari rasa-125 mg Amrita satva (dry
extract of Tinospora cordifolia Willd)-500 mg, Muktasukti pisti-500 mg, Ashwagandha churna (powder of
Withania somnifera Dunal)-500 mg Dashmool kvatha ghana (solid extract of Dashmool kvatha)-500 mg,
Trayodashanga guggulu-575 mg, twice a day with honey and Eranda paka-10 g twice a day with milk.
Patient's condition which was assessed for symptoms of CSM and Chile's modified Japanese Orthopaedic
Association (mJOA) score for cervical spondylotic myelopathy showed substantial improvement. This
study shows that the cases of CSM may be successfully managed with Ayurvedic treatment.
© 2016 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction in the Asian population, and 0.16% in the non-Asian population [3].
The overall prevalence in Indian population is unknown. The
A degenerative cascade due to age-related changes in the spinal pathophysiology of CSM is thought to be multifactorial. Both static
column is known as spondylosis. These spondylotic changes may factors causing stenosis and dynamic factors resulting in repetitive
result in direct compressive and ischemic dysfunction of the spinal injury to the spinal cord and spinal cord ischemia are involved in
cord known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) [1]. Symp- pathophysiology.
toms often develop insidiously and are characterized by neck Only limited conservative and surgical procedures are available
stiffness, unilateral or bilateral deep, aching neck, arm and in modern medicine for disease but there is much limitation to use
shoulder pain; and possibly stiffness or clumsiness while walking. these procedures. The standard treatment for moderate to severe
The hallmark symptom of CSM is weakness or stiffness in the arms. CSM is operative procedures which are least preferred by the
Clumsiness or weakness of the hands in conjunction with the legs elderly patients. Hence there is a need to search for effective
is also characteristic of CSM. The incidence of CSM-caused hospi- treatment in alternative medicine. No study is published in PubMed
talization in eastern Asia is 4.04 per 100,000 person-years, with for Ayurvedic approach on CSM till date. Here we represent a case
higher incidences observed in older and male patients [2]. The of CSM which was successfully treated with Ayurvedic manage-
incidence of Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament ment with Greevastambha (neck stiffness) as the Ayurvedic diag-
[OPLL], a common cause of cervical spondylotic myelopathy is 2.4% nosis [4].

2. Case report
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S.K. Singh). A 62 years old male patient was consulted in Out-Patient
Peer review under responsibility of Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore. Department of National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur for

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.011
0975-9476/© 2016 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Singh SK, Rajoria K, Ayurvedic management in cervical spondylotic myelopathy, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.011
2 S.K. Singh, K. Rajoria / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5

complaint of gradually progressive weakness of both upper and syringomyelia, extramedullary conditions (e.g., metastatic tumors),
lower limbs. Patient also had the complaint of giddiness, neck sub acute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (vitamin B12
stiffness and pain around the neck region. Patient had suffered from deficiency), hereditary spastic paraplegia, normal pressure hydro-
these problems since 4 years. Symptoms were aggravated by pro- cephalus and spinal cord infarction were the differential diagnosis for
longed sitting and standing and minimally eased with gentle the case. The presence of extremity sensory abnormalities and the
movement. The patient also reported intermittent low back pain to absence of fasciculation on examination in this case excluded the
varying degrees over the past 2 years which radiated to bilateral diagnosis of ALS. Other conditions were excluded on the basis of
lower limbs and intermittent numbness and tingling in the poste- characteristic MRI findings. In cervical spondylotic myelopathy, MRI
rior calf region. The patient had undergone neurologic and ortho- shows narrowing of the spinal canal caused by osteophytes, herni-
pedic consultations in a tertiary care hospital of Jaipur a year before ated discs and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy [5].
and conservative and surgical management was recommended. He
didn't have complaints of any bowel or bladder changes. The 5. Treatment plan
medical history was unremarkable, and his general health was
good. He was not taking any medications at the time of As no specific line of treatment is described for Greevastambha
consultation. in Ayurvedic texts, general line of management of Vatavyadhi such
as Abhyanga (massage), Svedana (sudation), Mridu virechana (mild
3. Clinical findings purgation) and Basti procedures were adopted for the patient [6].
Considering the patient's Vatapitta prakriti and physical constitu-
The case was subsequently admitted to the male Panchakarma tion, mild massage and mild sudation in the form of Shalishastika
ward of National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur on March-10, 2016 for pinda svedana and Mridu basti (a milder form of Basti) in the form of
the administration of therapeutic procedures. On physical exami- Mustadi yapana basti were given to the patient.
nation, patient was anxious, appetite was apparently normal and
tongue was uncoated. Micturition and bowel movement were 6. Intervention
normal. Patient had Vatapitta prakriti with Madhyam samhanana
(medium body built), Madhyam sara (medium purest body tissue), Various Panchakarma interventions were adopted to treat this
Sama pramana (symmetrical body proportion), Madhyam satmya patient. Mridu virechana with castor oil in dose of 20 ml with
(medium homologation), Madhayam satva (medium mental lukewarm milk was given at night prior to the beginning of medical
strength), Madhyam vyayamshakti (medium capability of physical intervention to the patient. From next day Shalishastika pinda sve-
activities), Madhyam Aharshakti and Jaranshakti (medium food dana for 30 days along with Mustadi yapana basti for 16 days were
intake and digestive power). The patient demonstrated normal gait. adopted [Table 1]. Along with these Panchakarma interventions,
The active movements of lumbar spine were within functional selected Ayurvedic oral medicine-Brihatavata chintamani rasa
limits with reported pain at the end of forward flexion. Straight leg 50 mg, Ekangaveera rasa-250 mg, Ardhangavatari rasa-125 mg
raise (S.L.R.) was negative bilaterally. Tenderness was noted over Amrita satva (starch of Tinospora cordifolia Willd)-500 mg, Mukta-
the spinous processes of L4 and L5. The range of motion for the sukti pisti-500 mg, Aswagandha churna (powder of Withania som-
bilateral knee and ankle joints was normal and the strength of the nifera Dunal)-500 mg Dashmool kvatha ghana (solid extract of
hamstrings and quadriceps musculature was also normal. On Dashmool kvatha)-500 mg and Trayodashanga guggulu-575 mg (The
neurological examination, higher mental function and speech were said combinations prescribed in a single dose of 3 g with pro-
normal. All cranial nerves were normal. On motor examination, prietary name-Aghat™) administered with honey twice a day and
bulk, tone, power and coordination of arms and legs were normal Eranda paka-10 g twice a day with milk.[Table 2] These oral med-
bilaterally. Power in both upper limbs was grade 4 on medical icines were continued for next 2 months.
research council score. Power in left leg was grade 4þ and in right
leg was grade 5. Hyperreflexia was found in upper extremities 7. Outcome measures and follow up
bilaterally. Hoffman reflex and Babinski reflex were positive bilat-
erally. A multidermatomal decrease of sensation in bilateral upper After completion of Panchakarma procedures patient condition
extremities during pinprick testing was revealed during examina- was assessed for pain, giddiness, neck stiffness, neck motion, power
tion. Lhermitte's sign was positive. Deep tendon reflex examination and reflexes of upper and lower limbs. Pain had subsided. Patient
revealed a diminished left Achilles tendon reflex. Joint position had no giddiness. Neck stiffness had substantially reduced. Range of
sense and vibration sensation was normal bilaterally. All laboratory motion of neck was normal. Power of both upper and lower limbs
and biochemical investigations were normal. Magnetic resonance was 5/5 on medical research council scale. Reflexes of both upper
imaging (MRI) of cervical spine that was done on March 2, 2016 and lower limbs were 2þ. Bilateral straight leg rising test had
revealed diffuse desiccated disc bulging at C3-4, C4-5, C5-6 and C6- increased to 90 for hip flexion. Bilateral Hoffman reflex, bilateral
7 level causing indentation over ventral thecal sac with associated Babinski reflex and Lhermitte's sign was negative at this time. mJOA
ligamentum flavum hypertrophy causing spinal canal narrowing score for cervical spondylotic myelopathy was-08 before treatment
and spinal cord compression at multiple levels most notably at C-3- and improved to 14 after one month of treatment [7]. Patient was
4 level with thinning of spinal cord at this level with T2 and STIR discharged on April 12, 2016 with instruction to continue oral
hyper intensity cord edema-suggestive of compressive myelopathy. medicines. Patient condition was stable after one month of treat-
ment but patient felt some stiffness in lumbar region. MRI done on
4. Diagnostic focus and assessment May 31, 2016 revealed concentric desiccated diffuse disc bulge seen
at C3-4 to C6-7 levels with postero-lateral disc protrusion causing
The patient was a known case of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. central canal and bilateral neural foraminal narrowing resulting
It was confirmed by previously done MRI. The condition was also mild compression over bilateral exiting nerve roots (Table 3). There
associated with lumbar spondylosis. Greevastambha was considered was a remarkable improvement in MRI as ligamentum flavum hy-
as Ayurvedic diagnosis which is included in Nanatamaj Vatavyadhi pertrophy causing spinal canal narrowing and spinal cord
(~neurological, rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases). Amyo- compression at multiple levels most notably at C-3-4 level with
trophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primary spinal cord tumors, thinning of spinal cord at this level with cord edema were not

Please cite this article in press as: Singh SK, Rajoria K, Ayurvedic management in cervical spondylotic myelopathy, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.011
 S.K. Singh, K. Rajoria / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5 3

Table 1
Panchakarma procedures for the case of cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Panchakarma Method of preparation Method of application Days of treatment

procedures

Shalishastika Pinda 300 g of Shashtika shali is cooked with 1.5 L of milk and Massage with Asvagandha oil was done 30 days
Svedana decoction of Bala moola (root of Sidaretusa L.). This on whole body for 15 min followed by
mixture was kept in four pieces of cloth to make 4 boluses. whole body massage for 45 min with the
Another portion of milk and decoction of the same quantity help of a cotton bag filled with bolus of
was mixed and heated in low temperature to dip the processed rice.
above boluses for warming the Pottali.
Mustadi Yapana Basti Saindhava salt 5 g, honey 25 g, Ashwagandha oil 50 ml, Given before meal with basti yantra. Total 16 basti was given daily.
Panchatikta Ghrita 25 ml and milk processed with Mustadi No separate Anuvasan basti
yapana basti kwatha drugs 300 ml. Powdered rock-salt was was given as no separate
added to honey and stirred. Then oil and ghrita was added to Anuvasan basti is needed
this mixture and again stirred. Then paste of Satahva for Yapana basti.
(Anethum sowa Kurz) followed by decoction was added and mixed
properly. 50 ml soup of goat femur bone marrow was added in
this emulsion and then mixed properly to make homogenous
emulsion. This emulsion was heated gently in a water bath.

Table 2
Ayurvedic treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Name of the drug used orally Composition Dose Anupana Days of treatment

Eranda paka 10 gm twice a day Milk From 1st day to July 2016
Triyodashanga guggulu 575 mg twice a day Honey From 1st day to July 2016
Brihatavata chintamani rasa Swarna, Raupya, Abhraka, Moti, Praval, Lauha, Parad, Gandhak 50 mg twice a day Honey From 1st day to July 2016
Ardhangavatari rasa Parad, Tamra, Gandhak, Trikatu, Jambir 125 mg twice a day Honey From 1st day to July 2016
Ekangaveera rasa Parad, Tamra, Gandhak, Vanga bhasm, Lauha, Naga bhasm 250 mg twice a day Honey From 1st day to July 2016
Dashamula qvatha ghana Solid extract of decoction of roots of 10 herbs 500 mg twice a day Honey From 1st day to July 2016
Ashwagandha churna 500 mg twice a day Honey From 1st day to July 2016
Amrita satva 500 mg twice a day Honey From 1st day to July 2016

Table 3
Timeline.

Year Incidence/intervention

2012 Patient experienced pain around neck, giddiness and gradual weakness of upper limbs
2014 Patient felt lower backache and tingling sensation in lower limbs
2015 Patient was consulted in orthopedic and neurology department of tertiary care hospital for these problems. Patient was advised conservative
treatment.
March-2016 Patient revisited neurology hospital as these problems were aggravated. A MRI was advised to the patient. MRI that was conducted on March
2, 2016 revealed-diffuse desiccated disc bulging at C3-4, C4-5, C5-6 and C6-7 level causing indentation over ventral thecal sac with
associated ligamentum flavum hypertrophy causing spinal canal narrowing and spinal cord compression at multiple levels most notably at
C-3-4 level with thinning of spinal cord at this level with T2 and STIR hyper intensity cord edema-suggestive of compressive myelopathy.
The patient was advised for spinal surgery.
10/03/2016 Patient was unwilling for surgery. Patient visited O.P.D. of National Institute of Ayurveda Jaipur for these problems and was admitted in male
Panchakarma ward for administration of Panchakarma Procedures. Castor oil in the dose of 20 ml with milk was given at night.
11/03/2016e12/04/2016 - Shalishastika pinda svedana was done for 30 days along with Mustadi Yapana Basti for 16 days. Selected Ayurvedic oral drugs-Brihatavata
chintamani rasa, Ekangaveera rasa, Ardhangavatari rasa, Amrita satva, Muktasukti pisti, Aswagandha churna, Dashmool kvatha ghana,
Trayodashanga guggulu and Eranda paka twice a day were prescribed along with these Panchakarma procedures. mJOA score for
spondylotic myelopathy was-08 at the time of admission and its changed to 14 after completion of Panchakarma procedures. There was
clinical improvement in patient condition after one month of therapy
12/04/2016 Patient was discharged. Same oral medication is continued to till date.
31/05/2016 MRI done on dated May 31, 2016 revealed concentric desiccated diffuse disc bulge seen at C3-4 to C6-7 levels with postero-lateral disc
protrusion causing central canal and bilateral neural foraminal narrowing resulting mild compression over bilateral exiting nerve roots.
There was no evidence of compressive myelopathy.

notable in this MRI as compared to previous MRI on March 2, 2016 compression and spinal cord ischemia [8]. Static mechanical factors
where all these were present. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic trans- result in the reduction of spinal canal diameter and spinal cord
aminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), compression. With aging, the intervertebral discs dry out resulting
bilirubin (direct and indirect) and serum creatinine that was tested in the loss of disc height which puts greater stress on the articular
on June 11, 2016 for assessment of safety profile of treatment were cartilage of the vertebrae and their respective end plates. Osteo-
also within limit. phytic spurs that are developed at the margins of these end plates
stabilizes adjacent vertebrae whose hyper mobility is caused by the
8. Discussion degeneration of the disc. The calcified disc further stabilizes the
vertebrae. The ligamentum flavum may also stiffen and buckle into
The three main pathophysiologic factors in the development of the spinal cord dorsally. These causes direct compression of the
CSM are static mechanical compression, dynamic mechanical spinal cord resulting in myelopathy. The normal motion of the

Please cite this article in press as: Singh SK, Rajoria K, Ayurvedic management in cervical spondylotic myelopathy, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016),
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4 S.K. Singh, K. Rajoria / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5

cervical spine may aggravate spinal cord damage precipitated by Various non-surgical strategies have been in use such as cervical
this direct mechanical and static mechanical compression. The traction, cervical immobilization (collar or neck brace), skull trac-
spinal cord lengthens during flexion, thus stretching over ventral tion and physical therapy. A study demonstrates the benefits of
osteophytic ridges. The ligamentum flavum may buckle into the cervical immobilization, while other study shows that immobili-
spinal cord during extension, causing a reduction of available space zation does not improve the patient's condition [24]. In the case of
for the spinal cord [9]. myelopathy, surgical intervention is necessary. The cervical lam-
Ayurveda diagnosis of these problems can be correlated with inectomy is not appropriate for all patients. It may lead to neuro-
Greevastambha, Bhrama (vertigo) and Bahushosha (weakness and logic deterioration and attributed to a development of latent
emaciation of upper limbs). All these symptoms are considered in instability of the spine with development of kyphotic spinal de-
Nanatamaj Vatavyadhi (disorders only due to Vata dosha). Vata is formities [25]. SGOT, SGPT and serum creatinine that was investi-
vitiated due to several etiological factors, Margavarana (obstruction gated after treatment were within normal limit. This demonstrates
in natural course of Vata such as normal distribution, synthesis of the safety profile of multi-ingredient formulation and Panchakarma
tissues elements etc.) and Dhatukshaya (~depletion of body tissue). procedures. Hence this case study is important one as this shows
This vitiated Vata leads to Margavarana and Dhatukshaya in vicious the clinical and radiological improvement in cervical compressive
cycle and may lead to manifestation of CSM [10]. There is depletion myelopathy with Panchakarma and Ayurvedic medicinal in-
of Sthanik Kapha (localized Kapha dosha at cervical region) due to terventions. There was no need to use any surgical intervention for
vitiated Vata dosha. Vitiated Pitta and Vata doshas lead to Bhrama. this case.
Vitiated Vata and depleted Kapha dosha may lead to Bahushosha. All
the pathology of CSM is included in these major groups of Ayur- 9. Conclusion
vedic Samprapti (pathology). Brihmana (~nourishment) is the
treatment for Dhatukshaya. Snigdha (unctuous), Srotosodhaka (bio- The case report demonstrates clinical and radiological
purification of micro-channels) Vatanulomaka (~correction of improvement in a cervical spondylotic myelopathy with Pan-
function of Vata dosha) treatment and treatment which is chakarma and Ayurvedic medicinal interventions.
compatible to Kapha and Pitta doshas should be adopted for any
Avarana or Margavarodha. Yapana basti, Guggulu; Shilajeeta (black
bitumen) and Rasayana (immunomodulator) are also indicated for 10. Patient consent
Nanatamaj vata, Avrita vata and chronic Vata vyadhi [11].
Panchakarma procedures and selected Ayurvedic oral drugs Written permission for publication of this case study had been
were employed according to all above said facts to manage this case obtained from the patient.
of CSM. In Ayurveda, brain and spinal cord is considered to be form
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.011
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Please cite this article in press as: Singh SK, Rajoria K, Ayurvedic management in cervical spondylotic myelopathy, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.011