Winning Souls, Not Arguments

Leader’s Guide
 Nihil Obstat: Alphonso Lopez Pinto, S.T.D.
Censor Deputatus

Imprimatur: +Most Reverend Samuel J. Aquila, S.T.L.

Archbishop of Denver
Denver, Colorado, USA
T
May 19, 2016

Copyright © 2009, 2016. Do not make copies without written permission.

All Scripture taken from the Catholic Edition of the Revised Standard Version of
the Bible, copyright 1965, 1966 by the Division of Christian Education of the
National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by
permission. All rights reserved.

Note: If you have any comment about this work, please

contact FOCUS at [email protected].
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
A Note to the Leader............................................................................................. 1

Welcome............................................................................................................... 5

Chapter 1: Scripture and Tradition........................................................................ 9

Chapter 2: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy.......................................... 17

Chapter 3: The Eucharist..................................................................................... 26

Chapter 4: The Sacrament of Confession............................................................. 34

Chapter 5: Mary.................................................................................................. 39

Chapter 6: Justification....................................................................................... 44

Chapter 7: Who Is Jesus?..................................................................................... 50

Appendix............................................................................................................. 59
 A NOTE
TO THE LEADER

Apologetics offers you as the leader an amazing opportunity. This topic is the perfect tool
for: winning over students to the Catholic Church, building up students in their knowledge
of the faith, and sending out students to share the faith with their peers. Few topics can so
quickly ignite a fire that can leave a deep and lasting impact. Knowledge is empowering, and
when someone comes to know the reasons for their beliefs, they can be transformed in their
faith—from apathetic to exuberant, from fearful to courageous, from a spectator to a leader.
Your job as the leader is to tap into the power of apologetics as much as possible. This study
will provide several ways to help you in this endeavor. Are you ready?

The Lay of the Land

This study covers seven different apologetics topics; one topic is aimed at a dialogue with
non-Christians while the other six are directed towards a Protestant-Catholic dialogue.

In several ways, this study functions differently than any other FOCUS study. We want
to emphasize that this study is not simply learning apologetics—it is putting apologetics
into practice through learning the art of dialoging about the faith. Our goal is not to win
arguments; it is to win souls to Jesus Christ and His Church. As St. Peter states, “Always be
prepared to make a defense to anyone who calls you to account for the hope that is in you,
yet do it with gentleness and reverence” (1 Peter 3:15).

Each chapter of the study begins with what the Church believes about a particular doctrine
and a summary of reasons for why it believes what it does. The bulk of the chapter aims to go
into further detail concerning these reasons for the Church’s doctrine. Finally, we have placed
sample objections at the end of each chapter to help participants practice the information

1
A Note to the Leader

they just learned. These objections, along with the Apologetics Training Cards included with
the studies, are there to help participants practice apologetics with one another through
mock apologetic dialogues during or outside of study and/or for individual practice. You are
free to use these in any manner that you find most effective. More information on how these
mock dialogues work is found in Chapter One under the “Practical Objections” section.

In each chapter there are several resources for you and your participants on each topic. They
include: Scripture verses, Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) paragraph numbers,
specific sections from Made for More by Curtis Martin, books and articles, and readings for
the next apologetics topic. Again, use your discretion on how you use these resources. Made
for More by Curtis Martin could be particularly helpful to you as a leader as it usually sums
up key apologetics points or gives you further insight on the topic in a concise manner. Also,
you may want to have your participants read Scripture ahead of time before each study or
memorize an apologetics verse together.

Preparing for the Study

• Give yourself time before the study to think and pray about the material. Know the
arguments well and be able to answer the objections.

• Work through the Leader Guide on your own and make notes in the margins about how
you want to ask particular questions or how you want to emphasize certain points.

• Anticipate how your group might respond to the content. Some sections will need more
clarification than others. Perhaps your group will want to spend more time discussing a
particular point that is especially relevant. This Bible Study is meant to provide a basic
introduction on each topic. Each chapter is not meant to be exhaustive.

• Be sure every person in your group has the Student Guide. This study assumes that your
students have not gone through the Student Guide before they come each week.

On How to Use the Leader Guide

• The Leader Guide that you hold includes all of the instructions you will need to lead the
study along with snapshots of every page in the Student Guide. Please see an example from
your Leader Guide below to see how this works:

2
 Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

Passing
Passing It On
It On
7 A Note to the Leader
2. St. Paul goes into further detail about written and oral Tradition and how it is
2
77. Say: St. Paul
passed down to others.

also talks about

Tradition. Let’s turn to St. Paul’s Second Letter to the Thessalonians.
• In this example, the
number 8 prompts you 88. Ask: Could
to ask the participants to
someone 8 Read 2 Thessalonians 2:15
please read 2
read 2 Thessalonians 2:15. Thessalonians 9 How does this verse support the Catholic belief about Tradition?
2:15?
Then, there is a prompt by
the number 9 that tells the 99. Ask: How
does this verse
3
leader to ask a question. support the 10 Read 2 Timothy 2:1-2
Catholic belief
Some questions will be in the about Tradition?
Student Guide, others will
Answer: It shows that the apostles did not just put everything down in writing, but
only be in the Leader Guide. that they also expected early Christians to follow their oral instructions as well.
Teal-colored instructions in
1010.Ask: St. Paul not only notes that Tradition or teachings exist, but also that they should
the Leader Guide indicate an be passed on to others. Could I have someone please read 2 Timothy 2:1-2?
action by the leader whether it
Say: This is the whole idea behind Sacred Tradition. The apostles take what they learned
be a question, explanation, or from Jesus Christ and teach it to others who, in turn, pass it on to others. This Word of God
passed on is what Catholics call Tradition.
story etc. for the group. Also,
notice the number in the box Note to Leader: In almost every chapter, we included a section called “In-depth
Insight.” These sections detail a particular point in a more concentrated or even
in the right hand corner – this indicates which page of the Student Guide you are viewing.
academic way. Depending on your group or time available you may want to skip or
come back to this section later.

• If you have any comments or suggestions on this study or maybe you have found another
effective way to convey apologetics please send them to us at [email protected]. We
continue to improve our materials and would love your feedback. Who knows… you
might help us improve our study, and as a result, touch a soul for all eternity through your 11
suggestion.

• You may also find that there is too much material to cover during one week. This is where
experience is helpful. As time goes on, you will be able to determine how much material to
cover, what to skip, and what to add that isn’t in the Leader Guide. You will also learn which
tangents are helpful, and which ones take you off course.

Thank You

Thank you for leading this study. Please know you have our gratitude and prayers as you
undertake this exciting endeavor.

3
Notes

4
 Welcome

Welcome
Welcome
1 1. Ask: Could someone please read the “Welcome” section?

1 Welcome

What comes to mind when you think of a Catholic apologist? An author with a
bestselling book? A radio personality that knows the answer to every question? What
about yourself?

The purpose of this Bible study is to help you become an everyday apologist—an
ordinary person who is able to share the beliefs of the Catholic Church in truth and
love.

How is this study going to help you do this?

1. Give you a vision for what apologetics is.

2. Show you seven principles to use when you dialogue with others about the faith.

3. Outline seven key topics on the Catholic faith and give you specific Scripture verses
and reasons for what the Catholic Church believes on these topics and why.

Below is an introduction to these three subjects before we dive into the study.

What is Apologetics?

St. Peter encourages his listeners in 1 Peter 3:15 to know how to defend their faith:
“Always be prepared to make a defense to anyone who calls you to account for
the hope that is in you.” This defense of the faith comes from the Greek word—
apologia—the root word for apologetics. Scripture calls us to know how to defend
what we believe.

St. Peter goes on in 1 Peter 3:15-16 to say “yet do it with gentleness and reverence;
and keep your conscience clear.” We must know the truth, but we must also share it in
love. Our goal is not to win arguments; it is to win souls.

5
 2. Show you seven principles to use when you dialogue with others about the faith.

Welcome3. Outline seven key topics on the Catholic faith and give you specific Scripture verses
and reasons for what the Catholic Church believes on these topics and why.
22. Ask:Below
Could someone please read “What is Apologetics” section?
is an introduction to these three subjects before we dive into the study.

2 What is Apologetics?

St. Peter encourages his listeners in 1 Peter 3:15 to know how to defend their faith:
“Always be prepared to make a defense to anyone who calls you to account for
the hope that is in you.” This defense of the faith comes from the Greek word—
apologia—the root word for apologetics. Scripture calls us to know how to defend
what we believe.

St. Peter goes on in 1 Peter 3:15-16 to say “yet do it with gentleness and reverence;
and keep your conscience clear.” We must know the truth, but we must also share it in
love. Our goal is not to win arguments; it is to win souls.
Welcome

St. Francis was an amazing witness in sharing the faith in truth and love. He is
often quoted as saying: “Preach the Gospel always, and if necessary, use words.” St.
Francis’ personal example of holiness was vital. His poverty and humility amidst the
extravagant clergy of his day was a monumental testimony that moved many to follow
Jesus Christ more deeply.

At the same time, what most people may not realize is that St. Francis preached
with words almost every day—to people in his town, to the rich at their elaborate
parties, and to several Muslim countries despite turbulent travel. He must have found
preaching to be necessary!

Seven Apologetic Principles

If our goal is to win souls with apologetics, we can’t just know arguments; we must
know how to convey these arguments in convincing and charitable ways. This could
be described as the art of apologetics.

Here are seven principles designed to help you learn this art of apologetics.

1. Show you are open to dialogue: By being cool, calm, and collected in the
face of any objection, the other person will be more open to dialogue.

2. Focus on just one issue at a time: Rather than addressing several

objections all at once, agree on one specific area to discuss.

3. Restate their objection and understand their logic: Make sure you
understand what they are really saying and see the argument from their perspective.

4. Ask thought-provoking questions: Really good questions can be more

6
effective than rattling off every reason you have for a particular belief.

5. Correct misunderstandings: One of the best things you can do is to correct

the false ideas about the Catholic faith or Catholics themselves.
 extravagant clergy of his day was a monumental testimony that moved many to follow
Jesus Christ more deeply.

Welcome
At the same time, what most people may not realize is that St. Francis preached
with words almost every day—to people in his town, to the rich at their elaborate
3
3. Ask:parties,
Couldandsomeone please
to several read countries
Muslim “Seven Apologetic Principles”
despite turbulent travel.section?
He must have found
preaching to be necessary!

3 Seven Apologetic Principles

If our goal is to win souls with apologetics, we can’t just know arguments; we must
know how to convey these arguments in convincing and charitable ways. This could
be described as the art of apologetics.

Here are seven principles designed to help you learn this art of apologetics.

1. Show you are open to dialogue: By being cool, calm, and collected in the
face of any objection, the other person will be more open to dialogue.

2. Focus on just one issue at a time: Rather than addressing several

objections all at once, agree on one specific area to discuss.

3. Restate their objection and understand their logic: Make sure you
understand what they are really saying and see the argument from their perspective.

4. Ask thought-provoking questions: Really good questions can be more

effective than rattling off every reason you have for a particular belief.

5. Correct misunderstandings: One of the best things you can do is to correct

the false ideas about the Catholic faith or Catholics themselves.

6. Build on common ground: It is easy to see what separates us, but dialogue is
also furthered when we realize the issues agreed upon as well.

7. Be a witness, not a converter: Instead of trying to just win the argument,

view yourself as trying to give a witness to the Catholic faith.
Welcome

This may seem a lot to download all at once. Don’t worry! Each chapter, you will
focus on just one principle and over time will add them to your apologetic repertoire.
 
How does this study work?
In each chapter, you will learn about a particular topic and why the Church believes
what it does. Then, as a small group you will have the chance to respond to some
common objections to that topic with your Apologetics Training Cards (found in the
back of this study). We want you to not just know apologetics; we want you to put it
into practice. Similar to riding a bike, the art of apologetics develops with practice and
persevering through failures.

Both the reasons for believing in the teaching of the Church along with the objections 7
against them are not exhaustive. They are there to give you a foundation for learning
more about that topic. Resources are given at the end of each chapter for you to dive
deeper into particular topics.
Welcome Welcome

44. Ask:focus
ThCould
is maysomeone
seem a lotplease
to download all atdoes
read “How once.the
Don’t worry!
study Each chapter, you will
work?”
on just one principle and over time will add them to your apologetic repertoire.
 
How does this study work?
4 In each chapter, you will learn about a particular topic and why the Church believes
what it does. Then, as a small group you will have the chance to respond to some
common objections to that topic with your Apologetics Training Cards (found in the
back of this study). We want you to not just know apologetics; we want you to put it
into practice. Similar to riding a bike, the art of apologetics develops with practice and
persevering through failures.

Both the reasons for believing in the teaching of the Church along with the objections
against them are not exhaustive. They are there to give you a foundation for learning
more about that topic. Resources are given at the end of each chapter for you to dive
deeper into particular topics.

Finally, do not be afraid! You don’t need a degree in Theology or to be a world class
debater to be an effective Catholic apologist. You need the desire to learn, the courage
to speak up for your faith, and a heart for souls as you speak the truth in love. Thank
you for taking the time to learn how to defend the Catholic faith—it is an invaluable
tool in our world today.

8
 Chapter One
SCRIPTURE AND
TRADITION
The Word of God
Chapter One
SCRIPTURE AND
TRADITION
The Word of God

What the CHURCH says…

1 1. Ask: Could someone 1 What the CHURCH says…

please read “What the
The Catholic Church believes that the Word of God is handed on in two ways:
Church says…”? Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition.

Sacred Scripture is the Word of God that was written down “by those apostles
and other men associated with the apostles who, under the inspiration of the same
Holy Spirit, committed the message of salvation to writing” (CCC 76, emphasis
added).

Sacred Tradition is the Word of God handed down “by the apostles who
handed on, by the spoken word of their preaching, by the example they gave, by the
institutions they established, what they themselves had received” (CCC 76). Sacred
Tradition is sometimes referred to as oral Tradition.

Note to Leader: This idea of Tradition can be confusing. Tradition (big T) is different than the
This concept of traditions of the Church (small t). Traditions (small t) include praying the rosary or
using Advent candles. These are important to our Church, but can change over time.
Tradition might take Sacred Tradition (big T) is the Word of God passed on from Jesus to the apostles
some time to digest. and to us today—this does not change over time.
As the chapter goes
Another important factor that plays a role in God’s word is the Magisterium. The
on, it should become Magisterium is the teaching authority of the Church given to the apostles and their
clearer. If not, an In- successors by Jesus Christ. These successors would be the bishops of the Catholic
Church, including the Pope, the bishop of Rome. The task of the Magisterium is to
depth Insight section Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition 1
1
and resources can be
found at the end of the give an authentic interpretation of the Word of God. And yet, the Magisterium is
not superior to the Word of God, but is its servant (see CCC 86). Through the Holy
chapter. Spirit, it hands on the Word of God.
2
Why the CHURCH believes this…

There are several reasons why the Church believes in both Scripture and Tradition.
Since this is a Scriptural Apologetics Bible Study, we are going to look at how 9
Scripture itself attests to the idea of Tradition. Below are two reasons that we will
examine further in this chapter.

1. The New Testament writers speak of other things that Jesus did and said that were
 Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

give an authentic interpretation of the Word of God. And yet, the Magisterium is
Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition
not superior to the Word of God, but is its servant (see CCC 86). Through the Holy
Spirit, it hands on the Word of God.
Why the
Why the CHURCH believes this…
CHURCH
believes 2 There are several reasons why the Church believes in both Scripture and Tradition.
Since this is a Scriptural Apologetics Bible Study, we are going to look at how
this… Scripture itself attests to the idea of Tradition. Below are two reasons that we will
examine further in this chapter.

22. Ask: Could 1. The New Testament writers speak of other things that Jesus did and said that were
someone please not recorded in the Gospels.

read “Why the

2. St. Paul goes into further detail about written and oral Tradition and how it is
Church believes passed down to others.
this…”?
Not Just in the Gospels

Not Just 3 1. The New Testament writers speak of other things that Jesus did and said that were

in the not recorded in the Gospels.

Gospels 4 Read John 21:25

33. Say: Let’s 5 Read Acts 20:35

look at the first How could they have known this phrase already if it were not in the Gospels?

reason for Sacred

6 2
Tradition. The Gospel writers themselves tell us that not everything about Jesus was written
down.
Passing It On
44. Ask: Could someone please read John 21:25?
2. St. Paul goes into further detail about written and oral Tradition and how it is
passed down to others.
Say: Think about it. Jesus did so many things that weren’t recorded in the Bible. This didn’t
mean that they weren’t2important. In fact, let’s look at a time when St. Paul uses a phrase
by Jesus not recorded in the Gospels.

55. Ask: Could someone please read Acts 20:35?

Say: The phrase “It is more blessed to give than to receive” is not found anywhere in the
Gospels and yet St. Paul assumes that his listeners knew this phrase.

66. Ask: How could they have known this phrase already if it were not in the Gospels?
Answer: They heard it through Tradition. At this time, John’s Gospel hadn’t even been
written yet. Early Christian communities relied heavily on Tradition. It is all that they
had at first.

10
 How could they have known this phrase already if it were not in the Gospels?

Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

Passing Passing It On
It On
7 2. St. Paul goes into further detail about written and oral Tradition and how it is
2
77. Say: St. Paul
passed down to others.

also talks about 2

Tradition. Let’s turn to St. Paul’s Second Letter to the Thessalonians.

Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

88. Ask: Could

someone 8 Read 2 Thessalonians 2:15
please read 2
Thessalonians 9 How does this verse support the Catholic belief about Tradition?

2:15?

99. Ask: How

does this verse
support the 10 Read 2 Timothy 2:1-2 3

Catholic belief In-depth Insight

about Tradition? Here is another way to look at Scripture and Tradition. In regards to Scripture, all
Christians agree on what the Bible says, but we do not agree on what the Bible means.
Tradition
Answer: It shows that the helps us
apostles didsee not
how the apostles
just put understood
everything Jesusdown
and howinthey lived andbut
writing, what
they taught as a result. It provides the historical context for understanding what the
that they also expectedWord
earlyofChristians
God means. to follow their oral instructions as well.

1010.Ask: St. Paul not onlyAapostles

practical example might help illustrate. In Matthew 28:19, Jesus clearly tells his
notestothat Tradition or teachings exist, but also that they should
“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the
be passed on to others. Could
name ofI the
have someone
Father please
and of the read
Son and 2 Holy
of the Timothy
Spirit.”2:1-2?
But, people in the early
Church and even in the Church today ask the question, should we baptize infants?
There is not direct teaching in Scripture for or against infant Baptism. Tradition tells
Say: This is the whole idea behind
us the apostlesSacred
baptized Tradition. Thenotapostles
infants. Although takethewhat
in Scripture, they
apostles werelearned
either
from Jesus Christ and teach it to others who, in turn, pass it on to others. This Word
told or shown to do this by Jesus or told this through the Holy Spirit. In of God
turn, the
Catholic Church uses this form of the Word of God as its basis for baptizing infants
passed on is what Catholics
today.
call Tradition.

Note to Leader: InThalmost e Tradition of the Catholic Church is a beautiful resource to have. Much of this
every chapter, we included a section called “In-depth
Tradition is contained in the works and writings of the Early Church Fathers, men
Insight.” These sectionswho
detail
lived a
in particular point
the first centuries after in a more
Jesus. Becauseconcentrated
Tradition helps us or even what
understand
academic way. Depending on means,
Scripture your many
group or time
Protestants available
have you may through
turned to Catholicism want to the skip or
writings
of these men. For an introduction to Early Church Fathers, see The Early Church
come back to this section later.
Fathers by Mike Aquilina.

11
Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

Read 2 Timothy 2:1-2

1111 Ask: 11 In-depth Insight
Could someone
please read the Here is another way to look at Scripture and Tradition. In regards to Scripture, all
“In-depth Christians agree on what the Bible says, but we do not agree on what the Bible means.
Tradition helps us see how the apostles understood Jesus and how they lived and what
Insight”? they taught as a result. It provides the historical context for understanding what the
Word of God means.

A practical example might help illustrate. In Matthew 28:19, Jesus clearly tells his
apostles to “Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the
name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.” But, people in the early
Church and even in the Church today ask the question, should we baptize infants?
There is not direct teaching in Scripture for or against infant Baptism. Tradition tells
us the apostles baptized infants. Although not in Scripture, the apostles were either
told or shown to do this by Jesus or told this through the Holy Spirit. In turn, the
Catholic Church uses this form of the Word of God as its basis for baptizing infants
today.

The Tradition of the Catholic Church is a beautiful resource to have. Much of this
Tradition is contained in the works and writings of the Early Church Fathers, men
who lived in the first centuries after Jesus. Because Tradition helps us understand what
Scripture means, many Protestants have turned to Catholicism through the writings
of these men. For an introduction to Early Church Fathers, see The Early Church
Fathers by Mike Aquilina.
3

Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

3
Conclusion
Conclusion
1212.Ask:
Could someone
12
The idea of Scripture and Tradition brings up two important apologetic points
pertaining to the Protestant belief in Sola Scriptura (basing all their beliefs off on the
please read the written Word of God alone).
“Conclusion”?
First, when we study Tradition, we realize that Tradition had to come before Scripture.
The Word of God was spoken by the apostles and their successors even before the
Bible was completed. When we examine the early Church it is also apparent that
no set canon or what we know as the books included in the Bible was established
officially until the end of the fourth century. It would be hard for the early Christians
to rely solely on Scripture.

Second, the Protestant acceptance of sola scriptura is really a rejection of the authority
of the Catholic Church and its ability to interpret Scripture and to pass on Tradition.
They believe that one can come to a correct understanding of Scripture through
the Holy Spirit. This naturally leads to the question: If this is the case for all people
seeking truth who read the Scriptures, why are there 30,000 denominations with
competing doctrines about grace, morality, etc.? With charity, this is an important
question for us to pose to Protestants to encourage them to grapple with the
consequences that occur without authority.
4
Whereas Scripture itself claims in 1 Timothy 3:15, “...if I am delayed, you may know
12 how one ought to behave in the household of God, which acts as the church of the
living God, the pillar and bulwark of the truth.” St. Paul points to the Church as
“pillar and bulwark [or safeguard] of the truth,” that is a guide for Christians. We will
look more into the authority of the Church next chapter.

When we examine the Scripture, Church history, and logic, the idea of Tradition and
 They believe that one can come to a correct understanding of Scripture through
the Holy Spirit. This naturally leads to the question: If this is the case for all people
seeking truth who read the Scriptures, why are there 30,000 denominations with
competing doctrines about grace, morality, Chapter
etc.? WithOne:
charity,Scripture and Tradition
this is an important
question for us to pose to Protestants to encourage them to grapple with the
consequences that occur without authority.

Whereas Scripture itself claims in 1 Timothy 3:15, “...if I am delayed, you may know
how one ought to behave in the household of God, which acts as the church of the
living God, the pillar and bulwark of the truth.” St. Paul points to the Church as
“pillar and bulwark [or safeguard] of the truth,” that is a guide for Christians. We will
look more into the authority of the Church next chapter.

When we examine the Scripture, Church history, and logic, the idea of Tradition and
the Church’s authority is not only reasonable, but essential to our Christian faith.
4
More Scripture verses: 1 Corinthians 11:2; 1 Thessalonians 2:13; 2 John 1:12; 3 John
1:13-14; 2 Peter 1:20-21

More Scripture verses: CCC:

1 Corinthians
78, 80-84, 95,11:2; 1 Thessalonians 2:13; 2 John 1:12; 3 John
113, 120

1:13-14; 2 Peter 1:20-21

CCC: 78, 80-84, 95, 113, 120
4

Made for More: p. 103-108

Extra Resources:
By What Authority: An Evangelical Discovers Catholic Tradition by Mark Shea
Why Is That in Tradition? by Patrick Madrid

Reading for next time: Matthew 16:13-20; Isaiah 22:15-24; Acts 1:15-26

Practical Objections

Note to Leader: For more information on the Practical Objections—read the

introduction in the Student Guide (found on the next page). Feel free to read this as
a group or explain it to your group. For information on how you can help facilitate
practical objections, see below.

When going through the objections as a group, rather than publically correcting the
one giving the answer, refer them to the answer key in their Student Guide and ask
them what they did well and what they could improve. If appropriate, you can add a
word or two of encouragement and improvement as well. As the leader, you have all
the answers directly after the objection.

13
Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

Some objections will be answered by simply using the information learned previously.
Other times new information will be needed to answer an objection Chapter One:or to address
Scripture the
and Tradition

objection itself. This gives the respondent a chance to think on their feet. If they don’t
know the answer or aren’tMadeable to come
for More: up with a reasonable answer, it is good to learn
p. 103-108
to respond, “I’m not sure, let me ask someone/do some studying and I will get back to
Extra Resources:
you.”) By What Authority: An Evangelical Discovers Catholic Tradition by Mark Shea
Why Is That in Tradition? by Patrick Madrid

1313.Ask: For the “Practical Objections” section, we are going to learn how to answer some
Reading for next time: Matthew 16:13-20; Isaiah 22:15-24; Acts 1:15-26
common
objections while Practical Objections
also learning
The purpose of the “Practical Objections” section is to introduce a few of the most
one of the seven common objections to that apologetics topic.
principles.
While you are answering these objections, your group will be working on one of the
Could I have seven apologetics principles of dialogue. For chapter one, the principle is: Show that
someone read you are open to dialogue. As a group, brainstorm ways to enact this principle in an
apologetics conversation.
the apologetics
principle and When you are going through the actual objections, you can use these objections in
definition for a few ways. Someone can volunteer to answer the objection in a straight forward
manner. Or, you can have a mock dialogue in front of the whole study. Or, you can
this chapter? split up into partners and all practice a mock dialogue. Also, if you run out of time,
begin the next study by using the objections of the previous study. This provides a
good review of the topic from last time.
Ask: What are
some ways that 13 Apologetics Principle #1: Show you are open to dialogue: By being
cool, calm, and collected in the face of any objection, the other person will be more
we can act out
open to dialogue.
this principle
during an What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?
5
apologetics
dialogue?

1414.Ask: Could someone please read Objection 1?

5
Ask: Who would like to try to respond?
Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

Response:
That’s a great 14 Objection 1
The Catholic Church’s reliance on and belief in tradition is opposed to Jesus’ words in
question. Matthew 15:6: “For the sake of your traditions, you have made void the word of
Talking about God.”

the faith can

be difficult at Answers to every objection can be found in the Appendix of this
Bible study. 6
14
 Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

times, but I believe it is the most important thing to discuss. So, I really enjoy it when
people ask me questions about the faith.
Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

It is important to realize what Jesus means when He says tradition. He is speaking of

manmade traditions that Objection
have come1 about over the course of history. When Catholics
The Catholic Church’s reliance on and belief in tradition is opposed to Jesus’ words in
speak of Tradition we are talking15:6:
Matthew about
“For the Word
the sake oftraditions,
of your God handed you haveonmadefrom Jesus
void the wordtoof the
apostles and to their successors
God.” and us today. This Tradition is not manmade; it is the
Word of God passed on orally. This Tradition never goes against Scripture or “makes
void the word of God.”Answers to every objection can be found in the Appendix of this
Bible study.

Scripture attests to this type of Tradition: In 2 Thessalonians 2:15, St. Paul says,
“So then, brethren, stand firm and hold to the traditions which you were taught by
us, either by word of mouth or by letter.” Clearly, St. Paul is not against handing on
instructions and practices “by word of mouth or by letter,” and certainly not against
Christians holding to them.

1515 Ask: Can someone please read Objection 2?

Ask: Who 15 Objection 2
Why would we need Tradition? Scripture alone is sufficient as 2 Timothy 3:16
would like to
says, “All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for
try to respond? correction, for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete,
equipped for every good work.”

Responding to the objection: Catholics do believe that Scripture is profitable,

but this verse does not say that Scripture alone is sufficient for us. Also, St. Paul says
“for every good work.” This would not include all matters of faith.

In this same letter, St. Paul exhorts Timothy to pass on the teachings that Timothy
had heard from St. Paul, not just the ones he wrote down (2 Timothy 2:2).
6

Response from additional information:

Was St. Paul referring to the New Testament Scriptures? In v. 15 he says: “From
childhood, you have been acquainted with the sacred writings…” Because the New
Testament had not been written in their childhood, this can only refer to the Old
Testament. If Protestants want to claim that St. Paul is speaking about using these
Scriptures alone, then they would only use the Old Testament.
15
Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

1616.Ask: Can someone please read Objection 3? Chapter One: Scripture and Tradition

Ask: Who
would like to
16 Objection 3: Think on your feet
Catholics have added practices and beliefs to the Christian faith that are not found in
Scripture. At the end of the Bible, John warns against adding anything to Scripture
try to respond?
in Revelation 22:18: “I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of
this book: if any one adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this
Response: book...”

When John
makes this
statement,
he is only 7
speaking
about the book of Revelation. He could not have known that this statement would
be at the end of the Bible. Also, in Deuteronomy 4:2, the same type of statement
is made: “You shall not add to the word which I command you, nor take from it.”
If this statement is interpreted like Revelation was then we should not read past
Deuteronomy.

16
 Chapter Two
THE KINGDOM,
AUTHORITY, AND
THE PAPACY
Chapter Two
THE KINGDOM,
AUTHORITY, AND
THE PAPACY

What the CHURCH says…

11. Ask: Could 1 What the CHURCH says…

someone please
Jesus, as king, established His kingdom here on earth. As He left this world, Jesus
read the first passed His authority over this kingdom to His apostles. In particular, the apostle Peter
paragraph under was granted a unique role in the kingdom. The Catholic Church believes that these
roles were passed down through the centuries through our bishops and Popes.
“What the
Church says…” 2 Why the CHURCH believes this…

This chapter will walk through the points above in four stages:
Why the
CHURCH 1. As the Messiah, Jesus established a kingdom on earth which alludes to the Davidic

believes kingdom.

this… 2. Jesus passed the authority of this kingdom to His apostles and, in a particular way,
to the apostle Peter.

22. Ask: Could 3. Isaiah 22 can help us understand the words of Jesus to Peter more clearly.
someone please
4. Scripture and Church history attest that the offices of St. Peter and the other
read “Why the apostles were not only granted to the apostles, but also to successors.
Church believes
this”?
9
9

17
Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

The Kingdom Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

33. Say: Our The Kingdom

understanding
of the Pope 3 1. As the Messiah, Jesus established a kingdom on earth which alludes to the Davidic
kingdom.
begins with our
understanding 4 The Jewish people had been waiting for a king to restore the Davidic kingdom that
had been temporarily suspended through their captivity by several nations. They
of Jesus as the called this expected king, the Messiah or Christ, meaning “the anointed one.”
Messiah.
In the Gospels, it is clear that Jesus is portrayed as this Messiah. Throughout the
Gospel of Matthew, Jesus keeps His identity hidden during much of His ministry.
44. Ask: Could In Matthew 16, He asks His apostles—“Who do you say that I am?” St. Peter’s
someone please answer to this question and Jesus’ response forms the Scriptural foundations for our
understanding of the Pope.
read the next
two paragraphs St. Peter in the New Kingdom
starting with
“The Jewish 5 2. Jesus passed the authority of this kingdom to His apostles and, in a particular way,
to the apostle Peter.
people...”?
6 Read Matthew 16:13-20

St. Peter The most important aspect about this passage is St. Peter’s declaration of Jesus as the

in the New 7 Messiah. However, in regards to St. Peter, what are some key phrases to consider?

Kingdom 1.

55. Say: Let’s look

at this exchange 2.

between Jesus and

St. Peter. Here is
where Jesus passes 3.

on the authority
of the kingdom to 10
St. Peter. 10

66. Ask: Could I have someone read Matthew 16:13-20?

77. Ask: The most important aspect about this passage is St. Peter’s declaration of Jesus as
the Messiah. However, in regards to St. Peter, what are some key phrases to consider?

18
 Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

Answer:
1. “You are Peter and on this rock I will build my church and the powers of death
shall not prevail against it” (v. 18).

2. “I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven” (v. 19).

3. “Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on
earth shall be loosed in heaven” (v. 19).

Say: The phrase about St. Peter being the rock is fairly straight forward. Jesus permanently
changes Simon’s name to Peter (meaning rock) and tells St. Peter that upon this rock (Peter)
Jesus will build His Church. This seems fairly clear from the text.

In order to understand what Jesus is referring to in the next two phrases, we have to dive
deep into the Old Testament to see how the Davidic Kingdom works.

Note to Leader: Some Protestants do make objections to Peter being the Rock
despite the evidence from the text. This chapter focuses on the more contested verses
in this passage.
Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

Isaiah 22 Isaiah

8 3. Isaiah 22 can help us understand the words of Jesus to Peter more clearly.
88. Say: To understand Jesus’
words to Peter more clearly, 9 Read Isaiah 22:15-24

let’s look at Isaiah 22.

10
Who are the characters in this story and what offices do they hold?
11

99. Ask: Could I have

someone please read Isaiah 22:15-24?
What about this office sounds similar to Jesus’ commands to St. Peter in Matthew 16?

1010.Ask: Who are the characters in this story and what offices do they hold?
Answer: The two characters are Shebna and Eliakim and they hold the office of one
over the household.

Note to Leader: In some translations,

In-depth the Insightoffice is called master of the palace or
one over the household. All of these
Let’stitles come
take a look at somefrom the Hebrew
other characteristics word
of this offi al-bayit
ce in Isaiah which
22 (the passage
with Shebna and Eliakim) and how this affects the office of the Pope throughout the
is a prime minister-like office. history of the Church.

v. 23— “And I will fasten him like a peg in a sure place, and he will become a throne
19
of honor to his father’s house.”

A throne is a place of authority where a king makes declarations for the kingdom.
In the Jewish tradition this is seen with Moses (Exodus 25:20-22) and the Pharisees
(Matthew 23:2). The concept of a throne and authority is carried out by the Pope
 Who are the characters in this story and what offices do they hold?

Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

1111 Ask: What about

this office sounds 11 What about this office sounds similar to Jesus’ commands to St. Peter in Matthew 16?

similar to Jesus’
commands to St.
Peter in Matthew
16?
11
Answer: v. 22:
“And I will place on his shoulder theInsight
In-depth key of the house of David; he shall open, and
none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open.”
Let’s take a look at some other characteristics of this office in Isaiah 22 (the passage
with Shebna and Eliakim) and how this affects the office of the Pope throughout the
This is similar to Jesus’ message totheSt.Church.
history of Peter: “I will give you the keys of the kingdom
of heaven.” Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you
v. 23— “And I will fasten him like a peg in a sure place, and he will become a throne
loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven” (Matthew 16:19).
of honor to his father’s house.”

Say: We believe that Jesus alludes

A thronetois this office
a place seen inwhere
of authority Isaiah with
a king Peter
makes who serves
declarations for theas the
kingdom.
In the Jewish tradition this is seen with Moses (Exodus 25:20-22) and the Pharisees
first Pope. (Matthew 23:2). The concept of a throne and authority is carried out by the Pope
(and bishops) today. This throne or chair (cathedra in Latin) is where the Pope or a
Jesus possesses all authority. A key is a sign of authority in the ancient world. We still use
this today in a symbolic way when mayors give the key to the city over to someone as a sign 11

of recognition.

When Jesus gives Peter the key He gives Peter and His successors His authority to be
administrated on earth.

The language of opening and shutting along with binding and loosening all speak of
authority as well. Specifically, the idea of binding and loosening was used by rabbis in Jesus’
day about the authority to allow or disallow interpretations of the Jewish law.

This is why we believe that the Pope today has the authority that comes from Christ to
instruct the Church regarding faith and morals.

20
 Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

1212 Ask: Could I 12

have someone read In-depth Insight
the “In-depth Insight” Let’s take a look at some other characteristics of this office in Isaiah 22 (the passage
section? with Shebna and Eliakim) and how this affects the office of the Pope throughout the
history of the Church.

v. 23— “And I will fasten him like a peg in a sure place, and he will become a throne
of honor to his father’s house.”

A throne is a place of authority where a king makes declarations for the kingdom.
In the Jewish tradition this is seen with Moses (Exodus 25:20-22) and the Pharisees
(Matthew 23:2). The concept of a throne and authority is carried out by the Pope
(and bishops) today. This throne or chair (cathedra in Latin) is where the Pope or a11
Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

11
bishop makes declarations for the faithful. This is why the bishop’s church is called a
cathedral—it is the Church that contains his cathedra or throne.

v. 24—“And I will fasten him like a peg in a sure place...And they will hang on him
the whole weight of his father’s house.”

In a tent, the peg holds the entire structure together. This is why the passage says that
the whole weight of his father’s house will hang on him. His house represents the
entire kingdom. Similarly, Jesus gives St. Peter the authority to His entire universal
kingdom, the Church.

We also know from other ancient sources that this position of prime minister took
over for the king if the king left the kingdom.

After Jesus talks to St. Peter, He heads straight to Jerusalem to die. He knows He can
now die, rise, and ascend into heaven.

12

21
12
 The Apostles and Their Successors

Read
Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Matthewand
Authority, 18:18
the Papacy

The Apostles and Their Successors

Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

1313.Ask: As we The Apostles and Their Successors

saw above,
Jesus first 13 Read Matthew 18:18
hands on His
13
authority
to St. Peter.
Later, Jesus
will hand on
14 4.apostles
Scripture and Church history attest that the offices of St. Peter and the other
were not only granted to the apostles, but also to successors.
this authority
to the other 15 Read Acts 1:15-26
apostles as well 13
in Matthew
18:18. Can someone please read Matthew 18:18?
4. Scripture and Church history attest that the offices of St. Peter and the other
apostles were not only granted to the apostles, but also to successors.
Say: So the apostles are given a share of St. Peter’s authority as they are told that they
also have the power to bindReadand
Acts 1:15-26
loosen. We believe that the bishops of the Church are the
successors of the apostles.

Note to Leader: They

In thedo
firstnot haveSt.the
century, exactwrites
Clement sameabout
authority—they
this idea of passingdon’t receiveSt.
on authority.
the keys. Clement was a contemporary of the apostles. He was the fourth Pope. St. Peter along
with Linus and Cletus, the second and third Popes, had all been martyred. Clement

1414 Say: Let’s look at

would be killed as well, but not before giving us some of the most ancient and reliable
the explanation
last point.ofWhile these offices were established, the Catholic Church
life of the early Church.
also believes these offices were passed on through the centuries to the modern day.
13

1515 Ask: Could someone please read Acts 1:15-26?

In the first century, St. Clement writes about this idea of passing on authority. St.
Clement was a contemporary of the apostles. He was the fourth Pope. St. Peter along
Ask: Could someone please
withdescribe
Linus andwhatCletus,happens
the secondinand
this passage?
third Popes, had all been martyred. Clement
would be killed as well, but not before giving us some of the most ancient and reliable
explanation
Answer: St. Peter stands up among of lifethe
of the early Church.
disciples and apostles and notes that since
Judas died someone needs to take his office as an apostle. They cast lots and Matthias 13

is “enrolled with the eleven apostles.”

Say: So, we see that the office of apostle is passed on. It does not just end with the death
of the apostles. This is why we believe these offices continue on today with our Pope and
bishops.

22
 Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

cy

1616.Ask: Could 16 In the first century, St. Clement writes about this idea of passing on authority. St.
Clement was a contemporary of the apostles. He was the fourth Pope. St. Peter along
someone please read with Linus and Cletus, the second and third Popes, had all been martyred. Clement
about St. Clement would be killed as well, but not before giving us some of the most ancient and reliable
explanation of life of the early Church.
and the quote by Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy
13
13
him as well?
“Through countryside and city [the apostles] preached, and they appointed
their earliest converts, testing them by the Spirit, to be the bishops and
Conclusion deacons of future believers . . . Our apostles knew through our Lord Jesus
Christ that there would be strife for the office of bishop. For this reason,

1717Ask: Could
therefore, having received perfect foreknowledge, they appointed those who
have already been mentioned and afterwards added the further provision that,
someone please read if they should die, other approved men should succeed to their ministry.”
the “Conclusion”? —St. Clement, Letter to the Corinthians 42:4-5, 44:1-3).

Conclusion
17 Few doctrines spark more debate than the Papacy. While this claim is outrageous to
some, if it is true, the Catholic Church is the only Church that fulfills this bold claim.
This is why it is so important to know the Scriptural, historical, and logical reasons for
this belief.
14
More Scripture verses: Luke 10:16; Luke 22:31-32; John 16:13; John 21:15-19; Acts
15:6-11; 1 Timothy 3:1-7. 14-15
More Scripture verses: Luke 10:16; Luke 22:31-32; John 16:13; John 21:15-19;
CCC: 880-892
Acts 15:6-11; 1 Timothy 3:1-7. 14-15
CCC: 880-892 Made for More: p. 57-72

Extra Resources:
Made for More: p. 57-72 Pope Fiction by Patrick Madrid
13 Upon This Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church by
Stephen K. Ray
Extra Resources:
“Peace of the Rock” in Reasons to Believe by Scott Hahn
Pope Fiction by Patrick Madrid
Upon This Rock: St. Peter Reading
and theforPrimacy
next time: of Rome
John in and
6:35-71 Scripture and 11:23-31
1 Corinthians the Early Church by
Stephen K. Ray
Practical Objections
“Peace of the Rock” in Reasons to Believe by Scott Hahn
Apologetics Principle #2: Focus on just one issue at a time: Rather
13 than addressing several objections all at once, agree on one specific area to discuss.
Reading for next time: John 6:35-71 and 1 Corinthians 11:23-31

14

23
 Pope Fiction by Patrick Madrid
Upon This Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church by
Stephen K. Ray
“Peace of the Rock” in Reasons to Believe by Scott Hahn
Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy
Reading for next time: John 6:35-71 and 1 Corinthians 11:23-31

Practical Practical Objections

Objections Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

18 Apologetics Principle #2: Focus on just one issue at a time: Rather

than
Whataddressing several objections allout
at once, agree on during
one specific area to discuss.
1818 Ask: Could
are some ways that we can act this principle an apologetics dialogue?
14
Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy
I have someone
14
read the apologetics What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?
principle and
definition for this
chapter? 15

Ask: What are

some ways that we
19 Objection 1
Most Catholic beliefs were invented in the Middle Ages. All of this talk about Mary
can act out this and the Saints, the Pope and Purgatory. Where are these in the Bible?

principle during
Objection 1
an apologetics Most Catholic beliefs were invented in the Middle Ages. All of this talk about Mary 15
dialogue? and the Saints, the Pope and Purgatory. Where are these in the Bible?

1919 Ask: Can someone please read Objection 1?

Ask: Who would like to try to respond?

Response: You brought up a lot of great issues. I think I could answer most of them
or find the answer, but for the time being, could we just concentrate on one topic?
Would you be willing to let me show you some Scripture behind the Church’s belief
about the Papacy?

As Catholics we believe the office of the Pope is rooted in Scripture.

In Matthew 16, Jesus changes Simon’s name to St. Peter (rock) and tells St. Peter that15
on this rock He will build His Church.

Jesus hands him keys as a symbol of authority and gives him the power to bind and 15
loosen. This is a term referring to authority. We believe this verse sets the foundation
for the Papacy and this office given to St. Peter was passed down in the early Church
and up until today.

Note: If you want to show more Biblical evidence for the Pope, use Isaiah 22.

24
 Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

202 Ask: Can someone please read Objection 2?

Ask: Who would like to try to respond?

Chapter Two: The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy

Response: 20 Objection 2
As Catholics, Jesus may have given particular leadership roles to the apostles at the beginning of the
Church, but the Pope and today’s bishops do not have that sort of authority.
we believe that
this idea that
the apostles’ 16
authority passes
on to bishops is both historical and scriptural.

In Acts 1, St. Peter stands up among the disciples and apostles and notes that since
Judas died someone needs to take his office as an apostle. They cast lots and Matthias
is “enrolled with the eleven apostles.”

Plus, St. Clement, a contemporary of the apostles, attests that the apostles appointed
bishops to take their place after they died. These are just a couple of reasons of why we
believe the apostles’ authority has been and continues to be passed on to bishops.

16

25
 Chapter Three
THE EUCHARIST

Chapter Three
THE EUCHARIST

What the Church says…

What the Church says…
11. Ask: Could
someone please 1 From the time of Christ, the Catholic Church has taught that the Eucharist is not
just a symbol of Jesus; but truly is Jesus’ body, blood, soul, and divinity and the
read “What the representation of Jesus’ Sacrifice on Calvary.
Church says…” on
In contrast, many non-Catholic Christians have some sort of communion or
the Eucharist? remembrance of the Last Supper, but most see it only as symbolically representing
Jesus.

Why the Why the CHURCH believes this…

CHURCH
believes 2 1. This teaching flows from the words of Jesus at the Last Supper (Matthew 26) and
the Bread of Life discourse (John 6).
this…
2. It also flows from the teaching and practices of the apostles (1 Corinthians 11) and
the clear evidence from historical Christianity.
22. Ask: Could
someone please The Last Supper

read “Why the 3 1. This teaching flows from the words of Jesus at the Last Supper (Matthew 26) and
Church believes the Bread of Life discourse (John 6).

this…”?
4 Read Matthew 26:26-28 17

The Last Supper 17

33. Say: The Catholic belief in the Eucharist flows directly from the words of Jesus.
44. Ask: Could someone please read Matthew 26:26-28?

26
 Chapter Three: The Eucharist

Chapter Three: The Eucharist

55. Ask: Why do 5 Why do you think this supports the Catholic position on the Eucharist?
you think this
supports the
Catholic position
on the Eucharist?

6
Why do you think some people might not think this passage supports the Eucharist?
Answer: Jesus
clearly states that
the bread is His
body and that
the wine is His
blood. He makes Bread of Life Discourse

no clarification 7 Read John 6:35-71 18

to indicate that
What does Jesus say about Himself in this passage? (6:35-51)
He is speaking symbolically (Similar passages are also found in Mark 14:22-24, Luke
22:17-20, and 1 Corinthians 11:23-26).

66. Ask: Why do you think some people might not think this passage supports the Eucharist?
Answer: Jesus could be only symbolically speaking about His body and blood as it
relates to His sacrifice on the cross.

Bread of Life Discourse

Say: In the Gospel of John, we have a passage on the Eucharist found nowhere else in the
Gospels. Here, Jesus elaborates on His teaching concerning eating His body and drinking
His blood one year to the18day before the Last Supper.

77. Ask: Could I have three people to volunteer to read sections of John 6:35-71? (Break the
reading into three sections: 6:35-51; 52-59; 60-71)

Note to Leader: Be sure to include the questions below that accompany each
section.

(Have someone start by reading 6:35-51)

27
 Bread of Life Discourse
Chapter Three: The Eucharist
Read John 6:35-71

88. (After reading, 8 What does Jesus say about Himself in this passage? (6:35-51)

6:35-51) Ask: What 18

does Jesus say about
Himself in this passage?

Answer: Jesus says, “I am the bread of life” (v. 35). More specifically, I am living bread
that came down from heaven (v. 51). Eating this bread, which is His flesh, will lead to
eternal life (v. 51).

(Have someone continue this passage by reading 6:52-59)

(After reading 6:52-59) Ask: In verse 52, what is the Jews’ objection to Jesus’ teaching?

Answer: They say, “How can

18 this man give us his flesh to eat?”

Ask: At this point, what do the Jews think Jesus is teaching? What is their understanding of
what He is saying?

Answer: Their understanding is that Jesus is asking them to literally eat His flesh.
Chapter Three: The Eucharist

99. Ask: In verses

53-59, what is 9 What is Jesus’ response? Does He back down from His original message? (6:52-59)

Jesus’ response to this

19
question? Does He
back down from His original message?

Answer: No, He continues to preach the same message and notes that His flesh is food
indeed and His blood is drink indeed.

(Have someone continue thisWhat is Jesus’ reaction? Does He correct His teaching?
passage by reading 6:60-71) (6:60-72)

Ask: At this point in time, Jesus has many disciples and followers. What is their reaction to
His teaching?

Answer: They reject His teaching. It is a hard saying and many of His disciples no
longer follow Him.

28
In-depth Insight

The original Greek that John 6 was written in gives us a deeper understanding of
Jesus’ teaching on the Eucharist.
 Chapter Three: The Eucharist

1010.Ask: What is
Jesus’ reaction? 10 What is Jesus’ reaction? Does He correct His teaching? (6:60-72)

Does He correct What is Jesus’ reaction? Does He correct His teaching? (6:60-72) 19
His teaching?

Answer: Jesus does not run after them and correct Himself that He meant something
else. There is no hint of anyone thinking that Jesus is speaking only symbolically. He
not only lets them go, but turns to the apostles and asks them if they are going to
abandon Him as well. Jesus was not going to bend on this teaching!

1111. Ask: Could I have someone please read the “In-depth Insight” on this passage?
In-depth Insight

11The In-depth
original GreekInsight
that John 6 was written in gives us a deeper understanding of
Throughout Jesus’ teaching on the Eucharist.
The original Greek that John 6 was written in gives us a deeper understanding of
History Jesus’50-58
In verses teaching on the Eucharist.
of chapter six, John uses the word “eat” eight times. However, John
employs two different Greek words which are both translated as “eat” in English.
In verses 50-58 of chapter six, John uses the word “eat” eight times. However, John
1212.Say: Let’s employs
Phago is used two different
in verses Greek
50-53. words“to
It means which
eat”are both translated
or “consume.” Thisasword
“eat”ininthe
English.
Greek
look at how Jesus’ can be used to eat symbolically.
Phago is used in verses 50-53. It means “to eat” or “consume.” This word in the Greek
teaching was can be used to eat symbolically.

arist
practiced in the
19
19
early Church Chapter Three: The Eucharist
19
by turning to
1 Corinthians, Trogo is used in verses 54-57 when Jesus answers the Pharisees’ objection and clarifies
exactly what He means. Trogo is more graphic—it means “to chew” or “to gnaw.”
chapter 11.
Trogo cannot be used symbolically in the Greek language. Therefore, we have to take
it to mean to literally eat the flesh of Jesus, and this graphic word is used to emphasize
this very fact.

Apologetics Tip: Take a blue pen and a black pen and circle the use of eat in v. 50-53
in black and the uses of eat in 54-57 in blue. Write in the margin, black=phago and
blue=trogo. This will allow you to easily explain this concept from your Bible when
you are talking about this subject. It will come in handy in the future!

Throughout History

2. It also flows from the teaching and practices of the apostles (1 Corinthians 11) and
12 the clear evidence from historical Christianity.
20
Read 1 Corinthians 11:23-31

How does this verse strengthen the argument regarding the Eucharist?

29
 you are talking about this subject. It will come in handy in the future!

Throughout History
Chapter Three: The Eucharist
2. It also flows from the teaching and practices of the apostles (1 Corinthians 11) and
the clear evidence from historical Christianity.

13 Read 1 Corinthians 11:23-31

14 How does this verse strengthen the argument regarding the Eucharist?

15 “I desire the Bread of God, the heavenly Bread, the Bread of Life, which
is the flesh of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who became afterwards of the
seed of David and Abraham; I desire the drink of God, namely His blood,
which is incorruptible love and eternal life” (St. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle
to the Romans, 7). 20

1313.Ask: Could I have someone please read 1 Corinthians 11:23-31?

20
Ask: After recounting the Last Supper, what does St. Paul tell the Corinthians concerning
the body and blood of Jesus?

Answer: St. Paul tells them that whoever eats or drinks unworthily will be guilty of
profaning Jesus’ body and blood.

1414 Ask: How does this verse strengthen the argument regarding the Eucharist?
Answer: If the Eucharist were merely a symbol, then there would not be such grave
judgments against someone for profaning Jesus’ body and blood.

1515 Ask: There is clear evidence that this teaching was taught in the early Church. Could
someone please read the quote from St. Ignatius of Antioch who wrote in 110 AD?

30
 Chapter Three: The Eucharist

Chapter Three: The Eucharist

Conclusion
Conclusion
1616 Ask: Could
someone 16 The Church’s belief in the Eucharist is easy to understand, but, at times, hard to
accept. Even Our Lord’s followers in the Gospel confess that “this is a hard saying”
please read the (John 6:60)! And yet, what a beautiful teaching! Jesus wants to give His whole self—
Chapter Three: The Eucharist
“Conclusion”? body, blood, soul, and divinity—to us in the Eucharist. We are given a representation
of Jesus’ Sacrifice on Calvary so that we can be in communion with Him and the
whole Church.
Conclusion
Th
Thee Eucharist doesn’t
Church’s belief inseparate us from
the Eucharist a relationship
is easy with Jesus;
to understand, but, atittimes,
binds hard
us closer
to to
him in the most intimate way. Because of this reality, many non-Catholic
accept. Even Our Lord’s followers in the Gospel confess that “this is a hard saying” Christians
become attracted
(John 6:60)! And to
yet,the Catholic
what Church.
a beautiful They want
teaching! Jesus this intimacy
wants to give with Jesus and
His whole we
self—
should be excited to tell them about it!
body, blood, soul, and divinity—to us in the Eucharist. We are given a representation
of Jesus’ Sacrifice on Calvary so that we can be in communion with Him and the
Knowing the basic Scripture passages and arguments to defend this teaching as well as
whole Church.
your own testimony of the power of the Eucharist in your life are vital in helping all
people know the true worth ofus
thefrom
Eucharist.
The Eucharist doesn’t separate a relationship with Jesus; it binds us closer to 21
him in the most intimate way. Because of this reality, many non-Catholic Christians
More Scripture
become attractedverses:
to theMark 14:22,
Catholic 24; Luke
Church. 22:19-20;
They want thisActs 2:42 with Jesus and we
intimacy
should be excited to tell them about it!
More Scripture verses: Mark
CCC:14:22,
1322-141924; Luke 22:19-20; Acts 2:42
CCC: 1322-1419 Knowing the basic Scripture passages and arguments to defend this teaching as well as
Madeown
your for More: p. 81-84
testimony of the power of the Eucharist in your life are vital in helping all
people know the true worth of the Eucharist.
Made for More: p. 81-84 Extra Resources:
The Lamb’s
More Supper
Scripture by Scott
verses: MarkHahn
14:22, 24; Luke 22:19-20; Acts 2:42
The Mass of the Early Christians by Mike Aquilina
Extra Resources: Catholic
CCC: for a Reason III: Scripture and the Mystery of the Mass edited by Scott Hahn
1322-1419
The Lamb’s Supper by Scott HahnJ. Flaherty
and Regis
Made forby
The Mass of the Early Christians More: p. 81-84
Mike Aquilina
Reading for next time: Matthew 9:1-8 and John 20:19-23
Catholic for a Reason III: Scripture and the Mystery of the Mass edited by Scott Hahn
Extra Resources:
and Regis J. Flaherty Practical
Th Objections
e Lamb’s Supper by Scott Hahn
The Mass of the Early Christians by Mike Aquilina
Catholic for a Reason
Apologetics III: Scripture
Principle and the Mystery
#3: Restate of the Mass edited
their objection and by Scott Hahn
understand
Reading for next time: Matthew
and Regis
their
9:1-8 and John 20:19-23
J. Flaherty
logic: Make sure you understand what they are really saying and see the
argument from their perspective.
Reading for next time: Matthew 9:1-8 and John 20:19-23 21

Practical Practical Objections

Objections
17 Apologetics Principle #3: Restate their objection and understand

1717Ask: Could I their logic: Make sure you understand what they are really saying and see the
argument from their perspective.
have someone read 21 21
the apologetics
principle and definition for this chapter?

31
Chapter Three: The Eucharist

Chapter Three: The Eucharist

Ask: What
What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?
are some
ways that we
can act out
this principle
during an
apologetics 18 Objection 1
In my Church we celebrate the Lord’s Supper, but it is a symbolic representation of
dialogue? Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross for us. Why do Catholics believe in the Eucharist? Why do
you think it is literally the body and blood of Jesus?

1818 Ask: Can

someone
please read
22
Objection 1?

Ask: Who would like to try to respond?

Response: So, what I hear you saying is that you believe that Jesus intended for the
Lord’s Supper to be Objection 2: Think on your feet
taken symbolically. Is this correct?
Jesus never intends for His followers to believe they were really eating His flesh. He
was speaking metaphorically: In John 6:63, Jesus says “the flesh is of no avail,”
Would you be willing to look
meaning at John,
He intends us tochapter
understand6Hisand explore
words witha spiritual
as conveying me why Catholics
reality.

believe what they do about the Eucharist?

In John 6, Jesus claims that He is the bread of life that came down from heaven and
that anyone who eats this bread will have eternal life (v. 40). When questioned by the
Jews on this teaching, rather than telling them it is a metaphor, Jesus emphasizes that
His flesh is food indeed and His blood is drink indeed (vv. 55-56). In fact, in Jesus’
response to their objections, the Greek used is trogo which is a very graphic term for
eating and is not used in a symbolic manner. It must be taken literally. When many of
His followers abandon
22 Him because of His response, He doesn’t clarify His teaching,
but allows them to leave (v. 66).

32
 Chapter Three: The Eucharist

1919 Ask: Can 19 Objection 2: Think on your feet

someone please
Jesus never intends for His followers to believe they were really eating His flesh. He
read Objection 2? was speaking metaphorically: In John 6:63, Jesus says “the flesh is of no avail,”
meaning He intends us to understand His words as conveying a spiritual reality.

Ask: Who would

like to try to
respond? 22

Response: Regarding verse 63, we need to understand what Jesus means by “flesh”
and “spirit.” Jesus would not say that His flesh is of no avail; He took on flesh to save
the world. His flesh is extremely important. Rather, “the flesh” usually refers to the
human, worldly way of seeing and behaving. To accept what Jesus proclaims in John
6 requires the spiritual 22
gift of faith. The worldly thinking prevents Jesus’ hearers from
understanding His teaching. For more examples of this, see Mark 14:38 and John 3:6.

33
 Chapter Four
THE SACRAMENT
OF CONFESSION

What the CHURCH says… Chapter Four

THE SACRAMENT
11. OF CONFESSION
Ask: Could someone please read “What the Church says…” on the Sacrament of
Confession?

Why the CHURCH believes this…

22. Ask: Let’s What the CHURCH says…

examine why
the Church 1 Jesus Christ gave His the apostles the ability to forgive sins. Today, bishops—who are
the successors of the apostles, and priests, who receive this power from the bishops,
believes have the ability to forgive sins of men (cf. CCC 1461). This is known as the Catholic
men have sacrament of Confession, also called Reconciliation or Penance.
the power
Why the CHURCH believes this…
to forgive
sins. Could
2 1.disciples.
Throughout the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus Christ hands His authority over to His
someone
please read
2. In the Gospel of John, Jesus hands over the authority to forgive sins. 23
“Why the
Church Authority to Men
believes this” section?
1. Throughout the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus Christ hands His authority over to His
disciples.

The theme of Jesus handing over His authority to men is carried out in the Gospel of
Matthew. In chapters eight and nine, Jesus heals several people and casts out demons.
Then, in chapter ten, Jesus gives this same authority to heal and cast out demons
over to the apostles. While Matthew’s Gospel does not directly state that the ability to
forgive sins was given to the apostles, it alludes to it in chapter nine.
34
23
 Why the CHURCH believes this…

Chapter
1. Throughout the Gospel of Matthew, Four:
Jesus The
Christ Sacrament
hands of over
His authority Confession
to His
disciples.

Authority to Men
2. In the Gospel of John, Jesus hands over the authority to forgive sins.

Authority to Men
33. Say: Let’s
look at reason
number one.
3 1. Throughout the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus Christ hands His authority over to His
disciples.

Throughout
the Gospel 4 The theme of Jesus handing over His authority to men is carried out in the Gospel of
Matthew. In chapters eight and nine, Jesus heals several people and casts out demons.
of Matthew, Then, in chapter ten, Jesus gives this same authority to heal and cast out demons
Jesus Christ over to the apostles. While Matthew’s Gospel does not directly state that the ability to
forgive sins was given to the apostles, it alludes to it in chapter nine.
hands His
23
authority over
23
to His disciples.

44. Ask: Could I haveChapter

someone please
Four: read the of
The Sacrament next paragraph?
Confession

55. Ask: 5 Read Matthew 9:1-8

Could I have 24
someone please
read Matthew 9:1-8?

Ask: What is this passage primarily about?

Chapter Four: The Sacrament of Confession

Answer: Jesus’ ability to forgive sins on earth (v. 8).

Read Matthew 9:1-8

Ask: How does it alludeThe

to His apostles forgiving sins?
Peace of Forgiveness

2. In theglorify
Answer: In v. 9, the crowds Gospel God,
of John,“who had given
Jesus hands over thesuch authority
authority tosins.
to forgive men.”
Notice that the Holy Spirit inspired St. Matthew to use the plural—men—not just
Read John 20:19-23
man.
How do these verses relate to the verses in Matthew and how does it argue for the
The Peace of Forgiveness
sacrament of Confession?

66. Say: Let’s The Peace of Forgiveness

look at a more
direct example 6
2. In the Gospel of John, Jesus hands over the authority to forgive sins.
24
of how Jesus Read John 20:19-23
gave His apostles the ability to forgive sins.
In-depth
How do these Insight
verses relate to the verses in Matthew and how does it argue for the
sacrament of Confession? 35
In the sacrament of Confession, the Church believes in two types of sins that can be
3 forgiven, mortal and venial. Mortal sins are deadly sins that cut off our relationship
with God. Venial sins are everyday faults that harm our relationship with God, but do
not destroy it (see 1 John 5:16-17). Confession is ordinarily necessary for mortal sins
 The Peace of Forgiveness
Chapter Four: The Sacrament of Confession
2. In the Gospel of John, Jesus hands over the authority to forgive sins.

77. Ask: On the first 7 Read John 20:19-23

Easter Sunday,
8 How do these verses relate to the verses in Matthew and how does it argue for the
sacrament of Confession?
Jesus meets the
apostles for the
first time after the
crucifixion. Jesus
comes to forgive sins
here on earth and 9 In-depth Insight
then He extends
In the sacrament of Confession, the Church believes in two types of sins that can be
this authority to
forgiven, mortal and venial. Mortal sins are deadly sins that cut off our relationship
His apostles. Could with God. Venial sins are everyday faults that harm our relationship with God, but do
someone please read not destroy it (see 1 John 5:16-17). Confession is ordinarily necessary for mortal sins
to be removed. However, the regular confession of venial sins is recommended by the
John 20:19-23? Church. (For more on Confession, see CCC 1455-1460.)

24
88. Ask: How do 24
these verses relate to
the verses in Matthew and how does it argue for the Sacrament of Confession?

Answer: Just like in Matthew’s Gospel, Jesus hands over to the apostles what He is
able to do. Here, Jesus specifically notes that they are able to forgive the sins of others.

99. Ask: Could someone read the “In-depth Insight” on Confession and how it applies to our
lives today?

Conclusion Chapter Four: The Sacrament of Confession

1010.Ask: Could 10 Conclusion

someone please read For Evangelicals who value a personal relationship with Jesus, this sacrament can
the “Conclusion”? be seen as another sign that Catholics follow a religion and not the person of Jesus
Christ. And yet, when we take a look at Scripture and the sacrament itself, we will see
that Christ desires men on earth to forgive sins in a very tangible way. Rather than
separating us from the person of Christ, the sacrament of Confession gives a human
connection. When the priest stands in the place of Jesus and forgives our sins, we can
more easily imagine Jesus personally forgiving us. 25
More Scripture verses:
On Confession: Matthew 18:18; James 5:14-16
On losing salvation: 1 Corinthians 10:12; Philippians 2:12; Hebrews 4:1; Romans
11:21-22; Hebrews 6:4-8; Hebrews 10:26-29; 2 Peter 2:20-21

CCC: 1422-1498

36 Made for More: p. 85-88

Extra Resources:
Lord, Have Mercy: The Healing Power of Confession by Scott Hahn

Reading for next time: Luke 1:26-31; Luke 1:39-56; 1 Kings 1:11-17; 1 Kings 2:13-21.
 Scriptural Apologetics
Objection Training Cards

These cards are designed to help you role-play different objections to the Catholic faith.
The cards can be used in a number of ways. One way is to have one person make an
objection to the Catholic faith and the other give an answer. The one giving the answer

Apologetics Training Cards

can read straight off of the cards, or attempt to come up with their own answer to the
objection. The cards can also be used for individual practice and review of apologetics
arguments and principles.

During role-playing, we suggest you focus on a different apologetic principle each time
and we have made a suggested principle to practice on each card. (All of the principles
and a short explanation of each can be found on the back of this card). While there
is just one principle per card, you may want to incorporate the principles you have
already learned as you progress through the cards. For instance, on the second card, you
can use both the principle found on that specific card and the principle you picked up
from the first card.

We hope these cards are effective as you learn apologetics. Enjoy!

1. Scripture and Tradition

Objection
Principle: Show you are open to dialogue

Objection: The Catholic Church’s reliance on and belief in tradition is opposed to

Jesus’ words in Matthew 15:6: “For the sake of your traditions, you have made void
Apologetics Training Cards

the word of God.”

 7 Apologetic Principles

1. Show you are open to dialogue: By being cool, calm, and collected in the
Scriptural Apologetics Objection Training Cards

face of any objection, the other person will be more open to dialogue.
2. Focus on just one issue at a time: Rather than addressing several
objections all at once, agree on one specific area to discuss.
3. Restate their objection and understand their logic: Make sure you
understand what they are really saying and see the argument from their perspective.
4. Ask thought-provoking questions: Really good questions can be more
effective than rattling off every reason you have for a particular belief.
5. Correct misunderstandings: One of the best things you can do is to correct
the false ideas about the Catholic faith or Catholics themselves.
6. Build on common ground: It is easy to see what separates us, but dialogue is
also furthered when we realize the issues agreed upon as well.
7. Be a witness, not a converter: Instead of trying to just win the argument,
view yourself as trying to give a witness to the Catholic faith.

1. Scripture and Tradition

Example Answer
Principle: Show you are open to dialogue
Scriptural Apologetics Objection Training Cards

Response: That’s a great question. Talking about the faith can be difficult at times,
but I believe it is the most important thing to discuss. So, I really enjoy it when people
ask me questions about the faith.

It is important to realize what Jesus means when He says tradition. He is speaking of

manmade traditions that have come about over the course of history. When Catholics
speak of Tradition we are talking about the Word of God handed on from Jesus to the
apostles and to their successors and us today. This Tradition is not manmade; it is the
Word of God passed on orally. This Tradition never goes against Scripture or “makes
void the word of God.”

Scripture attests to this type of Tradition: In 2 Thessalonians 2:15, St. Paul says,
“So then, brethren, stand firm and hold to the traditions which you were taught by
us, either by word of mouth or by letter.” Clearly, St. Paul is not against handing on
instructions and practices “by word of mouth or by letter,” and certainly not against
Christians holding to them.
 2. The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy
Objection
Principle: Focus on just one issue at a time

Objection: Most Catholic beliefs were invented in the Middle Ages. All of this talk
about Mary and the Saints, the Pope and Purgatory. Where are these in the Bible?

Apologetics Training Cards

3. The Eucharist
Objection
Principle: Restate their objection and understand
their logic

Objection: In my Church we celebrate the Lord’s Supper, but it is a symbolic

Apologetics Training Cards

representation of Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross for us. Why do Catholics believe in the
Eucharist? Why do you think it is literally the body and blood of Jesus?
 2. The Kingdom, Authority, and the Papacy
Example Answer
Principle: Focus on just one issue at a time

Response: You brought up a lot of great issues. I think I could answer most of them
or find the answer, but for the time being, could we just concentrate on one topic?
Would you be willing to let me show you some Scripture behind the Church’s belief
about the Papacy?

As Catholics we believe the office of the Pope is rooted in Scripture. In Matthew

16, Jesus changes Simon’s name to Peter (rock) and tells St. Peter that on this rock He
will build His Church. Jesus hands him keys as a symbol of authority and gives him
the power to bind and loosen. This is a term referring to authority. We believe this
verse sets the foundation for the Papacy and this office given to St. Peter was passed
down in the early Church and up until today.

Note: If you want to show more Biblical evidence for the Pope, use Isaiah 22
to show how Jesus is restoring this office and how it shapes who the Pope is in the
Catholic Church (succession, position of prime minister, called father, throne of
authority, head of universal church).

3. The Eucharist
Example Answer
Principle: Restate their objection and understand
their logic

Response: So, what I hear you saying is that you believe that Jesus intended for the
Lord’s Supper to be taken symbolically? Is this correct? Would you be willing to look
at John, chapter 6 and explore with me why Catholics believe what they do about the
Eucharist?

In John 6, Jesus claims that He is the bread of life that came down from heaven and
that anyone who eats this bread will have eternal life (v. 40). When questioned by the
Jews on this teaching, rather than telling them it is a metaphor, Jesus emphasizes that
His flesh is food indeed and His blood is drink indeed (vv. 55-56) In fact, in Jesus’
response to their objections, the Greek used is trogo which is a very graphic term for
eating and is not used in a symbolic manner. It must be taken literally. When many of
His followers abandon Him because of His response, He doesn’t clarify His teaching,
but allows them to leave (v. 66).
 4. Confession
Objection
Principle: Ask thought-provoking questions

Objection: Why not go to God directly? Besides, men on earth do not have the
power to forgive sins—only Jesus can. 1 John 1:9 says, “If we confess our sins, he is

Apologetics Training Cards

faithful and just, and will forgive our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness.”
This does not say anything about a priest.

5. Mary
Objection
Principle: Correct misunderstandings

Objection: Why do Catholics worship Mary?

Apologetics Training Cards
 4. Confession
Example Answer
Principle: Ask thought-provoking questions

Response: That is a good question. Do mind if I asked you a question as well?

Would you agree that God uses people to help us with the faith as well? I mean
someone has to tell us about the faith, someone has to baptize us, God chose men to
write the Scriptures for us. Would you be willing to look at some Scripture with me?

Read John 20:19-23. In verse 21, Jesus says, “As the Father has sent me, even so I
send you.” Then, in verse 23, “Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any,
they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.” Jesus intended men
to forgive others sins on earth. Now, remember the original objection and its use of 1
John 1:9. John wrote both the passage above in his Gospel and 1 John. Thus, John
would be assuming that we confess our sins to one who has the authority to forgive
sins, namely a priest.

5. Mary
Example Answer
Principle: Correct misunderstandings

Response: There are many misconceptions about Mary. Some people believe that
Catholics worship her as we would Jesus or that we choose Mary over Jesus. The
Catholic Church believes that all of our beliefs and actions regarding Mary in fact
lead us closer to Jesus. We honor Mary in imitation of Jesus and we imitate Jesus in
honoring Mary.
 6. Justification
Objection
Principle: Build on Common Ground

Objection: Catholics seems to be always trying to work their way to heaven.

Ephesians 2:8-9 says, “For by grace you have been saved by faith; and this is not

Apologetics Training Cards

your own doing; it is the gift of God—not because of works lest any man should
boast.”

7. Who Is Jesus?
Objection
Principle: Be a witness, not a converter

Objection: I don’t understand Christians. How can a man be God? I think this is
something that people made up. I don’t think He ever explicitly claimed to be God.
Apologetics Training Cards
 6. Justification
Example Answer
Principle: Build on Common Ground

Response: I am glad you asked this. This is a common misunderstanding between

Catholics and Protestants. Let’s look at what the Catholic Church actually teaches.
Before we look at some Scripture, I want to make something very clear: Just like
Protestants, the Catholic Church does not believe that we are saved by our works.
This is a heresy called that the Church condemned in the early Church. We are saved
through God’s free gift of grace, not our own doing. We have always taught and
believed this.

And yet, we do need to respond to God’s gift of salvation through faith and works.
Let’s look at James 2:18-26. James tells us that faith without works is dead. Our
response to God should include both faith and works as a sign of our belief in God.

The way that Catholic and Protestants talk about this issue often uses different terms,
but the actual beliefs of both groups are very similar.

7. Who Is Jesus?
Example Answer
Principle: Be a witness, not a converter

Response: As Christians, we do believe Jesus explicitly claimed to be God;

numerous examples exist in Scripture. In John 8:58, Jesus says, “Before Abraham
was, I am.” Jesus claims to have lived before Abraham. It is also significant that Jesus
uses the phrase, I am. As we know from Exodus 3:14, God’s self-revelation to
Moses is the name ‘I AM.’ The Jews present fully understand the message that Jesus is
conveying and in John 8:59, the Jews decide to stone Jesus for blasphemy.

Also, in John 10:30, Jesus says “I and the Father are one.” In verse 31, the Jews
again decide to stone Him. Clearly, Jesus’ audience understood Him to be claiming
divinity.

Testimony: I don’t know if this argument can fully convince you about the divinity
of Jesus. But, what I can tell is my experience of Jesus in my own life… (See testimony
section in the Appendix of the Scriptural Apologetics Bible Study).
 Chapter Four: The Sacrament of Confession

More Scripture verses: Chapter Four: The Sacrament of Confession

On Confession: Matthew 18:18; James 5:14-16

Conclusion
On losing salvation: 1 Corinthians 10:12; Philippians 2:12; Hebrews 4:1; Romans 11:21-
22; Hebrews 6:4-8; Hebrews For10:26-29; 2 Peter
Evangelicals who 2:20-21
value a personal relationship with Jesus, this sacrament can
be seen as another sign that Catholics follow a religion and not the person of Jesus
Christ. And yet, when we take a look at Scripture and the sacrament itself, we will see
CCC: 1422-1498 that Christ desires men on earth to forgive sins in a very tangible way. Rather than
separating us from the person of Christ, the sacrament of Confession gives a human
connection. When the priest stands in the place of Jesus and forgives our sins, we can
Made for More: p. 85-88 more easily imagine Jesus personally forgiving us.

More Scripture verses:

Extra Resources: On Confession: Matthew 18:18; James 5:14-16
On losing
Lord, Have Mercy: The Healing Powersalvation: 1 Corinthiansby
of Confession 10:12; Philippians
Scott Hahn2:12; Hebrews 4:1; Romans
11:21-22; Hebrews 6:4-8; Hebrews 10:26-29; 2 Peter 2:20-21

Reading for next time: LukeCCC:

1:26-31; Luke 1:39-56; 1 Kings 1:11-17; 1 Kings 2:13-21.
1422-1498

Made for More: p. 85-88

Practical Objections
Extra Resources:
Lord, Have Mercy: The Healing Power of Confession by Scott Hahn
1313.Ask: Could I have someone read the apologetics principle and definition for this
Reading for next time: Luke 1:26-31; Luke 1:39-56; 1 Kings 1:11-17; 1 Kings 2:13-21.
chapter?
Practical Objections
Ask: What are
some ways that we 13 Apologetics Principle #4: Ask thought-provoking questions: Really
good questions can be more effective than rattling off every reason you have for a
can act out this particular belief.

principle during What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?
an apologetics
25
dialogue?

25

37
Chapter Four: The Sacrament of Confession

Chapter Four: The Sacrament of Confession

1414 Ask: Can

someone please
14 Objection 1
Why not go to God directly? Besides, men on earth do not have the power to forgive
read Objection 1? sins—only Jesus can. 1 John 1:9 says, “If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just,
and will forgive our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness.” This does not say
anything about a priest.
Ask: Who would
like to try to
respond? 26

Response: That is a good question. Do mind if I asked you a question as well?

Would you agree that God uses people to help us with the faith as well? I mean
someone has to tell us about the faith, someone has to baptize us, God chose men to
write the Scriptures for us. Would you be willing to look at some Scripture with me?

Read John 20:19-23. In verse 21, Jesus says, “As the Father has sent me, even so I send
you.” Then, in verse 23, “Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any, they
are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.” Jesus intended men to
forgive others sins on earth. Now, remember the original objection and its use of 1
John 1:9. John wrote both the passage above in his Gospel and 1 John. Thus, John
would be assuming that we confess our sins to one who has the authority to forgive
sins, namely a priest.

26

38
 Chapter Five
MARY

Chapter Five
MARY
What the CHURCH says…

11. Ask: Could someone please read “What the Church says…” about Mary?

What the CHURCH says…

1 One of the biggest aspects of the Catholic faith that sets us apart is our beliefs about
Mary. In this chapter, we will focus on the specific Catholic belief about Mary as
Queen Mother and Intercessor. This chapter will lay out the Scriptural reasons for this
Catholic belief.

There are many misconceptions about Catholic devotion to Mary that we should keep
in mind when discussing her. Some people believe that we worship her as we would
Jesus or that we choose Mary over Jesus. It is important to note in our discussions
about her that we do not worship Mary, we honor her. All Catholic devotions are
intended to lead us closer to Jesus and assist us in imitating Him and giving Him
greater honor. Mary shows us how to accept Jesus into our lives just as she accepted
Jesus into her own life as His mother. Likewise Jesus as a faithful Jew honored His
mother and father. This is why we honor her and use her intercession.

Catholics believe that Mary holds the specific office of queen mother in the kingdom
that Jesus established here on earth. One central aspect of this office is intercession
on behalf of the people in the kingdom. Mary held this office here on earth and
continues this office and intercession in heaven. (St. Irenaeus, Against Heresies 5:19:1;
Vatican II, Lumen Gentium, no. 62.)
27

27

39
Chapter Five: Mary

Why the CHURCH believes this…

Chapter Five: Mary

Why the CHURCH believes this…

22. Ask: Could
someone please read 2 1. The role of queen mother in the Davidic Kingdom acts as an intercessor for the
people.
“Why the Church
believes this” 2. The New Testament confirms that Mary held this office as queen mother.
section?
Old Testament Queen Mother

Old 3 1. The role of queen mother in the Davidic Kingdom acts as an intercessor for the

Testament people.

Queen
4
A key to the Davidic kingdom, and most ancient kingdoms, is that the queen was

Mother not the wife of the king; instead, the queen was the mother of the king. Many kings
had multiple wives. In order to have only one queen, the mother of the king was the
queen, also known as the queen mother. This queen mother had a position of honor
33. Say: Let’s look and authority in the kingdom and was an intercessor for the people to the king. The
greeting for the queen mother was “mother of my lord.”
at the role of
queen mother. In-depth Insight
To understand
this role, one has 5 Aposition
few passages in the Old Testaments help to reveal some characteristics about the
of queen mother.
to know a little
Take for instance the example of Bathsheba, the wife of David. Let’s see how David
bit about the treats her when she is just his wife by reading the beginning of a story in 1 Kings,
Davidic kingdom. chapter 1. In this passage, Bathsheba is asking David to protect her son Solomon’s
right to the throne.
Remember, Jesus
came to re-establish
Read 1 Kings 1:11-17
the Davidic
kingdom here on How does Bathsheba approach David?

earth. Mary’s office 28

in this kingdom
affects our beliefs and doctrines about her.
28
44. Ask: Can I have someone please read the next paragraph?
In-depth Insight

55. Ask: Could someone please read the “In-depth Insight”? (Feel free to pass on the
reading of Scripture verses and the answers of questions to others in the group)

40
 Chapter Five: Mary
Chapter Five: Mary

5
Now, let’s look at how Bathsheba acts before the king when her son Solomon is the
king and she has the position of queen mother.

New Read 1 Kings 2:13-21

Testament How does King Solomon treat his mother Bathsheba?
Queen Chapter Five: Mary

Mother
Now, let’s look at how Bathsheba acts before the king when her son Solomon is the
king and she has the position of queen mother.
6 6.Say: The office of In the first passage, Bathsheba bows and prostrates herself before her husband, King
Read 1 Kings 2:13-21
queen mother in the David. In the second passage, Solomon, Bathsheba’s son, rises to meet her and bows
to her. He has a throne brought in for her.
Old Testament is where How does King Solomon treat his mother Bathsheba?
These two passages show that it is the queen mother in the kingdom has the authority,
we get our beliefs about
not the king’s wife/wives. The authority is represented by the throne and the actions of
Mary’s intercession. the king. Also, the passage shows that a key part of her role was to be an intercessor to

Logically, the office of the king. 29

In the fiTestament
rst passage, Bathsheba bows and prostrates herself before her husband, King
queen mother makes New Queen Mother
David. In the second passage, Solomon, Bathsheba’s son, rises to meet her and bows
sense for Mary because she is the2.
to mother
her.
TheHeNew
ofa throne
Jesusbrought
hasTestament who is for king.
confirmsinthat her. But,
Mary
the New Testament also
held this office as queen mother.
gives evidence to this belief. These two passages show that it is the queen mother in the kingdom has the authority,
Read Luke 1:39-45
not the king’s wife/wives. The authority is represented by the throne and the actions of

7 7.Ask: Could someone please

the king. Also, the passage shows that a key part of her role was to be an intercessor to
read Luke 1:39-45?
the king.

New Testament Queen Mother

Ask: What does
Elizabeth call Mary in 6 2. The New Testament confirms that Mary held this office as queen mother.

v. 43?
7 Read Luke 1:39-45

29
Answer: She calls her
the “Mother of my Lord.” 29

Say: “The Mother of my Lord” is royal court language of the time and culture of Mary and
Elizabeth used to address the queen mother of the reigning king. With this background, it
helps us see that the New Testament points out Mary’s office as queen mother.

Just like other queen mothers, Mary’s role in the kingdom is to intercede for the people. 29
And the king and all of his subjects were called to honor her. Unlike the other Davidic
kings who died, Jesus rose from the dead and lives forever. Mary, His mother, lives because
of Him. Since she still lives, we continue to honor her as a queen mother and use her
intercession.

Ask: Any questions about Mary as queen mother and intercessor?

41
Chapter Five: Mary
Chapter Five: Mary

Conclusion Conclusion 1
88. Ask: Could 8 Marian devotion is viewed as a pagan-ish practice by many Protestants, often because
they confuse the bestowal of honor with deification. Many also find it difficult to
swallow that she had such special role bestowed upon her. However, we might just
someone please read
easily question the ‘scandal’ of the Incarnation. It is important to continually return
the “Conclusion”? to the question—“What does this show us about Jesus?” As you discuss these issues—
everything we say about Mary refers back to Christ and shows forth His glory (see
CCC 487). 30
Chapter Five: Mary

More Scripture verses: John 2:1-5; Revelation 12:1-6, 13-17

More Scripture verses: JohnConclusion

2:1-5; Revelation 12:1-6, 13-17
CCC: 963-975
CCC: 963-975 On her Immaculate Conception: 490-492
Marian devotion is viewed as a pagan-ish practice by many Protestants, often because
On her Immaculate Conception: 490-492
On her Assumption:
they confuse
966, 974
the bestowal of honor with deification. Many also find it difficult to
On her intercession: 969, 975
On her Assumption: 966, 974 swallow that she had such special role bestowed upon her. However, we might just
easily question the ‘scandal’ of the Incarnation. It is important to continually return
On her intercession: 969, 975
Made for More: p. 57-72 (p. 68-72)
to the question—“What does this show us about Jesus?” As you discuss these issues—
everything we say about Mary refers back to Christ and shows forth His glory (see
Extra Resources:
CCC 487).
Made for More: p. 57-72 (p. 68-72)
Beginning Apologetics: How to Explain and Defend Mary by Fr. Frank Chacon and Jim
Burnham
More Scripture verses: John 2:1-5; Revelation 12:1-6, 13-17
Hail, Holy Queen by Scott Hahn
Extra Resources: Queen Mother by Edward Sri (Academic)
CCC: 963-975
Beginning Apologetics: How to Explain and Defend Mary by Fr. Frank Chacon and Jim
On her Immaculate Conception: 490-492
Reading for next time: Ephesians 2:1-9; Acts 2:37-39; 1 Peter 3:18-22; James 2:18-24.
Burnham On her Assumption: 966, 974
On her intercession: 969, 975
Hail, Holy Queen by Scott Hahn
Practical Objections
Queen Mother by Edward SriMade
(Academic)
for More: p. 57-72 (p. 68-72)
Apologetics Principle #5: Correct misunderstandings: One of the best
Extrayou
things Resources:
can do is to correct the false ideas about the Catholic faith or Catholics
Reading for next time: Ephesians 2:1-9; Acts 2:37-39; 1 Peter 3:18-22; James 2:18-24.
Beginning Apologetics: How to Explain and Defend Mary by Fr. Frank Chacon and Jim
themselves.
Burnham

Practical Objections Hail, Holy Queen by Scott Hahn

Queen Mother by Edward Sri (Academic)

99. Ask: Could I have someone

30
Reading for next
read the time: Ephesians
apologetics 2:1-9; Acts
principle and2:37-39; 1 Peterfor
definition 3:18-22; James 2:18-24.
this chapter?

Practical Objections
Ask: What are some
ways that we can
9 Apologetics Principle #5: Correct misunderstandings: One of the best
things you can do is to correct the false ideas about the Catholic faith or Catholics
act out this principle
themselves.
during an apologetics 30
Chapter Five: Mary
dialogue?
What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?

30
31

42
 Chapter Five: Mary

100. Ask: Could someone please read Objection 1?

Ask: Who would 10 Objection 1
Why do Catholics worship Mary?
like to try to
respond?
31
Response: There
are many misconceptions about Mary. Some people believe that Catholics worship her
as we would Jesus or that we choose Mary over Jesus. The Catholic Church believes
that all of our beliefs and actions regarding Mary in fact lead us closer to Jesus. We
honor Mary in imitation of Jesus and we imitate Jesus in honoring Mary.

1111.Ask: Can someone please read Objection 2?

Chapter Five: Mary
Ask: Who would like
to try to respond?
11 Objection 2
Why do Catholics pray to Mary? Why not just pray to Jesus?

Response: (If
the person is a
32 31
Christian) Can I
ask you a question?
Have you ever asked someone else to pray for you? Why did you do this instead of
going directly to Jesus?

Catholics don’t pray to Mary to ask for her to change a situation under her own
power. We ask her to pray for us just as you ask a friend to pray for you. However, she
is the queen mother who plays a central role of intercession within the kingdom of
God.

In regards to Mary specifically, Catholics believe that Scripture points out that she
has a very specific office in the kingdom that includes interceding on the behalf of
Christians.

(To show this evidence in Scripture, use the passages above in the
Mary as queen mother and intercession section.)

43
 Scriptural Apologetics
Objection Training Cards
Chapter Six
These cards are designed to help you role-play different objections to the Catholic
JUSTIFICATION
The cards can be used in a number of ways. One way is to have one person make
objection to the Catholic faith and the other give an answer. The one giving the an
can read straight off of the cards, or attempt to come up with their own answer to
objection. The cards can also be used for individual practice and review of apologe
arguments and principles.

Chapter Six
During role-playing, we suggest you focus on a different apologetic principle each
What the CHURCH and we have says… JUSTIFICATION
made a suggested principle to practice on each card. (All of the princ
and a short explanation of each can be found on the back of this card). While ther
11. Ask: Could someone
is just one read
please principle
“Whatper
thecard, yousays…”
Church may want to incorporate the principles you hav
on salvation?
already learned as you progress through the cards. For instance, on the second card
Why the can use both the principle found on that specific card and the principle you picke
CHURCH from the fithe
What rst card.
CHURCH says…
believes
this… 1 WeJustifi cation is an absolutely unmerited and free gift from God made possible through
hope these cards are effective as you learn apologetics. Enjoy!
Jesus Christ’s death on the cross (cf. CCC 2010). We are adopted into God’s family
through God’s grace. The idea that we can save ourselves by our own actions is a

22. Ask: Could heresy called Pelagianism and is condemned by the Catholic Church (cf. CCC 406).

someone please We do believe that in order to be saved we must respond to God’s invitation of
read “Why
1. Scripture and Tradition
salvation (cf. CCC 2002). We begin this pilgrimage of salvation through our Baptism
and continue the process by responding withObjection
faith and works (cf. CCC 1253-1254).
the Church
believes this”? Principle: Show you are open to dialogue
Why the CHURCH believes this…

2 Objection: Thstates
1. St. Paul clearly e Catholic
that GodChurch’s
initiates Hisreliance on and
grace towards belief
us before in tradition
we make any is opposed
Jesus’ words in Matthew 15:6: “For the sake of your traditions, you have made
response. We cannot be saved without this free gift.

the word of God.”

2. New Testament writers such as St. Peter show that Baptism and faith begins our
response to God’s saving grace.

3. The Letter of James shows the need for faith and works in this process. St. Paul’s
letter to the Philippians points out that our salvation is a process.

33

33

44
 Chapter Six: Justification
Chapter Six: Justification

Free Free Grace

Grace
3 Chapter
1. St. Paul clearly states that God initiates His grace towards us before we make any

33. Say: Let’s

Six: We
response. Justifi cation
cannot be saved without this free gift.

start with reason

4 Free Read Ephesians 2:4-9
Grace
number 1— 34
justification, the 1. St. Paul clearly states that God initiates His grace towards us before we make any

first step in salvation, is aresponse. We cannot be saved without this free gift.
free gift from God.
Read Ephesians 2:4-9
44. Ask: Could someone please read Ephesians 2:4-9?
Ask: What stuck out at you in this passage on salvation?
Baptism
Answer: God initiates our justification while we were still sinners. We have been saved
2. New Testament writers such as St. Peter show that Baptism and faith begins our
by His grace. response to God’s saving grace.

Read Acts 2:37-39

Baptism Baptism
What does this passage tell us about Baptism?
55. Say: Just as 5 2. New Testament writers such as St. Peter show that Baptism and faith begins our
response to God’s saving grace.
we did not begin
or merit our 6 Read Acts 2:37-39
natural life—it
is given to us. As 7
What does this passage tell us about Baptism?
34
we saw above,
we do not begin or merit our spiritual life. But, once given, we will be held accountable
as to how we live it. Let’s look at how Scripture supports Baptism as our initial response in
Faith and Works
living out this gift.
3. The Letter of James shows the need for faith and works in this process. St. Paul’s
66. Ask: After Jesus rose from
letterthe
to the Philippians
dead, points out
the apostles that ourthe
received salvation
HolyisSpirit
a process.
at Pentecost.
The apostles, led by St.34
Peter, preach to the crowd about Jesus and the crowd asks what they
Faith and Works
should do in response. Could someone please read Acts 2:37-39 for St. Peter’s response?
3. The Letter of James shows the need for faith and works in this process. St. Paul’s

77. Ask: What does this passage

letter totell us about Baptism?
the Philippians points out that our salvation is a process.

34
Answer: St. Peter instructs them to be baptized. This Baptism isn’t just a symbol; St.
Peter tells them it removes their sins and gives them the gift of the Holy Spirit. (For
more, see 1 Peter 3:18-22 and Matthew 28:18-20.)
3

45
Chapter Six: Justification

Faith and Works Chapter Six: Justification

88. Say: While Faith and Works

Read James 2:18-24

the Catholic
Church teaches 8
3. The Letter of James shows the need for faith and works in this process. St. Paul’s
letter to the Philippians points out that our salvation is a process.
34
that Baptism 34
provides justification, one needs to continue their response to God’s free gift of salvation
through faith and works. Chapter Six: Justification

99. Ask: Could 9 Read James 2:18-24

someone please 35
read James
2:18-24?
In-depth Insight

Ask: What 10Why does St. Paul seem to condemn works in many passages, like Ephesians 2:9? In
many cases, when St. Paul uses the term “works,” it is short for “works of the law.”
caught your
“Works of the law” were required practices by the Jews as a sign of their covenant
attention in with God. The works included circumcision, dietary restrictions, holy days, and
this passage other ceremonial laws. If St. Paul ever appears to be contrasting faith with works, it
about faith and is usually because he is referring to these “works of the law” that were a sign of the
Jewish covenant. After Jesus, God’s covenant is open to everyone and so the “works
works? In-depth
of the law” areInsight
no longer needed. Each time St. Paul contrasts faith with works look
at the surrounding passages. Ephesians 2:8-9 is a great example. Read on in vv. 10-15
Answer: St. Whysee
and does St. St.
what Paul seem
Paul to condemn
is really talking works
about.in many passages, like Ephesians 2:9? In
many cases, when St. Paul uses the term “works,” it is short for “works of the law.”
James tells us “Works of the law” were required practices by the Jews as a sign of their covenant
that both faith
11Read
with God.Philippians 2:12
The works included circumcision, dietary restrictions, holy days, and 35
other ceremonial laws. If St. Paul ever appears to be contrasting faith with works, it
and works are
is
Tousually
sum upbecause he is referring
the Catholic positiontoonthese “works
justifi cation:of the law” that were a sign of the
necessary for our justification.
Jewish
Particularly,
covenant. After Jesus,
heGod’s
notes that we
covenant
are tonot
is open
justified
everyone and
by “faith
A Catholic apologetics website, Catholic Answers, puts it this way: “I so
amthe “works
already saved
alone.” This is key because
of
(Rom. one
the law” tenant
8:24,are
Eph. of
no 2:5-8), Protestantism
longer needed.
but I’m Each is that
time St.
also being savedPaulthey are
(1 contrasts
Cor. 1:18, justified
faith with2:15,
2 Cor. byPhil.
works look
faith alone. The only time
at thethis
2:12), andphrase
surrounding
I have the appears
passages.
hope that inI will
Scripture
Ephesians be2:8-9 isa great
savedis(Rom.when it says
example.
5:9-10, we3:12-15).
Read
1 Cor. arein not
on vv. Like
10-15the
and see Paul
apostle whatISt.
amPaul is really
working outtalking about. in fear and trembling (Phil. 2:12), with
my salvation
justified by faith alone.
hopeful confidence in the promises of Christ (Rom. 5:2, 2 Tim. 2:11-13).”

1010 Ask: Could someone read

Readthe
Philippians
“In-depth2:12
Insight”?
35
To sum up the Catholic position on justification:
1111.Ask: Catholics believeA that ourapologetics
Catholic faith is an on-going
website, process.
Catholic Scripture
Answers, puts it thisattests
way: “Itoamthis in saved
already
Philippians 2:12. Could someone please read this passage?
(Rom. 8:24, Eph. 2:5-8), but I’m also being saved (1 Cor. 1:18, 2 Cor. 2:15, Phil.
2:12), and I have the hope that I will be saved (Rom. 5:9-10, 1 Cor. 3:12-15). Like the
apostle Paul I am working out my salvation in fear and trembling (Phil. 2:12), with
Say: This passage shows that ourconfi
hopeful salvation is an
dence in the ongoing
promises process.
of Christ We5:2,
(Rom. start the2:11-13).”
2 Tim. process with
Baptism, we continue the process with faith and works and we will complete the process
when we reach heaven with God.
35
46
 of the law” are no longer needed. Each time St. Paul contrasts faith with works look
at the surrounding passages. Ephesians 2:8-9 is a great example. Read on in vv. 10-15
and see what St. Paul is really talking about.
Chapter Six: Justification

Read Philippians 2:12

1212.Ask: Could To sum up the Catholic position on justification:

someone
12 A Catholic apologetics website, Catholic Answers, puts it this way: “I am already saved
please read a (Rom. 8:24, Eph. 2:5-8), but I’m also being saved (1 Cor. 1:18, 2 Cor. 2:15, Phil.
summary of 2:12), and I have the hope that I will be saved (Rom. 5:9-10, 1 Cor. 3:12-15). Like the
apostle Paul I am working out my salvation in fear and trembling (Phil. 2:12), with
the Catholic hopeful confidence in the promises of Christ (Rom. 5:2, 2 Tim. 2:11-13).”
position on
35
salvation?
35

Conclusion

1313.Ask: Could someone please read the “Conclusion”?

Chapter Six: Justification

Conclusion

13 The issue of justification is a complex topic within Scripture and Theology. Whenever
examining passages, remember to keep all of Scripture in mind. The Catholic view
is not constructed based upon one verse, but by a comprehensive examination of
all of Scripture’s teaching on the subject and the constant teaching of the Church
throughout history.

Also, when discussing this with Protestants, the topic of justification is more often
about clarifying what we believe as Catholics as opposed to asserting why our
position is the correct one. Misunderstandings on both sides can cause a great deal of
confusion and false perceptions. (For instance, many Protestants think that Catholics
rely solely on works. Catholics can perceive that Protestants discount works entirely.)
Be sure to explain that the Catholic Church does not believe that we work our way
into heaven. Just like Protestants, we totally rely on God’s grace to be saved.

Our response to this gift is faith and works. Usually, this formula regarding faith
and works is very similar to what many Protestants profess to believe, but they may
phrase things differently. (Catholics emphasize faith and works together as a response.
Protestants see works coming naturally out of a true faith.) However, Catholics and
Protestants do understand Baptism and the reception of grace differently. (For more,
see the document “Evangelicals and Catholics Together,” which can be found on the
internet.)
36
More Scripture verses:

On Baptism: John 3:5; Romans 6:4; Mark 16:16; Acts 22:16; Titus 3:5-8

CCC:
On Baptism: 1213-1284
On Justification: 1987-2029

Made for More: p. 76-81 (On Baptism)

Extra Resources:
47
The Salvation Controversy by Jimmy Akin

36
Chapter Six: Justification

More Scripture verses:

On Baptism: John 3:5; Romans 6:4; Mark 16:16; Acts 22:16; Titus 3:5-8

CCC:
On Baptism: 1213-1284
On Justification:1987-2029

Made for More: p. 76-81 (On Baptism)

Extra Resources:
The Salvation Controversy by Jimmy Akin
Chapter Six: Justification

Reading for next time: John 8:54-59 Chapter Six: Justification

Reading for next time: John 8:54-59

Practical Objections
Reading for next time: John 8:54-59 1
Practical Objections

1414.Ask: Practical
ApologeticsObjections
Principle #6: Build on common ground: It is easy to see
Could I have what separates us, but dialogue is also furthered when we realize the issues agreed
Apologetics
upon as well. Principle #6: Build on common ground: It is easy to see
someone read 14 what separates us, but dialogue is also furthered when we realize the issues agreed
the apologetics upon
Whatasarewell.
some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?
principle and
What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?
definition for
this chapter? 37

Ask: What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?

1515 Ask: Can Objection 1

someone please
15 Catholics seem to be always trying to work their way to heaven. Ephesians 2:8-9
read Objection Objection
says, “For by 1grace you have been saved by faith; and this is not your own doing; it is
1? Catholics
the gift ofseem to be always
God—not becausetrying to work
of works theirman
lest any wayshould
to heaven. Ephesians 2:8-9
boast.”
says, “For by grace you have been saved by faith; and this is not your own doing; it is
the gift of God—not because of works lest any man should boast.”
Ask: Who would 37
like to try to
respond?

48
 Chapter Six: Justification

Response: I am glad you asked this. This is a common misunderstanding between

Catholics and Protestants. Let’s look at what the Catholic Church actually teaches.
Before we look at some Scripture, I want to make something very clear: Just like
Protestants, the Catholic Church does not believe that we are saved by our works.
This is a heresy that the Church condemned in the early Church. We are saved
through God’s free gift of grace, not our own doing. We have always taught and
believed this.

And yet, we do need to respond to God’s gift of salvation through faith and works.
Let’s look at James 2:18-26. James tells us that faith without works is dead. Our
response to God should include both faith and works as a sign of our belief in God.

on The way that Catholics and Protestants talk about this issue often uses different terms,
but the actual beliefs of both groups are very similar.

1616Ask: Can someone please read Objection 2?

Chapter Six: Justification

Ask: Who would

16
Objection 2
like to try to Baptism is merely an action that symbolizes a faith commitment to Jesus Christ. It
respond? is a beautiful symbol, but is not the God given means of granting us new life and
justification.

Response: 38
In Acts 2:38,
St. Peter speaks to a group of Jews gathered in Jerusalem. They hear his message about
Jesus and ask St. Peter how to respond. He tells them to “repent and be baptized…for
the forgiveness of your sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.” St. Peter
points to Baptism as the correct response, and this Baptism, along with repentance, is
what forgives our sins and gives us the Holy Spirit.

Response from additional information: Also, in 1 Peter 3:18-22, St. Peter

notes that Baptism saves a believer. Jesus Christ mandates Baptism in Matthew 28:19-
20 when he says, “Go, therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in
the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.”

49
 Chapter Seven
WHO IS JESUS?

Chapter Seven
Note to Leader: We recommend reading WHO IS JESUS?
the article “Are the Gospels Myth” by
Carl Olson (found in the Appendix) before you lead this chapter.

11. Ask: Could I have someone please read the introduction for this topic?

1 Who is Jesus? The answer to this question is highly contested. Some claim He was
God. Some claim He was a fraud. Some claim He was only a prophet. Some claim He
never existed. This argument is not simply an intellectual exercise; it has enormous
ramifications—if someone claims that Jesus is truly God, it should change his life
forever.

The audience for this particular topic can vary significantly. Surely, this argument is
helpful in discussing the faith with atheists and agnostics. More often we find people
in America who are lukewarm in their faith or who have distanced themselves from
Christianity. It is important to get to the heart of the matter by having them consider
Jesus’ true identity.

For each audience, different objections will arise from this argument. We have
provided some resources at the end of the chapter and in the Appendix to help address
some potential objections.
39
What the CHURCH says…

Here is an ancient summary of what the Church believes about Jesus:

“I believe...in one Lord Jesus Christ,
the Only Begotten Son of God,
born of the Father before all ages.
God from God, Light from Light,
true God from true God,
begotten, not made,
50 39
 forever.

The audience for this particular topic can vary significantly. Surely, this argument is
ChapterMore
helpful in discussing the faith with atheists and agnostics. Seven:
oftenWho is people
we find Jesus?
in America who are lukewarm in their faith or who have distanced themselves from
Christianity. It is important to get to the heart of the matter by having them consider
What the CHURCH says… Jesus’ true identity.

For each audience, different objections will arise from this argument. We have
22. Ask: Could someoneprovided
please read
some “What
resourcesthe Church
at the end of says…” about
the chapter thetheidentity
and in AppendixoftoJesus?
help address
some potential objections.

What the CHURCH says…

2
Here is an ancient summary of what the Church believes about Jesus:
“I believe...in one Lord Jesus Christ,
the Only Begotten Son of God,
born of the Father before all ages.
Why the God from God, Light from Light,
CHURCH true God from true God,
believes begotten, not made,
Chapter Seven: Who Is Jesus? 39
this… 39
consubstantial with the Father;
33. Ask: Could through him all things were made.”
someone please (Nicene Creed, Roman Missal, third edition, approved in 2010)

read “Why
Specifically, we will be focusing on answering the question—was Jesus God?
the Church
believes this”? Why the CHURCH believes this…

A Divine 3 1. In Scripture, Jesus explicitly claims to be God.

Claim 2. If we look at the evidence in Scripture, someone only has four options in regards
to Jesus: He was either God and Lord as he claimed or He was a liar, a lunatic, or a
44. Say: First, legend. Logic will show that the most probable answer is that Jesus was Lord.

let’s look at
A Divine Claim
where Jesus
claims to 4 1. In Scripture, Jesus explicitly claims to be God.
be God in
Scripture. 5 Read John 8:54-59
40
What claim does Jesus make in this passage and what does this mean?
55. Ask: Could I have someone please read John 8:54-59?

What do the Jews do in reaction to Jesus’ statement?

39
51
 to Jesus: He was either God and Lord as he claimed or He was a liar, a lunatic, or a
legend. Logic will show that the most probable answer is that Jesus was Lord.

Chapter Seven: Who is Jesus?

A Divine Claim

1. In Scripture, Jesus explicitly claims to be God.

66. Ask: What claim does Jesus make in this passage and what does this mean?
Read John 8:54-59
Answer: In
John 8:58, 6 What claim does Jesus make in this passage and what does this mean?
Jesus says,
“Before
Abraham
was, I am.”
Abraham
lived
7 What do the Jews do in reaction to Jesus’ statement?
centuries
before Jesus 40
and yet Jesus
claims to have lived before him. This is an amazing claim.

Say: Not only that, Jesus is also using a significant phrase from the Old Testament. In
Exodus 3:14, God appears to Moses. Moses asks for God’s name to which God replies “I am
40
who I am.” When Jesus says “before Abraham was, I am,” He is not just claiming to live
long ago, but He is taking on the very name and identity of God.

77. Ask: What do the Jews do in reaction to Jesus’ statement?

Answer: They decide to stone him.

Say: Think about this. Have you ever heard someone say something you didn’t agree with?
You might have wanted to argue with them or even yell at them. But, the Pharisees go so
far as to want to kill Him. They fully understood Jesus’ words—He was claiming to be
God.

52
 Chapter Seven: Who is Jesus?

The Four L’s

88. Say: Now, let’s look reason number two—based on Jesus’ claim to be divine—He had to
be either Lord, a liar, a lunatic, or a legend. Let’s see why this is the case.
Chapter Seven: Who Is Jesus?

99. Ask: The Four L’s

Could I have
someone 8 2. If we look at the evidence in Scripture, someone only has four options in regards
please read to Jesus: He was either God and Lord as he claimed or He was a liar, a lunatic, or a
legend. Logic will show that the most probable answer is that Jesus was Lord.
the first two
paragraphs
about why
9 Some answer the question—who is Jesus?—by ignoring His divinity and claiming
that Jesus was only a good man and a good moral teacher. The argument that follows
Jesus cannot seeks to go after this claim and prove that this is not an option when talking about
Jesus Christ.
be a good
moral With any reasonable definition of “good,” we cannot hold that Jesus was “a good
teacher? man” or “a good moral teacher” who also happened to be wrong about being God
Incarnate. The reasons are as follows:

1010Ask: Could
someone 10 (1) If Jesus wasn’t God, but was convinced that He was, then He was insane. If He
was delusional to the extent of wrongly claiming divinity, then He is disqualified from
please read being a reliable moral authority. One cannot be both a lunatic and a moral authority.
the rest of this
When we examine the sayings of Jesus like the Beatitudes of Matthew 5-7, He does
argument?
not sound like a lunatic. It is hard to believe that someone who is crazy could speak
such truth in such a beautiful way.

(2) Another option is that if Jesus wasn’t God and knew it, but deceived people into
believing Him to be, then He was a liar. If He was trying to deceive people into
believing a lie, He proves Himself not to be a “good moral teacher.”

If Jesus is a liar, what did He have to gain? Throughout the Gospels, He refuses to be
made a king and, at the end of His life, He willfully goes to the cross to die.

If we want to claim that Jesus was consistently good and a teacher of the truth, then
we are inclined to believe His claim to be divine.

41

In-depth Insight

41

53
Chapter Seven: Who is Jesus?

1111.Ask: Could I have someone please read the “In-depth Insight” about the legend or myth
Chapter Seven: Who Is Jesus?
aspect of this
argument? 11 A very popular argument today claims that the accounts we have of Jesus in Scripture
are merely legends made up by early Christians rather than a true account of who
Chapter Seven: Who Is Jesus?
Jesus is. Some take this idea farther and claim Jesus is simply a myth and never even
existed.
A very popular argument today claims that the accounts we have of Jesus in Scripture
are merely legends made up by early Christians rather than a true account of who
If one proposes these ideas, it is important for him or her to be faced with some
Jesus is. Some take this idea farther and claim Jesus is simply a myth and never even
questions.
existed.
If the apostles or very early Christians made Jesus into something He was not, why
If one proposes these ideas, it is important for him or her to be faced with some
would they do this? They had little to gain. Peter Kreeft, Catholic philosopher,
questions.
elaborates on what the early Christians would have gained if they had made up this
story: “Their friends and families scorned them. Their social standing, possessions,
If the apostles or very early Christians made Jesus into something He was not, why
and political privileges were stolen from them by both Jews and Romans. They were
would they do this? They had little to gain. Peter Kreeft, Catholic philosopher,
persecuted, imprisoned, whipped, tortured, exiled, crucified, eaten by lions, and cut to
elaborates on what the early Christians would have gained if they had made up this
pieces by gladiators.”
story: “Their friends and families scorned them. Their social standing, possessions,
and political privileges were stolen from them by both Jews and Romans. They were
If someone after the apostles and early Christians made Jesus into legendary status,
persecuted, imprisoned, whipped, tortured, exiled, crucified, eaten by lions, and cut to
we would have seen some type of conflict over these significant changes about His
pieces by gladiators.”
divinity or miracles. No such conflict seems to exist historically nor do the Gospels
seem to present conflicting characteristics of Jesus.
If someone after the apostles and early Christians made Jesus into legendary status,
we would have seen some type of conflict over these significant changes about His
For more on this, see Carl Olson’s article “Are the Gospels Myth?” in the Appendix.
divinity or miracles. No such conflict seems to exist historically nor do the Gospels
seem to present conflicting characteristics of Jesus.
42
Conclusion
Conclusion For more on this, see Carl Olson’s article “Are the Gospels Myth?” in the Appendix.
The main purpose of this argument is to center on the most important aspect

1212 Ask: Could

of Christianity—who is Jesus? Rarely, do non-Christians or even fallen-away or
Conclusion
lukewarm Christians really sit down and think this through from a Christian
someone perspective. By presenting these basic arguments, the non-believer will have to
please read the 12 The main purpose of this argument is to center on the most important aspect
wrestle with the identity of Jesus Christ. Surely, other questions and objections will
of Christianity—who is Jesus? Rarely, do non-Christians or even fallen-away or
follow, but centering the conversation on this essential question is the first step in a
“Conclusion”? lukewarm Christians really sit down and think this through from a Christian
conversion—for all other arguments depend on Jesus’ very identity. Be sure to add
perspective. By presenting these basic arguments, the non-believer will have to
your own personal testimony to any logic that you may use. Sometimes this can be
wrestle with the identity of Jesus Christ. Surely, other questions and objections will
the most effective “argument.” It is hard to refute someone’s personal experience. For
follow, but centering the conversation on this essential question is the first step in a
more on how to give your personal testimony see the information in the Practical
conversion—for all other arguments depend on Jesus’ very identity. Be sure to add
Objections and the section in the Appendix.
your own personal testimony to any logic that you may use. Sometimes this can be
42the most effective “argument.” It is hard to refute someone’s personal experience. For
more on how to give your personal testimony see the information in the Practical
Objections and the section in the Appendix.
42
42

54
 Chapter Seven: Who is Jesus?

Resources on this topic:

More Scripture verses: Read John 10:30, John 14:6; John 20:26-29; John 8:23; John
8:46
CCC: 430-455

Made for More: p. 13-26; 41-56

In the appendix of this study: “Are the Gospels Myth?” Carl E. Olson

Extra Resources:
On the reliability of the New Testament: read chapter 2, “Can You Believe What You
Read” in Made for More by Curtis Martin
Chapter Seven: Who Is Jesus?

Jesus of Nazareth by PopeMore

Benedict
Scripture verses: Read John 10:30, John 14:6; John 20:26-29; John 8:23;
Fabricating Jesus: How Modern
John 8:46Scholars Distort the Gospels by Craig A. Evans
“The Divinity of Christ” in Handbook of Christian Apologetics by Peter Kreeft and
CCC: 430-455
Ronald K. Tacelli
The Jesus Legend by PaulMade
Rhodes Eddy
for More: and 41-56
p. 13-26; Gregory A. Boyd (Academic)
The Historical Reliability of the Gospels by Craig Blomberg (Academic)
In the appendix of this study: “Are the Gospels Myth?” Carl E. Olson
Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony by Richard Bauckham
(Academic) Extra Resources:
On the reliability of the New Testament: read chapter 2, “Can You Believe What You
The Case for Christ by Lee Strobel
Read” in Made for More by Curtis Martin

Practical Objections
Jesus of Nazareth by Pope Benedict
Fabricating Jesus: How Modern Scholars Distort the Gospels by Craig A. Evans
“The Divinity of Christ” in Handbook of Christian Apologetics by Peter Kreeft and
Note to Leader: ForRonald the practical
K. Tacelli objections, you have three options. You can: Use
The Jesus Legend by Paul Rhodes Eddy and Gregory A. Boyd (Academic)
the objections below, have the group work on their personal testimonies (information
The Historical Reliability of the Gospels by Craig Blomberg (Academic)
on this is in the Appendix)
Jesus or
andyou can do both.
the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony by Richard Bauckham
(Academic)
The Case for Christ by Lee Strobel
1313.Ask: Could I have someone read the apologetics principle and definition for this
chapter?
13 Practical Objections

Apologetics Principle #7. Be a witness, not a converter: Instead

of trying to just win the argument, view yourself as trying to give a witness to the
Catholic faith.
43

55
 Chapter Seven: Who Is Jesus?

Chapter Seven: Who is Jesus?

What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?

Chapter Seven: Who Is Jesus?

Ask: What are

some ways that What are some ways that we can act out this principle during an apologetics dialogue?

we can act out

this principle 44
during an
apologetics
dialogue? 14 Objection 1
I don’t understand Christians. How can a man be God? I think this is something that
people made up. I don’t think He ever explicitly claimed to be God.

1414.Ask: Can
someone please Objection 1 44
I don’t understand Christians. How can a man be God? I think this is something that
read Objection 1? people made up. I don’t think He ever explicitly claimed to be God.

Ask: Who would like to try to respond?

Response: As Christians, we do believe Jesus explicitly claimed to be God;

numerous examples exist in Scripture. In John 8:58, Jesus says, “Before Abraham
was, I am.” Jesus claims to have lived before Abraham. It is also significant that Jesus
uses the phrase, I am. As we know from Exodus 3:14, God’s self-revelation to
Moses is the name ‘I AM.’ The Jews present fully understand the message that Jesus is
conveying and in John 8:59, the Jews decide to stone Jesus for blasphemy.

Also, in John 10:30, Jesus says “I and the Father are one.” In verse 31, the Jews
again decide to stone Him. Clearly, Jesus’ audience understood Him to be claiming
divinity.

Testimony: I don’t know 44 if this argument can fully convince you about the divinity
of Jesus. But, what I can tell is my experience of Jesus in my own life…(See testimony
section in the Appendix of the Scriptural Apologetics Bible Study).
44
1515.Ask: Can someone please read Objection 2? Chapter Seven: Who Is Jesus?

Ask: Who would 15 Objection 2

like to try to Jesus was certainly a good moral teacher, but I don’t think He was actually divine.

respond?

45

56
 Chapter Seven: Who is Jesus?

Response: If we look at the evidence in Scripture, someone only has four options
in regards to Jesus: He was either God and Lord as He claimed or He was a liar, a
lunatic, or a legend. Logic will show that Jesus must have been Lord.

With any reasonable definition of “good,” we cannot hold that Jesus was “a good man”
or “a good moral teacher” who just happened to be wrong about being God Incarnate.

First, if Jesus wasn’t God, but was convinced that he was, then He was insane. If he
was delusional to the extent of wrongly claiming divinity, then He is disqualified from
being a reliable moral authority.

Second, if Jesus wasn’t God, but deceived people into believing Him to be, then He
was a liar. If He was trying to deceive people into believing a lie, He proves Himself
not to be a “good moral teacher.”

If we want to claim that Jesus was consistently good and a teacher of the truth, then
we are inclined to believe His claim to be divine.

57
Notes

58
 APPENDIX

7 Apologetic Principles

1. Show you are open to dialogue: By being cool, calm, and collected in the
face of any objection, the other person will be more open to dialogue.

2. Focus on just one issue at a time: Rather than addressing several

objections all at once, agree on one specific area to discuss.

3. Restate their objection and understand their logic: Make sure you
understand what they are really saying and empathize with their logic.

4. Build on common ground: It is easy to see what separates us, but dialogue is
also furthered when we realize the issues agreed upon as well.

5. Ask thought-provoking questions: Really good questions can be more

effective than rattling off every reason you have for a particular doctrine.

6. Be a witness, not a converter: Instead of trying to just win the argument,

approach the conversation as someone giving witness to the Catholic faith.

7. Correct misunderstandings: One of the best things you can do is to correct

the false ideas about the Catholic faith or Catholics themselves.

59
Appendix

Recommended Apologetics Books

A Biblical Defense of Catholicism by Dave Armstrong

Born Fundamentalist, Born Again Catholic by David B. Currie
Catholic for a Reason I
Catholic for a Reason II
Catholic for a Reason III
Catholic for a Reason IV
Crossing the Tiber: Evangelical Protestants Discover the Historical Church by Stephen K.
Ray
Evidence that Demands a Verdict by Josh McDowell (Protestant)
Fundamentals of the Faith: Essays in Christian Apologetics by Peter Kreeft
Handbook of Christian Apologetics by Peter Kreeft and Ronald K. Tacelli
Reasons to Believe by Scott Hahn
Search and Rescue by Patrick Madrid
Will Catholics Be Left Behind: A Critique of the Rapture and Today’s Prophecy Preachers
by Carl E. Olson

Giving Your Testimony

Objective: To help one prepare or revise a three to five minute personal testimony, and
share it with another person within two weeks.

Outline

I. Definition of a personal testimony

A personal testimony is a Christ-centered witness to God’s actions in a person’s
life.

II. Why give a testimony

A. The call to evangelize is universal (Matt. 28:18-20).
B. Jesus specifically tells us to do it (Luke 8:38-39).
C. People will come to faith through our witness (John 4:28-30, 39-40).
D. We should always be prepared to give a reason for the hope within us (1 Pet.
3:15).

60
 Appendix

E. When well-prepared, it is concrete and non-threatening to non-Christians. It

is harder for others to deny our experience as a Christian than if we were to
present abstract ideas.
F. It is one of the most natural ways to share the Gospel (easily conversational,
can be put into writing).

III. Basic progression of a personal testimony (based on Acts 26)

A. My life before I knew Jesus Christ (26:1-11)
• What kind of a person was I socially, spiritually, and emotionally?
• Unifying theme to testimony should be introduced (familiarity with
Christ, but never knew Him personally; loneliness in college; spiritual
hunger; the Fatherhood of God; etc.). Paul’s unifying theme: his
devotion to Judaism.
B. How I came to know Jesus Christ (26:12-18)
• What happened? Even if conversion was gradual, the testimony
should still give one concrete moment or turning point for audience
to “hang onto.”
• If other people were involved in bringing about conversion, care
should still be taken to make sure this section is Christ-centered and
not agent-centered.
• Avoid over-dramatization.
C. My life in Jesus Christ (26:19-23)
• What changes have occurred in my life? How am I living my
relationship with Jesus?
• Care must be particularly exercised here with regards to language.
Avoid using loaded words and phrases (“follow the Spirit,”
“indwelling of the Trinity,” “vocation,” “sacraments,” “quiet time,”
“dark night of the soul,” etc.). If you do use them, define what they
are.
• Avoid extremes: try not to come across as a perfected saint, but, at
the same time, don’t dwell on struggles and failures.
D. Challenge/Invitation to audience (26:27-29)
• Ask audience (implicitly or explicitly), “How will you respond to Jesus
Christ?”

61
Appendix

IV. Elements of a good testimony (CAST)

E. Concreteness: The audience is given “handles” to the testimony. Experiences,
places and persons are described accurately and unambiguously, yet without
obsession to detail. The turning point (how one came to know Jesus Christ)
is identifiable and specific (even if it is just one of many turning points).
The person giving the testimony comes across as real and ordinary.
F. Accessibility: The experiences are described in such a way that the audience
can relate to or understand them. Language chosen is free from lingo and
dense terminology (“sin,” “tabernacle,” “Eucharistic adoration,” etc.).
G. Simplicity: The “plot” or “thread” of the testimony is clear and follow-able,
without confusing tangents and complex details. Jesus Christ is at the center
of this testimony and is its hinge.
H. Thematic: There is one overarching theme or analogy used. Every point of
the testimony should in some way be related to this singular theme.

IV. Conclusion
I. Every Christian should have a memorized and a written testimony.
J. The testimony is a powerful, yet simple tool.
K. Action point: Prepare a testimony and practice it in your Bible study.

“Are the Gospels Myth?” by Carl E. Olson

January 11, 49 B.C. is one of the most famous dates in the history of ancient Rome,
even of the ancient world. On that date Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River,
committing himself and his followers to civil war. Few, if any, historians doubt that
the event happened. On the other hand, numerous skeptics claim that the Gospels
of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are myth and have no basis in historical fact. Yet,
as historian Paul Merkley pointed out two decades ago in his article, “The Gospels as
Historical Testimony,” far less historical evidence exists for the crossing of the Rubicon
than does for the events depicted in the Gospels: There are no firsthand testimonies
to Caesar’s having crossed the Rubicon (wherever it was). Caesar himself makes no
mention in his memoirs of crossing any river. Four historians belonging to the next
two or three generations do mention a Rubicon River, and claim that Caesar crossed
it. They are: Velleius Paterculus (c.19 B.C.–c.A.D. 30); Plutarch (c.A.D. 46–120);
Suetonius (75–160); and Appian (second century). All of these evidently depended

62
 Appendix

on the one published eyewitness account, that of Asinius Pollio (76 B.C.–c. A.D.
4)—which account has disappeared without a trace. No manuscript copies for any of
these secondary sources is to be found earlier than several hundred years after their
composition. (The Evangelical Quarterly 58, 319-336) Merkley observed that those
skeptics who either scoff at the historical reliability of the Gospels or reject them
outright as “myth” do so without much, if any, regard for the nature of history in
general and the contents of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in particular.

The Distinctive Sign

So, are the four Gospels “myth”? Can they be trusted as historical records? If
Christianity is about “having faith,” do such questions really matter? The latter
question is, I hope, easy to answer: Yes, it obviously matters very much if the
narratives and discourses recorded by the four evangelists are about real people and
historical events. Pope Benedict XVI, in his book Jesus of Nazareth, offers this succinct
explanation:
For it is of the very essence of biblical faith to be about real historical events. It does
not tell stories symbolizing suprahistorical truths, but is based on history, history
that took place here on this earth. The factum historum (historical fact) is not an
interchangeable symbolic cipher for biblical faith, but the foundation on which it
stands: Et incarnates est —when we say these words, we acknowledge God’s actual
entry into real history. (Jesus of Nazareth, xv)

Christianity, more than any other religion, is rooted in history and makes strong—
even shocking—claims about historical events, most notably that God became man
and dwelt among us. Of course, some Christians of a less-than-orthodox persuasion
are content to discard large chunks of the Gospels as unnecessary (or even “offensive”)
or to interpret as “mythological” or “metaphorical” nearly each and every event and
belief described therein. But such is not the belief of the Catholic Church (or of the
Eastern Orthodox churches and most conservative Protestants). As the Catechism of
the Catholic Church flatly states: “Belief in the true Incarnation of the Son of God is
the distinctive sign of Christian faith” (CCC 463).

It is, ultimately, this distinctive sign—the conviction that Jesus of Nazareth was and is
truly God and man—that is the focal point of attacks on the historical credibility of
the Gospels and the New Testament. Over the past few centuries many historians and
theologians have sought to uncover the “historical Jesus” and to peel away the many

63
Appendix

layers of what they believed were legend and theological accretion. Many abandoned
hope that any historical (never mind theological) fact could be extracted from the
Gospels.

A Work of Fiction

There were many complex reasons for this state of affairs, one of them being the
Enlightenment-era doctrine that purely scientific, objective history could not only
be found, but was necessary. Empirical data became for many scholars—men such
as Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and René Descartes—the key to all scholarship,
including the study of history. It became the accepted wisdom that supernatural or
miraculous elements could not be considered scientific and truly historical and that
they had to be rejected. Anything outside the realm of empirical data was liable to be
labeled “myth” and “legend.”

Fast-forward to our day. The results of this approach are all around us, both in
the scholarly and popular realm. Not long ago, a young filmmaker named Brian
Flemming produced a documentary titled The God Who Wasn’t There. Its purpose, he
explained in an interview, is to demonstrate that the “biblical Jesus” is a myth. Asked
to summarize the evidence for this stance, Flemming explained: It’s more a matter
of demonstrating a positive than a negative, and the positive is that early Christians
appeared not to have believed in a historical Jesus. If the very first Christians appear
to believe in a mythical Christ, and only later did “historical” details get added bit by
bit, that is not consistent with the real man actually existing. . . . I would say that he
is a myth in the same way that many other characters people believed actually existed.
Like William Tell is most likely a myth, according to many folklorists and many
historians. Of course, [Jesus] is a very important myth. I think that he was invented
a long time ago, and those stories have been passed on as if they are true. (David Ian
Miller, “Finding My Religion,” www.sfgate.com)

Here “myth” is synonymous with “fiction” or even “falsehood,” reflecting the

Enlightenment-era bias against anything bearing even trace amounts of the
supernatural. “All I’m saying,” remarked Flemming, “is that [Jesus] doesn’t exist, and it
would be a healthy thing for Christians to look at the Bible as a work of fiction from
which they can take inspiration rather than, you know, the authoritative word
of God.”

64
 Appendix

“Serious Unicorns”

Thus the Gospels, according to skeptics such as Flemming, are compilations of “nice
stories” or “silly tales,” just like stories about unicorns and the Easter Bunny. Some
skeptics mock Christians for holding fearfully onto childish tales while the truly
mature people (self-described by some as “brights”) go about the business of making
the world a better place. “Meanwhile, we should devote as much time to studying
serious theology,” stated well-known atheist Richard Dawkins in column in The
Independent (Dec. 23, 1998), “as we devote to studying serious fairies and serious
unicorns.” Fellow God-basher Daniel Dennett, in his book Darwin’s Dangerous
Idea, wrote,

The kindly God who lovingly fashioned each and every one of us and sprinkled
the sky with shining stars for our delight—that God is, like Santa Claus, a myth of
childhood, not anything [that] a sane, undeluded adult could literally believe in. That
God must either be turned into a symbol for something less concrete or abandoned
altogether. (18)

Smarter than Thou

Such rhetoric rests both on the assumption that the Gospels are fanciful myth and
that the authors of the New Testament (and their readers) were clueless about the
difference between historical events and fictional stories. There is an overbearing
sense of chronological snobbery at work: We are smarter than people who lived 2,000
years ago. Yet the Second Epistle of Peter demonstrates a clear understanding of the
difference between myth and verified historical events: “For we did not follow cleverly
devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus
Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty” (2 Pet. 1:16). The opening verses of
Luke’s Gospel indicate that the author undertook the task of writing about real people
and events: Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things
which have been accomplished among us, just as they were delivered to us by those
who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word, it seemed good
to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly
account for you, most excellent Theophilus, that you may know the truth concerning
the things of which you have been informed. (Luke 1:1-4) And the fourth Gospel
concludes with similar remarks: This is the disciple who is bearing witness to these
things, and who has written these things; and we know that his testimony is true.

65
Appendix

But there are also many other things which Jesus did; were every one of them to be
written, I suppose that the world itself could not contain the books that would be
written. (John 21:24-25)

These quotations do not, of course, prove the historicity of the New Testament.
Rather, they suggest that the authors, far from being knuckle-dragging simpletons, set
about to write works depicting real people and events—especially since they believed
the narratives they recounted had meaning only if they really did occur. As such, their
historical content should be judged not against tales of unicorns and Easter bunnies,
but against other first-century works of history and historical narrative.

What is a Gospel?

The word gospel comes from the Greek word euangelion, meaning “good news” and
refers to the message of Christian belief in the person of Jesus Christ. There has
been much scholarly debate about the genre of “gospel” and how it might relate to
other forms of writings found in first-century Palestine and the larger ancient world.
Obviously, they do contain biographical details, and some scholars have argued in
recent years that the gospels are as biographical in nature as anything in the ancient
Greco-Roman world.

“The majority of recent specialized studies,” writes Evangelical biblical scholar Craig L.
Blomberg in Making Sense of the New Testament, “has recognized that the closest parallels
are found among the comparatively trustworthy histories and biographies of writers like
the Jewish historian Josephus, and the Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides”
(28). In his commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, Catholic theologian and biblical
scholar Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis writes: We must conclude, then, that the genre of the
Gospel is not that of pure “history”; but neither is it that of myth, fairy tale, or legend.
In fact, evangelion constitutes a genre all its own, a surprising novelty in the literature of
the ancient world. Matthew does not seek to be “objective” in a scientific or legal sense.
He is writing as one whose life has been drastically changed by the encounter with Jesus
of Nazareth. Hence, he is proposing to his listeners an objective reality of history, but
offered as kerygma, that is, as a proclamation that bears personal witness to the radical
difference that reality has already made in his life. (Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word, Vol.
II: Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew, 44)

66
 Appendix

Many early Christian authors, such as Justin Martyr, referred to the Gospels as
memoirs of the apostles. Blomberg has used the descriptive “theological biographies,”
which captures well the supernatural and human elements found within them.

The Historical Evidence

Those supernatural elements—especially the miracles of Jesus and his claims to

divinity—are, as we’ve noted, why skeptics call the Gospels “myth” while remaining
unruffled about anything written about Julius Caesar and the Rubicon by Velleius
Paterculus, Plutarch, Suetonius, and Appian. Yes, Suetonius did write in his account
(Lives of the Twelve Caesars) about “an apparition of superhuman size and beauty . .
. sitting on the river bank, playing a reed pipe” who persuaded Caesar to cross the
river, but it has not seemed to undermine the belief that Caesar did indeed cross the
Rubicon on January 11, 49 B.C. But, for the sake of argument, let’s set aside the
theological claims found in the New Testament and take a brief look at the sort of
data a historian might examine in gauging the reliability and accuracy of an ancient
manuscript.

First, there is the sheer number of ancient copies of the New Testament. There are
close to 5,700 full or partial Greek New Testament manuscripts in existence. Most
of these date from between the second to 16th century, with the oldest, known
as Papyrus 52 (which contains John 18), dating from around A.D. 100–150. By
comparison, the average work by a classical author—such as Tacitus (c. A.D. 56–c.
120), Pliny the Younger (A.D. 61–113), Livy (59 B.C.–A.D. 17), and Thucydides
(460–395 B.C.)—has about 20 extant manuscripts, the earliest copy usually several
centuries newer than the original. For example, the earliest copy of works by the
prominent Roman historian Suetonius (A.D. 75–130) date to A.D. 950—over 800
years after the original manuscripts had been written.

In addition to the thousands of Greek manuscripts, there are an additional 10,000

Latin manuscripts, and thousands of additional manuscripts in Syriac, Aramaic, and
Coptic, for a total of about 24,000 full or partial manuscripts of the New Testament.
And then there are the estimated one million quotes from the New Testament in the
writings of the Church Fathers (A.D. 150–1300). Obviously, the more manuscripts
that are available, the better scholars are able to assess accurately what the original
manuscripts contained and to correct errors that may exist in various copies.

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When Were They Written?

Closely related is the matter of dating. While debate continues as to the exact
dating of the Gospels, few biblical scholars believe that any of the four works were
written after the end of the first century. “Liberal New Testament scholars today,”
writes Blomberg, “tend to put Mark a few years one side or the other of A.D. 70,
Matthew and Luke–Acts sometime in the 80s, and John in the 90s” (Making Sense
of the New Testament, 25). Meanwhile, many conservative scholars date the synoptic
Gospels (and Acts) in the 60s and John in the 90s. That means, simply, that there
exist four accounts of key events in Jesus’ life written within 30 to 60 years after his
Crucifixion—and this within a culture that placed a strong emphasis on the role
and place of an accurate oral tradition. Anyone who denies that Jesus existed or who
claims that the Gospels are filled with historical errors or fabrications will, in good
conscience, have to explain why they don’t make the same assessment about the
historical works of Pliny the Younger, Suetonius, Julius Caesar, Livy, Josephus, Tacitus,
and other classical authors.

Secondly, historical details are found in the Gospels and the other books of the New
Testament. These include numerous mentions of secular rulers and leaders (Caesar
Augustus, Pontius Pilate, Herod, Felix, Archelaus, Agrippa, Gallio), as well as Jewish
leaders (Caiaphas, Ananias)—the sort of names unlikely to be used inaccurately or
even to show up in a “myth.” Anglican scholar Paul Barnett, in Is The New Testament
Reliable? , provides several pages’ worth of intersections between biblical and non-
biblical sources regarding historical events and persons. “Christian sources contribute,
on an equal footing with non-Christian sources,” he observes, “pieces of information
that form part of the fabric of known history. In matters of historical detail, the
Christian writers are as valuable to the historian as the non-Christian” (167).

Then there are the specifically Jewish details, including references to and descriptions
of festivals, religious traditions, farming and fishing equipment, buildings, trades,
social structures, and religious hierarchies. As numerous books and articles have
shown in recent decades, the beliefs and ideas found in the Gospels accurately reflect
a first-century Jewish context. All of this is important in responding to the claim that
the Gospels were written by authors who used Greek and Egyptian myths to create a
supernatural man-god out of the faint outline of a lowly Jewish carpenter.

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Pay Dirt

Various modern archeological discoveries have validated specific details found in the
Gospels:
• In 1961 a mosaic from the third century was found in Caesarea Maritima that
had the name “Nazareth” in it. This is the first known ancient non-biblical
reference to Nazareth.
• Coins with the names of the Herod family have been discovered, including
the names of Herod the king, Herod the tetrarch of Galilee (who killed
John the Baptist), Herod Agrippa I (who killed James Zebedee), and Herod
Agrippa II (before whom Paul testified).
• In 1990 an ossuary was found inscribed with the Aramaic words, “Joseph son
of Caiaphas,” believed to be a reference to the high priest Caiaphas.
• In 1968 an ossuary was discovered near Jerusalem bearing the bones of a man
who had been executed by crucifixion in the first century. These are the
only known remains of a man crucified in Roman Palestine, and verify the
descriptions given in the Gospels of Jesus’ Crucifixion.
• In June 1961 Italian archaeologists excavating an ancient Roman
amphitheatre near Caesarea-on-the-Sea (Maritima) uncovered a limestone
block. On its face is an inscription (part of a larger dedication to Tiberius
Caesar) that reads: “Pontius Pilate, Prefect of Judaea.”
Numerous other finds continue to demolish the notion that the Gospels are
mythologies filled with fictional names and events.

The External Evidence

Third, there are extra-biblical, ancient references to Jesus and early Christianity.
Although the number of non-Christian Roman writings from the first half of the first
century is quite small (just a few volumes), there are a couple of significant references.

Writing to the Emperor Trajan around A.D. 112, Pliny the Younger reported on
the trials of certain Christians arrested by the Romans. He noted that those who are
“really Christians” would never curse Christ:

They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been
that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively
a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but

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not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a
trust when called upon to do so. (Letters, Book 10, Letter 96)

The historian Tacitus, in his Annals —considered by historians to be one the finest
works of ancient Roman history—mentioned how the Emperor Nero, following the
fire in Rome in A.D. 64, persecuted Christians in order to draw attention away from
himself. The passage is noteworthy as an unfriendly source because although Tacitus
thought Nero was appalling, he also despised the foreign and, to him, superstitious
religion of Christianity:

Hence to suppress the rumor, he falsely charged with the guilt, and punished
Christians, who were hated for their enormities. Christus, the founder of the name,
was put to death by Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judea in the reign of Tiberius: but
the pernicious superstition, repressed for a time broke out again, not only through
Judea, where the mischief originated, but through the city of Rome also, where
all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their center and
become popular. (Annals, 15:44)

Robert E. Van Voorst, author of Jesus Outside the New Testament, offers a detailed
analysis of scholarly controversies about this passage, and then states, “Of all the
Roman authors, Tacitus gives us the most precise information about Christ” (45). This
includes Tacitus’s understanding that “Christus”—not Paul or someone else—was
the founder of the Christian movement. He notes that Christ was executed under
Pilate during the reign of Tiberius, and that Judea was the source of the Christian
movement. All of which further confirms the historical reliability of the Gospels.

Conclusion

As Pope Benedict XVI noted in his book on Jesus, there is much that is good about
historical-critical and other scientific methods of studying Scripture. But these
approaches have limits. “Neither the individual books of Holy Scripture nor the
Scripture as a whole are simply a piece of literature” (Jesus of Nazareth, xx).

The Christian apologist should not be embarrassed to admit that he has a certain
bias when it comes to reading and understanding the Gospels. He should point out
that everyone has biases, and that the skeptic’s bias against the supernatural and the
miraculous shapes how he reads and understands history, especially the historical data

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found in Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The Christian, in other words, should have
no problem with an honest historical examination of the Gospels. But why do so many
skeptics shy away from a candid examination of their philosophical biases? That is the
question apologists should pose and demand (politely, of course) to be answered.

________________________________________
Carl E. Olson is the editor of IgnatiusInsight.com; the co-author, with Sandra Miesel,
of The Da Vinci Hoax (Ignatius, 2004); and the author of Will Catholics Be “Left
Behind”? (Ignatius, 2003). He has written for numerous Catholic periodicals. He and
his wife, Heather, have two children. Their conversion story appears in Surprised by
Truth 3.

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