PRACTICAL MANUAL

ON
Computer Application
(for Under Graduate courses)

by
Dr. Amulya Kumar Parida, Ph.D.
Associate Professor

Department of Agricultural Statistics

College of Agriculture
Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology
Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha
 PRACTICAL MANUAL
ON
Computer Application
(for Under Graduate courses)

By
Dr. Amulya Kumar Parida, Ph.D.
Associate Professor

Department of Agricultural Statistics

College of Agriculture
Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology
Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha
Dr. A. K. Parida, Ph.D.
Associate Professor

Department of Agricultural Statistics

College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-3

PREFACE
The knowledge of agricultural statistics is required to all
concerned and particularly the professionals. It is well known that
the valid information is very important which is obtained through
problem formulation to data collection & compilation, data storage
& retrieval, appropriate statistical analysis and interpretation. So,
in this advanced age, the knowledge of subject statistics as well
as application of computer plays a vital role in handling
voluminous data collection, storage and any complex analysis.
This practical manual has been conceived and prepared for
the students as per the syllabi of 4th Dean’s committee of ICAR for
under graduate courses in agriculture and allied sciences to
acquaint the basics of computer and its application for data
handling, analysis, report writing, presentation, internet browsing
and electronic communication of various forms of information. The
contents of the manual have been prepared by referring many
text books, journals, manuals and the internet. I acknowledge the
help due to those sources. I expect comments from the users of
this manual for any addition or deletion and improvement in
future. I wish the practical manual would be very much useful to
the students and researchers.
I may, also, thank to the authorities for providing funds
from the XIth ICAR development grant for printing the manual.

Date: March 27, 2009 Amulya Kumar Parida

 CONTENTS
Practical Topics Page
No. No.
Study of Computer Components, Booting of Computer and its 1
1.
Shut Down
Practice of some fundamental DOS Commands - TIME, DATE, 10
2. VOL, LABEL, PATH, DIR, MD, CD, RD, DELTREE, FORMAT
and COPY
Practicing WINDOWS Operating System - use of Mouse, Title 19
3. Bar, Minimum, Maximum and Close Buttons, Scroll Bars, Menus
and Tool Bars
WINDOWS Explorer - Creating Folders, COPY and PASTE 24
4.
functions
Simple programs in BASIC to compute the Mean, Variance, 28
5.
Correlation and Regression
MS WORD - Creating a document, editing and saving; use of 45
6. options from tool bars - Format, Insert and Tools (Spelling &
Grammar), alignment of paragraphs and text
MS WORD - Creating a table, merging of cells, column and row 56
7.
width
MS EXCEL - Creating a spreadsheet, alignment of rows, 58
columns and cells using Format tool bar. Entering formula
8.
expressions through the formula tool bar and use of inbuilt
functions - SUM, AVERAGE and STDEV
MS EXCEL - Data analysis using inbuilt tool packs - Correlation 71
9. & Regression. Data analysis using inbuilt tool packs – tests of
significance on F-test, t-test for one and two sample means
10. MS EXCEL - Creating and saving graphs with & without data 80
11. MS Power Point - Preparation of slides on power Point 86
MS ACCESS - Creating database, structuring with different types 100
12.
of fields and use of query facility for accessing the information
Internet Browsing - Use of Internet Explorer, browsing a Web 110
13.
Page through search engines
14. E-mail - Creation of E-mail ID, attaching files and sending 113
 UG Practical Manual on Computer Application

PRACTICAL MANUAL ON COMPUTER APPLICATION

General Objective: To impart knowledge to the students on basic concepts of computer and its
applications.
Specific objectives: By the end of practical exercises, the students will be able to train and practice
with the computer softwares – DOS, WINDOWS and MS Office packages of Word, Excel, Power
Point and Access in a professional way; writing a small program in BASIC; Internet browsing and
sending a mail.

PRACTICAL-1: Study of Computer Components, Booting of Computer and its Shut Down:
1.1. Computer Components:
A Computer is an electronic device that can perform activities that involve mathematical,
logical and graphical manipulations. Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices
that function together as a system. It performs the following three operations in sequence.

1. It receives data & instructions from the input device.

2. Processes the data as per instructions.
3. Provides the result (output) in a desired form.

Fig.1. A desktop computer with peripherals

A computer mainly consists of three components.
1. Input device
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3. Output device

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Fig. 2. Block diagram of a computer

The various functions of these units can be summarized as:

UNIT FUNCTION
1.Input device Reads information from input media and enters to the computer in a
coded form
2.CPU
(a) Memory unit Stores program and data
(b) Arithmetic Logic Performs arithmetic and logical functions
unit
Interprets program instructions and controls the input and output
(c) Control Unit devices

3. Output device decodes information and presents it to the user

Input Devices:
Devices used to provide data and instructions to the computer are called Input devices. Some
important only input devices are:
Key board, Mouse, Scanner, MICR(Magnetic Ink Character Recogniser), Optical Character
Reader(OCR), Optical Mark Recognition, Graphics Tablet, Web camera, Microphone etc.
Keyboard: The Key board is used for typing text into the computer. It is also known as standard
Input device. A computer keyboard is similar to that of a type writer with additional keys. The
most commonly available computer keyboard has 104 keys. There are different types of keys on the
keyboard. The keys are categorized as :
1. Letter keys: letters as a, b, ….z and A,B…Z

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2. Number Keys: 1,2,…..9,0(in Alphanumeric keypad). Also present in Numeric keypad.

3. Symbol keys: +, -, /, *, ^, =, <, >, @, #, &, %, ( ), { }, [ ]
4. Punctuation keys: : , . ; ?, Quotes(‘ , “ ”) - _ / | etc.
5. Special keys: arrow keys, control keys(CTRL), ALT, function keys (F1 to F12), HOME,
END, PgUp, PgDn, Delete, Backspace, Enter, Esc, Tab, Caps Lock, Shift, Insert, etc.

Fig. 3. A common keyboard

Special keys:
Key name How to use it
Press SHIFT in combination with a letter to type an uppercase letter. Press
SHIFT SHIFT in combination with another key to type the symbol shown on the
upper part of that key.
Press CAPS LOCK once to type all letters as uppercase. Press CAPS LOCK
CAPS LOCK again to turn this function off. Your keyboard may have a light indicating
whether CAPS LOCK is on.
Press the TAB key to move the cursor several spaces forward. You can also
TAB
press the TAB key to move to the next text box on a form.
Press ENTER to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. In a dialog
ENTER
box, press ENTER to select the highlighted button.
SPACEBAR Press the SPACEBAR to move the cursor one space forward.
Press BACKSPACE to delete the character before the cursor, or the selected
BACKSPACE
text.

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Useful shortcuts keys:

Press this To do this
Windows logo key Open the Start menu
ALT+TAB Switch between open programs or windows
ALT+F4 Close the active item, or exit the active program
CTRL+S Save the current file or document (works in most programs)
CTRL+C Copy the selected item
CTRL+X Cut the selected item
CTRL+V Paste the selected item
CTRL+Z Undo an action
CTRL+A Select all items in a document or window
F1 Display Help for a program or Windows
Windows logo key +F1 Display Windows Help and Support
ESC Cancel the current task
Open a menu of commands related to a selection in a program.
Application key Equivalent to right-clicking the selection.
Using navigation keys:

Press this To do this

LEFT ARROW, RIGHT Move the cursor or selection one space or line in the
ARROW, UP ARROW, or direction of the arrow, or scroll a webpage in the direction of
DOWN ARROW the arrow
Move the cursor to the beginning of a line or move to the top
HOME
of a webpage
Move the cursor to the end of a line or move to the bottom of
END
a webpage
CTRL+HOME Move to the top of a document
CTRL+END Move to the bottom of a document
PAGE UP Move the cursor or page up one screen
PAGE DOWN Move the cursor or page down one screen
Delete the character after the cursor, or the selected text; in
DELETE Windows, delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle
Bin
Turn Insert mode off or on. When Insert mode is on, text that
INSERT you type is inserted at the cursor. When Insert mode is off,
text that you type replaces existing characters.

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General keyboard shortcuts:

Press this key To do this
CTRL+C Copy the selected item
CTRL+X Cut the selected item
CTRL+V Paste the selected item
CTRL+Z Undo an action
DELETE Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
SHIFT+DELETE Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
F2 Rename the selected item
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
CTRL+LEFT ARROW Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
CTRL+DOWN ARROW Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
CTRL+UP ARROW Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
CTRL+SHIFT with an arrow
Select a block of text
key
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select
SHIFT with any arrow key
text within a document
CTRL+A Select all items in a document or window
F3 Search for a file or folder
ALT+ENTER Display properties for the selected item
ALT+F4 Close the active item, or exit the active program
ALT+SPACEBAR Open the shortcut menu for the active window
Close the active document (in programs that allow you to have
CTRL+F4
multiple documents open simultaneously)
ALT+TAB Switch between open items
CTRL+ALT+TAB Use the arrow keys to switch between open items
Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Windows Flip 3-
Windows logo key +TAB D
CTRL+Windows logo key Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by
+TAB using Windows Flip 3-D
ALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
F6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F4 Display the Address bar list in Windows Explorer
SHIFT+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
CTRL+ESC Open the Start menu

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Press this key To do this

ALT+underlined letter Display the corresponding menu
ALT+underlined letter Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)
F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program
RIGHT ARROW Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
LEFT ARROW Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
F5 Refresh the active window
ALT+UP ARROW View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer
ESC Cancel the current task
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC Open Task Manager

SHIFT when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playing

Central Processing Unit: It is the part of the computer that carries out the instructions
computer program. It is the unit that reads and executes program instructions. Hence it is known as
the brain of the computer. The CPU consists of storage or memory unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) and control unit.
Basically there are two types of processors which are manufactured by two companies and
they are Intel and AMD. Now there are a number of varieties available in both Intel and
AMD.
Intel offers Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III, Pentium II and
III Xeon, Celeron with Pentium III Based, Pentium 4, Pentium M, Intel Core, Dual Core Xeon LV,
Intel Pentium Dual Core, Intel Core 2, Pentium Duo, Pentium Dual Core, Core 2 Quad, Intel
Pentium 2 Dual Core Processor.
AMD processors include AMD Athlon, AMD Athlon 64, AMD Athlon X2, AMD Athlon
Xp, AMD Duron, AMD Sempron, AMD Turion, MD Opteron and AMD Phenom 1.
Moreover, there are various processors offered by various companies like Macintosh
processor. In other words different processors are used for different types of technology.
(a). Memory Unit: It is also known as the primary storage or main memory. It stores data,
program instructions, internal results and final output temporarily before it is sent to an
appropriate output device. It c o n s i s t s of t h o u s a n d s of cells called ―storage locations‖. These
cells activate with ―off-on or binary digits(0,1) mechanism. Thus a character either a letter or
numerical digit is stored as a string of (0,1) BInary digiTS ( BITS). These bits are used to store
instructions and data by their combinations.
Types of Memory: A computer memory is of two types:
1) Primary Memory (Internal storage)
2) Secondary Memory (External storage)
Primary Memory: Primary memory is also called internal memory and is an important part of
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a computer. It is the main area in a computer where the data is stored. The stored data can be
recalled instantly and correctly whenever desired. This memory can be quickly accessed by the
CPU for reading or storing information. Primary memory is further classified into two types:
Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read- Only Memory (ROM )
RAM: It is also known as read/write memory as information can be read from and written onto it.
RAM is a place in a computer that holds instructions for the computer, its programs and the data.
The CPU can directly access the data from RAM almost immediately. However, the storage of data
and instructions in RAM is temporary, till the time the computer is running. It disappears from
RAM as soon as the power to the computer is switched off. i.e it is volatile memory.

Fig. 4. A RAM
ROM: It is called Read-only memory as information can only be read from and not written or
changed onto ROM. ROM is the built-in memory of a computer. It stores some basic input–output
instructions put by the manufacturer to operate the computer. The storage of data and instructions in
ROM is permanent. It does not depend on the power supply i.e it is non-volatile memory.
Secondary memory: The primary memory which is faster (and hence expensive) is generally
not sufficient for large storage of data. As a result, additional memory, called the ―auxiliary or
―secondary memory is used. It is also referred as ―backup storage as it is used to store large volume
of data on a permanent basis which can be transferred to the primary memory whenever required
for processing. Data are stored in secondary storage in the same binary codes as in the main
(primary memory) storage. Some of the devices of secondary storages are Floppy Disk, Hard
Disk, CD-ROM(CD-R, CD_RW), D V D ( DVD-R, DVD_RW) and Flash drive.

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Fig. 5. Pictures of hardwares and softwares

(b). Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It is the unit where all Arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction etc.) and logical functions such as true or false, male or female are performed. Once data
are fed into the main memory from input devices, they are held and transferred as needed to ALU
where processing takes place. No process occurs in primary storage. Intermediate generated results
in ALU are temporarily placed in memory until needed at later time. Data may move from primary
memory to ALU and back again to storage many times before the process is finalized.
(c). Control Unit: It acts as a central nervous system and ensures that the information is
stored correctly and the program instructions are followed in proper sequence as well as the data
are selected from the memory as necessary. It also coordinates all the input and output devices of a
system.
Output devices:
Any device that is capable of representing information on a computer is called an Output
device. Output devices receive information from the CPU and present it to the user in the desired
form. Some important only Output devices are : Monitor, Printer, Plotter, etc.
1. Monitor/ VDU: It is similar to TV screen- either a monochrome (black & white) or colour and it
displays the output. It is also referred as Visual Display Unit(VDU). Several types of monitors are
in use. Some of them are Colour Graphic A d a p t e r (CGA), E n h a n c e d Graphics Adaptor(EGA) ,
Video Graphics Adapter (VGA) and Super Video Graphics Adapter (SVGA). The screen sizes
differ from system to system. The standard size is 24 lines by 80 characters. Most systems have
provision for scrolling which helps in moving the text vertically or horizontally on the screen.
Monitor displays are divided into pixels. The higher the pixel count, the higher the "resolution."
Resolutions are measured in Rows x Columns. Common resolution settings are 640 x 480, 800 x 600,
1024 x 768, 1280 x 1024, etc.
2. Printer: A printer is used to transfer data from a computer onto paper. The paper copy
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obtained from a printer is often referred as printout. The different printers and their speeds are as
follows:

Sl. Type Mode of Printing Speed

No.

1 Dot – Matrix Prints the character in dotted pattern through printer 200/300 to 700
printer ribbon using either 24 pin or 9 pin CPS

2 Ink Jet printer Work by spraying ionized ink Slow, 90 CPS

3 Laser printer Also called page printer. Uses laser beam to produce an 6 to 12 PPM
image.

4 Line printer Prints lines at a time instead of single characters. 300 to 600 LPM
( CPS: Characters Per Second; PPM: Pages Per Minutes; LPM : Lines Per Minute)
3. Plotter: Produces drawings or graphs through pens which are filled with different colours.
Both Input/Output devices:
Floppy drive, Hard disk drive, Tape drive, Zip drive, CD/DVD drive, Pen drive, etc.
1.2. Booting of Computer and its Shut Down:
Booting of the Computer implies activating the computer for working. Thus, when the
computer is switched on, the operating system residing in the hard disk is transferred into the
primary memory. After this, the computer is ready to accept the commands at user terminal. If OS
does not exist either in any drive or in the hard disk drive, non-system or disk error is flashed on
the screen. The booting of the computer is carried out with software which resides on ROM chip
called BIOS (Basic Input Output System). Thus when a PC with system disk either in Hard-Disk
Drive or any Drive is switched “on”, the screen finally displays one of the following symbols with a
blinking cursor at its end:
C:\> It imply that the PC is booted through the Hard-Disk Drive `C‘ and is ready to accept DOS
commands.
Booting is essential whenever the system is locked or switched-off. A PC can be booted through two
ways:
a). Cold Booting and b). Warm Booting
To start afresh the computer is called cold booting. In case , if the machine does not work
properly or halt for some reasons then the computer is restarted or rebooted and it is called hot or
warm booting. Hot booting is done either shutting down the power and again by pressing power on
switch or by pressing simultaneously the 3 keys- CTRL+ALT+DEL at a time.

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When we sit in a computer, we switch on the computer by supplying electric current through
an UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply which supplies current through its charged battery for some
specified time even the current goes.) connected to the main power supply from an electric switch
board. An UPS safeguards the computer against problems encountered due to sudden failure and
fluctuation of electricity. So, to work in a computer an UPS is badly required.

Shut Down or Turning off your computer properly:

When all work done using computer, it's important to turn it off properly—not only to save
energy, but also to ensure that data is saved and to help keep your computer more secure. Best of all,
your computer will start quickly the next time you use it. We work in the computer by booting. After
finishing any job(s) in the computer, it is required to close or make off the computer. Closing the
computer is known as shutting down or turn off computer. To safely close the computer, the
following steps are required.

1. Close all open windows which can be assured from the task bar
2. Click the Start button on the taskbar present at the bottom extreme left
3. Click Shut Down in the pop-up menu and then click OK (if required)
4. Wait for Windows to display a message that “it is safe to turn off your Computer”, then
turn off your computer and monitor.
5. don’t touch the computer till it is completely power off.

PRACTICAL-2: Practice of some fundamental DOS Commands - TIME, DATE, VOL, LABEL,
PATH, DIR, MD, CD, RD, DELTREE, FORMAT and COPY:
A computer is made operational by hardware and software.
a). Hardware: The physical components of the computer are known as hardware. It refers to the
objects that we can actually touch. Ex: input and output devices, processors, circuits and the
cables.
b). Software: Software is a program or set of instructions that causes the Hardware to function in a
desired way. Without software, the Hardware is a dead machine.
There are five categories of software.
1. Operating System 2. Translators 3. Utility programs 4. Application programs
5. General purpose programs
Operating System (OS): The software that manages the resources of a computer system and
schedules its operation is called Operating system. The operating system acts as interface between
the hardware and the user programs and facilitates the execution of programs.
Generally, the OS acts as an interface between the user and the Hardware of the computer. i.e. it is a
bridge between the user and the Hardware.

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The User interface provided by the OS can be character (CUI) or graphical (GUI) based.
CUI (Character user Interface) : It is operated with keyboard only. Ex: MS-DOS, UNIX
Disk Operating System (DOS) was developed as early as 1980 by Microsoft of Bill Gates. DOS is
a single user and single task operating system.
MSDOS commands are of two types.
i). Internal commands (written in COMMAND.COM file present in hard disk):
Examples - CD, CLS, COPY, COPY CON, DATE, DEL, DIR, MD, REN,
RD, TIME, VER, TYPE, VOL etc.
ii). External commands (written as program files with filename extension of
.COM, .EXE or .BAT and present in the hard disk):
Examples – CHKDSK, BACKUP, EDIT, FORMAT, MORE, PRINT, SORT,
TREE, DELTREE, XCOPY, etc.
GUI (Graphical User Interface): The system can be operated with mouse and keyboard.

Ex: Windows , NOVEL, XENIX, LINUX etc.

WINDOWS :It works with DOS and it supports single user and multitask system.
UNIX AND XENIX: Suited for multi-user and multi-task system
MSDOS is a collection of programs and other files. It is a single user and single
programming environment. MSDOS is designed to provide a method of organizing and using the
information stored on disks, application programs, system programs and the computer itself.
Files and File names: A file is a collection of related information. The files should have suitable
names for their identification in later use.
Rules for naming the files:
1. File names should be of one to eight characters in length with an option of one to three character
extension.
2. File names can include any one of the following characters:A to Z (or a to z) 0 to 9, $, &, #, @. %,
( ),{}
The characters which are not allowed are: :, ; + / \ * as these have special meaning
3. A period (.) is used to separate the first part of a file name from the extension. (LETTER, TXT,
RAMA.WK1, etc.,)
4. When a file name includes an extension, it should be referred along with its extension and not
only with the first part.
5. Reserved devices names are not allowed. (COMMAND.COM, DATE, etc.).

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Types of files in DOS:

There are different types of files you can create in your computer, according to the usage. To
differentiate each file, the computer will give an extension to identify the different types of files you
have created.
Executable Files: The files with extension of either .COM or .EXE are called executable files.
These files are directly executed by typing their names (without the extension) by the computer.
A file with .COM extension refers to COMMAND file name and the other with .EXE
extension refers EXECUTABLE program file.
Batch Files: the file containing a series of DOS commands, which are executed automatically one at
a time in the order entered, is known as the batch file. A batch file has the extension .BAT. If the
batch file is given a special name AUTOEXEC.BAT, it is automatically executed when the
computer is switched on or during booting.
Backup Files: These are backup files of a file and have extension .BAK. These files are such that
their contents cannot be altered (edited). These files are created while working with WORDSTAR
package for typing a document.
System Files: These are program files developed for system control. They have .SYS extension.
Directory: It is a collection of files, size, date and time of creation of files. The relation between
files, directories and disk is similar to the relation between papers, filing folders and filling cabinets.
Just as a cabinet contain papers and other folders, a directory may contain directories also. The
main directory of a drive is called Root Directory into which several directories and sub-directories
may exist.
DOS commands:
Commands Meaning
1. CD or CHDIR : Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
2. CLS : Clears the screen.
3. COPY CON : Creates a new file with the typed words/messages in
the console of the computer.
4. COPY : Copies one or more files to another location. Merges
two or more files in a location.
5. DATE : Displays or sets the date of the computer.
6. DEL or ERASE : Deletes one or more files.
7. DIR : Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
8. MD or MKDIR : Creates a directory.
9. PRINT : Prints a text file while you are using other MS-DOS commands.
10. RD or RMDIR : Removes a directory.
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11. REN or RENAME : Renames a file or files.

12. TIME : Displays or sets the system time.
13. TYPE : Displays the contents of a text file (i.e. in ASCII format).
14. VER : Displays the MS-DOS version of the system.
15. VOL : Displays a disk volume label and serial number of the system.
16. XCOPY : Copies files (except hidden and system files) and directory trees.
Starting of MSDOS:
To start MSDOS in Windows OS  Click Start Button  Choose Run  Type cmd or command
in the Open tab and click OK as shown below:

Command Prompt will get displayed as shown:

The details of the DOS commands and their syntax (the way of typing the command in DOS
environment of the computer to get the result) are given serially in the following for the ease of
learning. After typing each command in its proper syntax, the ENTER key is to be pressed gently
once to get the result. For example to get the result of the command VER, the user is to follow as:

C:\>VER <ENTER>

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Likewise, now, it is time to practice the following commands serially.

1). CLS: Clears the screen. The cleared screen shows only the command prompt and cursor (the
blinking light on the screen).
Syntax: CLS
2). VER: Displays the MS-DOS version number of the computer.
Syntax: VER
3). VOL: Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if the disk has them.
Syntax: VOL [drive:]
Parameters
drive: Specifies the drive(A or C or D or E etc.) that contains the disk for which you want to display
the volume label and serial number.
4). DATE: Displays the date and prompts you to change the date if necessary. MS-DOS records the
current date for each file you create or change; this date is listed next to the filename in the directory.
Syntax : DATE [mm-dd-yy]
Parameter
mm-dd-yy: Sets the date you specify. Values for day(dd), month(mm), and year(yy) must be
separated by hyphens (-). The following list shows the valid values for the month, day, and year
portions of the mm-dd-yy parameter.
mm 1 through 12
dd 1 through 31
yy 80 through 99 or 1980 through 2099
5). TIME: Displays the system time or sets your computer's internal clock. MS-DOS uses time
information to update the directory whenever you create or change a file.
Syntax : TIME [hours:minutes:seconds.hundredths A|P]
To display the current time or to display a prompt by which you can change the current time,
use the following syntax:
Parameters
Hours : Specifies the hour. Valid values are in the range 0 through 23.
Minutes : Specifies minutes. Valid values are in the range 0 through 59.
Seconds : Specifies seconds. Valid values are in the range 0 through 59.
Hundredths: Specifies hundredths of a second. Valid values are in the range 0 through 99.
A|P : Specifies A.M or P.M. for the 12-hour time format. If you type a valid 12-hour time but do not
type A or P, TIME uses A (for A.M.).
6). DIR: Displays a list of the files and subdirectories that are in the directory you specify. When you
use DIR without parameters or switches, it displays the disk's volume label and serial number; one
directory or filename per line, including the filename extension, the file size in bytes, and the date
and time the file was last modified; and the total number of files listed, their cumulative size, and the
free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk.

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Syntax : DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/P] [/W]

[/A[[:]attributes]][/O[[:]sortorder]] [/S] [/B] [/L]
Parameters :
[drive:][path] : Specifies the drive and directory for which you want to see a listing.
[filename] : Specifies a particular file or group of files for which you want to see a listing.
Switches
/P : Displays one screen of the listing at a time. To see the next screen, press any key.
/W : Displays the listing in wide format, with as many as five filenames or directory names on
each line.
/A[[:] attributes] : Displays only the names of those directories and files with the attributes you
specify. If you omit this switch, DIR displays the names of all files except hidden and system files. If
you use this switch without specifying attributes, DIR displays the names of all files, including
hidden and system files. The following list describes each of the values you can use for attributes.
The colon (:) is optional. Use any combination of these values, and do not separate the values with
spaces.
S for System files
-S for Files other than system files
D for Directories only (not files)
-D for Files only (not directories)
/O[[:] sortorder] : Controls the order in which DIR sorts and displays directory names and
filenames. If you omit this switch, DIR displays the names in the order in which they occur in the
directory. If you use this switch without specifying sortorder, DIR displays the names of the
directories, sorted in alphabetic order, and then displays the names of files, sorted in alphabetic
order. The colon (:) is optional. The following list describes each of the values you can use for
sortorder. Use any combination of the values, and do not separate these values with spaces.
N In alphabetic order by name
-N In reverse alphabetic order by name (Z through A)
E In alphabetic order by extension
-E In reverse alphabetic order by extension (Z through A)
D By date and time, earliest first
-D By date and time, latest first
S By size, smallest first
-S By size, largest first
G With directories grouped before files
-G With directories grouped after files
/S : Lists every occurrence, in the specified directory and all subdirectories, of the specified filename.
/B : Lists each directory name or filename, one per line (including the filename extension). This
switch displays no heading information and no summary. The /B switch overrides the /W switch.
/L : Displays unsorted directory names and filenames in lowercase. This switch does not convert
extended characters to lowercase.
Additional features of DIR command by using wildcards like * and ? :
DIR *.DAT -Displays any file(s) name with DAT Extension
DIR ?.* -Displays all one character files with any Extension
DIR ??.* -Displays all two-characters files with any Extension

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7). MKDIR or MD: Creates a new directory. You can use the MKDIR or MD command to create a
multilevel directory structure.
Syntax: MKDIR [drive:]path
OR
MD [drive:]path
Parameters
drive: Specifies the drive on which you want to create the new directory.
path : Specifies the name and location of the new directory.
IMPORTANT: The maximum length of any single path from the root directory to the new directory
is 63 characters, including backslashes (\).
8). CHDIR or CD: Displays the name of the current directory or changes the current directory.
Syntax: CHDIR [drive:][path]
OR
CD [drive:][path]
Parameters
[drive:][path] : Specifies the drive (if other than the current drive) and directory to which you want
to change.
CD.. Specifies that you want to change back to the parent directory.
CD\ Specifies that you want to change back to the root directory.
9). RMDIR or RD: Deletes (removes) a directory. Before you can delete a directory, you must
delete its files and subdirectories i.e., the directory must be empty.
Syntax: RMDIR [drive:]path
OR
RD [drive:]path
Parameter
[drive:]path : Specifies the location and name of the directory you want to delete.
10). COPY CON: In the computer when there is/are no software to create a new file, it creates a
new file with the typed words/messages in the console of the computer. After typing the contents,
the file is saved by pressing F6 key or CTRL+Z. A file created in COPY CON is a text file in ASCII
format.
Syntax: C:\CLASS>COPY CON [file name] <press ENTER>
11). TYPE: Displays the contents of a text file only but not in any other format. Use the TYPE
command to view a text file (ASCII format) without modifying it.
Syntax: TYPE [drive:][path]filename
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename : Specifies the location and name of the file that you want to view.
TYPE drive:\file name | more - to see page-wise of a big file
TYPE drive:\file name >prn - to send the contents of the file to the printer

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12). RENAME or REN: Changes the name of the file or files you specify. You can rename all files
matching the specified filename. You cannot use the RENAME command to rename files across
drives or to move files to a different directory location.
Syntax: RENAME [drive:][path]filename1 filename2
OR
REN [drive:][path]filename1 filename2
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename1 : Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to
rename.
filename2 : Specifies the new name for the file or, if you use wildcards, the new names for the files.
(You cannot specify a new drive or path.)
13). COPY: Copies one or more files to the location you specify. This command can also be used to
combine files. When more than one file is copied, MS-DOS displays each filename as the file is
copied.
Syntax : COPY [/Y|/-Y] [source+ source + ...] [destination ] [/V]
Parameters
source : Specifies the location and name of a file or set of files from which you want to copy.
Source can consist of a drive letter and colon, a directory name, a filename, or a combination.
destination : Specifies the location and name of a file or set of files to which you want to copy.
Destination can consist of a drive letter and colon, a directory name, a filename, or a combination.
Switches
/Y : Indicates that you want COPY to replace existing file(s) without prompting you for
confirmation. By default, if you specify an existing file as the destination file, COPY will ask you if
you want to overwrite the existing file.
/-Y : Indicates that you want COPY to prompt you for confirmation when replacing an existing file.
/V : Verifies that new files are written correctly.
14). XCOPY: Copies directories, their subdirectories, and files (except hidden and system files).
With this command, you can copy all the files in a directory, including the files in the subdirectories
of that directory.
Syntax : XCOPY [source] [destination] [/Y|/-Y] [/D:date] [/P] [/S] [/E] [/V] [/W]
Parameters
source : Specifies the location and names of the files you want to copy. Source must include either a
drive or a path.
destination : Specifies the destination of the files you want to copy. Destination can include a drive
letter and colon, a directory name, a filename, or a combination.
Switches
/Y : Indicates that you want XCOPY to replace existing file(s) without prompting you for
confirmation. By default, if you specify an existing file as the destination file, XCOPY will ask you
if you want to overwrite the existing.
/-Y : Indicates that you want XCOPY to prompt you for confirmation when replacing an existing
file.
/D:date : Copies only source files modified on or after the specified date. Note that the format of
date depends on the COUNTRY setting you are using.
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/P : Prompts you to confirm whether you want to create each destination file.
/S : Copies directories and subdirectories, unless they are empty. If you omit this switch, XCOPY
works within a single directory.
/E : Copies any subdirectories, even if they are empty.
/V : Verifies each file as it is written to the destination file to make sure that the destination files are
identical to the source files.
/W : Displays the following message and waits for your response before starting to copy files:
Press any key to begin copying file(s)
15). PRINT: Prints a text file(ASCII format) while you are using other MS-DOS commands. This
command can print in the background if you have an output device connected to one of your system's
serial or parallel ports.
Syntax: PRINT [drive:][path]filename
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename : Specifies the location and name of a file or set of files you want to print.
You can include multiple files (usually as many as 10) on one command line.
16). DEL or Erase: Deletes the files you specify.
Syntax: DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P]
OR
ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P]
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename : Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to
delete.
Switch
/P : Prompts you for confirmation before deleting the specified file.
17. FORMAT: FORMAT command is used to erase all information of a diskette or fixed drive.

1. format a:
Would erase all the contents off a disk. Commonly used on a diskette that has not been
formatted or on a diskette you wish to erase.
2. format a: /q
Quickly erases all the contents of a floppy diskette. Commonly used to quickly erase
all information on the diskette.
3. format c:
This would erase all the contents of C: hard disk drive. In other words, unless you
wish to erase all your computer's information, this command should not be done unless
you're planning to start over.
18. PATH: Path is used to specify the location where MS-DOS looks when using a command. For
example, when using the command "format", if the path is not specified to where the command is
you will receive bad command or file name. For example

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PRACTICAL-3: Practicing WINDOWS Operating System - use of Mouse, Title Bar, Minimum,
Maximum and Close Buttons, Scroll Bars, Menus and Tool Bars
WINDOWS
• An operating system with a graphical user interface (GUI)
• Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and
menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as an input device)
Versions
 Windows 98
 Windows Me
 Windows NT
 Windows 2000
 Windows XP
 Windows Server 2003
 Windows Vista
 Windows 7
 Windows 8

Desktop and its elements

 In Windows operating system the basic working platform is the desktop.

 It is also the opening screen of the Windows operating system.

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Fig. 6. Picture of a Desktop

The desktop contains:
 Taskbar
 Icons
Taskbar
Taskbar is usually a narrow strip present at the bottom of the screen.

Fig. 7. Picture of a WINDOWS XP Taskbar

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Fig. 8. Picture of a WINDOWS Vista Taskbar

Icons

 Icons are small pictures/images representing applications of a file/folder/program/shortcut

etc.
 Each icon has a label telling the name of the application it represents and is identified by the
picture.
Example:

Computer
 lists the contents of floppy disk, hard disk, CD-ROM drive, and mapped network
drives
Network
 locates shared resources on the entire network to which the computer is connected.
Recycle Bin
 stores deleted files, folders, graphics, and Web pages until you empty the bin.

Internet Explorer
 opens the browser internet explorer.
Anatomy of a Window

A rectangular area on the desktop that is used by an application is called a Window. Although the
contents of every window are different, all windows share some things in common. For one thing,
windows always appear on the desktop - the main work area of your screen. In addition, most
windows have the same basic parts:

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 Title bar: Displays the name of the document and program (or the folder name if you're
working in a folder).
 Minimize, Maximize, and Close buttons - These buttons hide the window, enlarge it to fill the
whole screen, and close it, respectively (more details on these shortly).
 Menu bar - Contains items that you can click to make choices in a program.
 Tool bar – It is present below the Menu bar of some Windows and have ready-made programs
in form of icons viz., Standard tools( New, Open, Cut, Copy, Paste etc.) and Formatting
tools(Bold, Italic, Underlined, Alignments, Spacing etc.).
 Scroll bar - Lets you scroll the contents of the window to see information that is currently out
of view.
 Borders and corners - drag these with mouse pointer to change the size of the window.
Starting Windows
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. Switch on the CPU and Monitor.
3. Windows XP splash screen will be displayed as shown below and wait for desktop displayed
to work in the computer:

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Shutting Down
• Click Start Button  Choose Turn Off Computer option

• Click the Turn Off option in the Shut Down Dialog Box.

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Use of Mouse

Mouse is a pointer device. The mouse allows an individual to control a pointer in a

graphical user interface (GUI). Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions
such as opening a program or file and does not require the user to memorize commands. It is a
device that controls the movement of the cursor on a monitor. A mouse will have 2 buttons on its
top. The left button is the most frequently used button. There will be a wheel between the left and
right buttons. This wheel enables us to smoothly scroll through screens of information. As we move
the mouse, the pointer on the monitor moves in the same direction. Optical mouse is another
advanced pointing device that uses a light emitting component instead of the mouse ball. Mouse
cannot be used for entering the data. It is only useful to select the options on the screen.

PRACTICAL-4: WINDOWS Explorer - Creating Folders, COPY and PASTE functions

Windows Explorer is a file manager application used to view and manage drives, folders, and
files. Windows Explorer can be opened by clicking on:
Start > My Computer or using the short cut key Windows + E while in Windows Xp
OR Right click Start button and Click Open Windows Explorer
Start > Computer or using the short cut key Windows + E while in Windows Vista.

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Fig. 9. Picture of Windows Explorer

Working with files and folders
Folders are the basic organizational building blocks of any computer system. Without folders it
would be virtually impossible to keep track of all the files that are found on even the smallest
system. New folders can be created just about anywhere, but three methods are shown below.
To create a folder
New Folder On Desktop - Right click anywhere on an open area of the desktop. Select New
and then click Folder. A new folder with the default name New Folder will be created on the
desktop. Either accept the default name New Folder by hitting the enter key or type a new name for
the folder and then hit enter on the keyboard.

Fig. 10. Picture of creating a folder

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Fig. 11. Picture of created new folder

To Rename a folder
 Type a name to new folder or
 Locate and select the folder to be renamed.
 Right click the folder
 Select rename from the popup menu, type name and hit enter
To open a folder
 double click the folder with mouse or
 right click the folder and click open tab from the right context menu.

Copy and Paste a folder

 Locate and select the folder you want to copy.
 Choose copy
 Choose the Destination location to copy the folder
 Choose paste

To delete a folder
 Locate and select the folder you want to delete.
 Choose delete.

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 The deleted file is moved to the Recycle bin.

 If you want the deleted file back you can open the recycle bin folder and restore the
deleted file.
 If you want file to be completely deleted without getting stored in the Recycle Bin then
choose the file and Press Shift + Del keys in the keyboard. This will erase the file even
without storing the file in the Recycle Bin.
 Once you delete the file with Shift + Del combination keys it is not possible for us to
restore the file again.
Opening a program file
Click Start > Programs > Select the program and double click

Locating Most Recent Files

Click StartDocuments

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Finding Files
Click Start > Search

Click For Files or Folders and in the box type Name of file and other parameters and hit enter.

PRACTICAL-5: Simple programs in BASIC to compute the Mean, Variance, correlation and
Regression
Statistical data analysis in agriculture can be carried out by writing programs (a set of
instructions for a particular job) in any high level computer languages, viz., BASIC, FORTRAN,
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COBOL, PASCAL, C, C+ , C++ etc. Here, BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code) language is used as it is an extremely powerful and useful language and easy to learn for a
beginner. The programs can be written by opening the BASIC interpreter in a computer and run for
data analysis.
In BASIC, the instructional statements are almost similar to normal algebra and it is easy to
understand and quick to learn. It contains a relatively less number of statements and its grammar is
simple.
A Sample Program in BASIC
 Program on Summing of N numbers:

10 REM * SAMPLE PROGRAM *

20 REM * SUM OF N NUMBERS*
30 PRINT “TYPE IN VALUE OF N”
40 INPUT N
50 REM * INITIALIZATION*
60 LET S = 0
70 LET I = 0
80 READ A
90 LET S = S + A
96 LET Z = 0
100 LET I = I + 1
110 REM *TEST FOR COMPLETION*
120 IF I < N THEN 80
130 PRINT “SUM IS”;S, “N =” , N
140 DATA 5, 9, 6, 8, 7, 11, 1, 3, 4, 6
150 END
The BASIC program shows a sequence of instructions written using certain statements
known as BASIC statements. The functions of these statements involve:
1. Getting data into the computer memory,
2. Performing certain calculations using the supplied data,
3. Making decisions based on certain conditions,
4. Transferring the results from the computer memory to an output device, and
5. Telling the computer to stop running the program.
Each line in the program is called a program statement and is given a separate line number.
The statements are executed in the increasing order of line numbers. The END statement, which
terminates the program, has the highest line number. As is seen in the sample program, it is the usual
practice to number the lines in steps of 10. This is to provide enough room for adding statements
between the lines, if necessary.
The words REM, PRINT, INPUT, LET, READ, DATA etc., are known as key words. The
letters N, S, I and A are called the variables. The numbers that follow the key word DATA are

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constants that are to be assigned to the variables in READ statement. The words within the quotation
are known as string constants.
The following are some general rules of writing a program in BASIC:
1. All statements should be numbered. The numbers can be anything ranging from 1 to 9999
2. More than one statement can be written on one line and colon (:) acts as a separator between
the statements. In this case only the first statement can have the statement number. Example:
10 READ X, Y: PRINT X + Y
3. A single statement can be continued on successive lines of the program but the maximum
number of lines that a multiple-line statement can have varies with the system (usually 254
characters including blanks).
4. The highest numbered statement must be the END statement
5. Statements can be entered in any order but the execution will be in ascending order of
statement numbers
6. Blanks will be ignored except those in string constants
7. Any line of information which begins with a numeric character will be treated as a line of
BASIC

The BASIC statements can be broadly classified as under:

1. Assignment statements: Specify computations by LET statement and is optional.
2. Control Statements: Govern the flow of control through the program.
FOR…NEXT
GO TO
GOSUB
IF … THEN
END
RETURN
STOP
3. Input/output statements: Control the movement of data to or from the terminal.
INPUT
PRINT
PRINT USING
READ…DATA…RESTORE
4. Declaration statements: Declare certain specifications and conditions.
DIM
DEF FN

Constants and Variables in BASIC

The Character Set
A character denotes any letter, digit, punctuation mark, or any other sign used in the representation
of information in any language as:
1. Alphabets :
A, B, C, D, …, Z (26 characters)

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2. Numerals :
0, 1, 2, …, 9 (10 characters)
3. Special characters :
 minus (operator for subtraction)
+ plus (operator for addition)
* asterisk (multiplication operator)
/ slash (division operator)
^ Caret (exponentiation operator)
( opening bracket (left parenthesis)
) closing bracket (right parenthesis)
, comma
; semicolon
: colon
$ dollar symbol
= equality or assignment symbol
. decimal point
< Greater than
< less than
 quotation mark (16 characters)
Only these fifty-two characters are allowed to construct statements in BASIC (subject to
certain rules). Blank space is a character when used in string constants. Other characters used are #
and ?.
Constants
Constants are those that do not change while executing the program. BASIC deals with two types
of constants:
1. Numeric constants
2. String constants
Numeric constants
All numbers belong to this category because their values remain constant.
While writing constants, it is worth remembering the following points:
1. A number can normally have up to a maximum of eight digits but varies with the system.
2. Commas are not allowed in a numeric constant.
3. The use of + sign is optional but  sign should be used if the number is negative.
4. The length of the exponent should not be more than two digits and it can contain  or + sign.
Again + sign is optional.
5. BASIC does not make any distinction between integer and fractional numbers.
String Constants
A string constant is any set of valid BASIC characters enclosed in quotation marks. The
quotation marks do not form part of the string. Strings are used to represent non-numeric information
such as names of persons and places, addresses, days, months and years, etc. as:
“NAME”
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“R.N.SHARMA”
“NEW DELHI”
“3456”
“A + B”
“10 + 7”
It should be remembered that 3456 is a numeric constant while “3456” is a string constant. No
attempt should be made to perform any arithmetic operations of the quantity 54 with the character
string “32”. It has no meaning to the computer.
Variables
The quantities which change during the execution are variables. One of the important tasks of
preparing a computer program is deciding the appropriate variables and establishing their data
structure. We are familiar with the use of letters which represent quantities that can change in a
formula.
Naming the Variables
We have seen that there are two types of constants, namely, numeric and string constants. BASIC
also has two types of variables to handle the two types of constants as:
1. Numeric variables
2. String variables
Numeric Variables
It can be any single letter or letters followed by one or more numbers starting with an alphabet
but no special character. IBM BASIC allows a length of up to 40 characters for variable names.
Examples: a, b, c, aa, ab, abc, a1, b5, c34, cd456, etc.
String Variables
String variables take string constants. It takes letter(s) or letter(s) in combination with
number(s) but ending with a dollar($) symbol. The valid string variables are:
A$, B$, C$, …, Z$, A1$, AA$, CD$, ABC123$
20 A$= “Ram Gupta”
30 LET VOL$= “Volume of the Container” (Here LET is optional).
Expressions in BASIC
We have simple algebraic expressions like, A + 5, 7 + 2, X + Y, P  Q
They are simple arithmetic expressions where numeric variables(like A, X, Y, P, Q) and or
constants are combined using arithmetic operators like + and . We can have also expressions as:
I > N, M >= A, J = M, N < 25
These are known as logical or relational expressions. They compare two variables and are used
for making certain decisions in program logic. BASIC thus deals with two types of expressions.
They are :
1. Arithmetic expressions, and
2. Logical expressions

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Arithmetic Expressions
BASIC handles any complex arithmetic expressions. However, the system cannot understand terms
like x2, A x B, etc. Certain arithmetic operations (or symbols) which are meaningful to the computer
are to be used to evaluate such arithmetic expressions are:
+ for addition
 for subtraction
* for multiplication
/ for division
^ or ** for exponentiation or power

Examples:
Algebraic expression BASIC expression
A+bx A+BX
axb A*B
A/B
A*B/C

ab A ^B
√ X ^ 0.5
a+bxc A+B*C
4x2 + 3.5 4 * X ^ 2 + 3.5
a(b + 2) A * (B + 2)

So, arithmetic expressions are formed by combining numeric constants and numeric variables
with arithmetic operations in conjunction with brackets, if necessary.
Hierarchy of Operators
During evaluation of expressions, the order of hierarchy is given below:
Operation Order of priority
( ) expression inside 1
the brackets
^ exponentiation 2
/ and * division and 3
multiplication
+ and  addition and 4
subtraction

Operations of equal priority are performed from left to right. In the expression of 4 + 9/3 
1, division has a higher priority than addition and therefore 9/3 will be executed first. The result 3
will be added to 4 and then 1 will be subtracted from 7 thus giving a result of 6. Though + and 
have equal priority, the + which appears first is performed first.
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Rules of Arithmetic
While writing expressions the following rules must be obeyed:
1. Two operators should never appear together, e.g.
A/  B and A ^  B are wrong.
A/(  B) (or  A/B) and A ^ (  B) are correct.
It should be remembered that brackets are not operators. Similarly, the product of a positive
number with a negative number should be written as A * (  B) or A * B.
2. No attempt should be made to raise zero to a negative power, e.g. in X ^ Y, X should not
become zero while Y is negative.
3. A negative value should not be raised to real number (fractional number) e.g. (5) ^ 2.5 is
not allowed.
If we use expressions like A ^ B in certain repetitive calculations, care should be taken to see
that A does not become negative when B is real or B does not become real when A is
negative.
4. Denominator of an expression should never be zero, e.g. in the expressions (A + B) / (C  D),
C and D should never become equal.
5. String constants or string variables are not allowed in expressions, e.g.
A + “B” * C
X * 3.5  “4 + 2”
N$ * A ^ D
are invalid expressions.
6. When variables are used in an expression we should make sure that they are assigned values
before attempting to evaluate the expression.
7. Every left bracket(s) must be matched by a right bracket(s).
Any violation of these rules will be a syntax error and a corresponding error message will be
provided by the computer.
Relational Expressions
In the execution of programs, it is often necessary to compare two numerical quantities (or
sometimes string quantities) and take decisions on achieving certain conditions. For example, we
may wish to check the number of repetitive calculations performed or to find out whether the
denominator of an arithmetic expression has become zero or if a particular quantity is negative, and
so on. Expressions written to compare two quantities using certain relational operator are known as
logical (or relational) expressions. These expressions take only one of the two values, namely, TRUE
or FALSE.
For instance, the relational expression
X>Y

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will be TRUE if X is greater than Y, otherwise FALSE. This test result is used to change the
sequence of execution of statements in a program. The general form of a relational expression is:
Constant Constant
or or
Variable Relational operator Variable
or or
Expression Expression
BASIC uses the following relational operators:
Operator Meaning
= Equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
>= or => Greater than or equal to
<= or =< Less than or equal to
<>or >< Not equal to
Examples of logical expression are:
A = 15 is TRUE if A equals to 15, otherwise FALSE
5> 5 is FALSE
3 >= 5 is TRUE
A + B>C  D
A + B<C  D only one of these can be TRUE.
A+B=CD
When expressions are used on either side of the relational operators, the expressions will be
evaluated first and then the results of expressions compared. This means that the relational operators
come last in the hierarchy of operations, if we write
A * A  B> C * C  D
the computer will not compare simply B and C. it will first evaluate the expressions a 2  b, then
evaluate the expression c2  d and then compare the computed values. For A = 2, B = 5, C = 4 and D
= 3, the logical expression is FALSE.
Logical expressions are used in IF…THEN statements to determine the course of action of a
running program.
Beware If you use a logical expression like
20 IF B * B  4 * A * C = 0 THEN 90
it means that when b2  4ac = 0, then control should be transferred to the line 90. Remember it will
rarely be exactly zero due to rounding errors of real numbers. This problem can be overcome by
modifying the logical expression as follows:
20 IF ABS (B * B  4 * A * C) < = 0.0001 THEN 90
This statement compares the magnitude of the difference between b2 and 4ac with the
quantity 0.0001 and if it is less than or equal to this quantity then the control is transferred to 90. The
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quantity 0.0001 is known as error limit and can be any value depending upon the need. The ABS(X)
is one of the library functions in BASIC.
Logical Operators
Like relational operators, BASIC also supports logical operators to perform logical operations
on numeric values. Logical operators are used to connect two or more relations and return a TRUE or
FALSE value to be used in a decision.
The common logical operators are:
AND conjunction
OR disjunction
NOT logical negation
For example, the expression
A > 50 AND B > 100
is TRUE when A is more than 50 and at the same time B is more than 100. Similarly,
X < 1.0 OR Y > 10
is TRUE if the value of X is less than one or the value of Y is greater than 10.
Logical operators return results as indicated in the following tables. T indicates a TRUE and
F indicates a FALSE. X and Y are relational expressions.
AND operator
X Y X AND Y
T T T
T F F
F F F
F T F

OR operator

X Y X OR Y
T T T
T F T
F F F
F T T
NOT operator

X NOT X
T F
F T

Some examples of using logical operators in decision making are:

(a) 100 IF AGE > 55 OR EXP > 25 THEN 200

Here, the control is transferred to 200 if either of both of the following is true:
Age is greater than 55 years.

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Experience (EXP) is more than 25 years.

(b) 50 IF SCORE < 600 AND YEAR > 1965 THEN 100
This statement transfers the control to line 100 only of both of the following are true:
Score is less than 600
Year is greater than 1965
On the other hand, if one of them is false, then control goes to the next statement.
Library Functions
There are a few expressions like √ , e–x, sin x, etc. which are very frequently used as a part
of other expressions and for evaluation of each one of them needs a separate subprogram. A program
containing many such expressions would become too lengthy and cumbersome to write. BASIC
contains some built-in functions which perform these computations.
Built-in Functions
1. Trigonometric functions: ATN(x), SIN(x), COS(x), TAN(x)
2. Exponential functions: EXP(x), LOG(x), LOG10(x), SQR(x)
3. Utility functions: TAB(x), RND(x), PI
4. Arithmetic functions: INT(x), ABS(x)
5. String functions: CHR$(N), LEFT$, RIGHT$
Most versions of BASIC support the following functions:
Functions Meaning
ABS(X) Absolute value of x
ATN(X) Arctangent of x(x in radians)
COS(X) Cosine of x(x in radians)
EXP(X) ex where e = 2.71828.. the base of natural logarithm
INT(X) Largest integer not greater than x,
Exa. INT(4.7) = 4 and INT(4.7) = - 5
LOG(X) Natural logarithm of x, where x > 0
RND(X) Generates random number between 0 and 1
SGN(X) Sign of x.
1 if x > 0
0 if x = 0
-1 if x < 0
SIN(X) Sine of x(x in radians)
SQR(X) Square root of x, x > 0
TAB(X) Carriage control to provide x spaces
TAN(X) Tangent of x(x in radians)
NB.:1800 = π radians, 10 = (π/180) radians
In all the above functions, X represents any constant or variable or expression. The expression may
include other functions. The quantity X is called the argument or parameter of the function. Some
examples of library function are:
130 LET X = SQR(B * B – 4 * A * C)

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150 LET I = INT(N/D)

170 LET F = 1 – EXP( - B * X ^ 2/2)
190 LET R = EXP( - SQR(B) * T)
200 PRINT TAB(71 * (SIN(X) +1)/2 + 0.5); “*”
In line 130, the value of B*B – 4*A*C should not be negative. Whenever such expressions are used,
the sign of the argument should be tested before use. Otherwise, an execution error will result.
Steps for loading BASIC interpreter and writing a program:
1. Open the MSDOS mode of computer, which is in the program menu under start button.
2. Change the root directory ( C:\ ) to the basic directory (in which BASIC.EXE file has
been copied) by CD command.
3. Type BASIC in basic directory and press enter key.
4. The BASIC interpreter is loaded.
5. The screen at this stage is ready for writing a BASIC program or loading an existing
BASIC program.
6. The system commands of BASIC can be executed at this screen.
7. The BASIC screen has some default functions present at the bottom which are executed
by pressing corresponding Function keys of the keyboard.
The written/loaded program can be executed by RUN command (or pressing F2 key). To
work and operate while in the BASIC interpreter, the following System commands are used.

Sl. System
Functions with Syntax
No. commands
1. SYSTEM Used to exit BASIC interpreter and to come back DOS environment.
SYSTEM <ENTER>
2. CLS To clear the screen.
CLS <ENTER>
3. FILES To display the files and directories. This command works as DIR in DOS
environment.
FILES <ENTER>
4. AUTO To generate automatic line numbers while writing a program.
AUTO <ENTER> - automatically starts from line 10 with increment of 10.
AUTO 100,20<ENTER> - automatically starts from 100 with increment of
20.
5. NEW To erase a program from RAM. It is required to write or load a program.
NEW <ENTER>
6. EDIT To edit a line of a program.
EDIT (line No.) <ENTER>
7. KILL To delete a file permanently from secondary memory when we do not require
a file anymore.
KILL”ABC.BAS” <ENTER> It deletes the file named as ABC.BAS
8. RENUM To renumber a program when it is active.
RENUM Old starting line No.,New starting line No.,Increment No.<ENTER>

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9. NAME To rename a file.

NAME “Old file name with extension” AS “New file name” <ENTER>
10. LIST To display a program.
LIST<ENTER> or press F1 - lists the whole program.
LIST 50-200<ENTER> - lists the program from line 50 to
200.
LIST -100<ENTER> - lists the program upto line 100.
LIST 100-<ENTER> - lists the program from line 100 to
end line
11. RUN To execute a program.
RUN<ENTER> or press F2
12. LOAD To load an existing program written earlier.
LOAD”ABC.BAS”<ENTER> or press F3 and type the file name part
only.ABC.BAS program is loaded in RAM
13. SAVE To store a program for future after writing it or after editing an old program.
SAVE”ABC<ENTER> or press F4 and type File name
14. CONT To continue the execution of a program further while running the program.
This is required if STOP command is present in a line(s) of program which
temporarily halts the execution of program.
Or Press F5 key when program halts.
15. DELETE To delete consecutive lines of a program.
DELETE (starting line no.) – (end line no.) <ENTER)>
16. BREAK To break the function of AUTO command after writing the program.After the
last line i.e.; after END statement the BREAK key is pressed.
While writing a program in BASIC, some default commands are obtained in one touch when
some letters are pressed in combination with Alt key. It saves time on typing and makes ease of
writing a program. The followings are the use of letters in combination with the Alt key.
Sl. No. Alt + Letter Commands displayed
1. Alt + A AUTO
2. Alt + F FOR
3. Alt + N NEXT
4. Alt + T THEN
5. Alt + G GOTO
6. Alt + E ELSE
7. Alt + U USING
8. Alt + C COLOR
9. Alt + P PRINT
10. Alt + I INPUT
11. Alt + D DELETE
12. Alt + S SCREEN
13. Alt + L LOCATE
14. Alt + R RUN

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Programs in BASIC
PRACTICE -1 :
10 REM "FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF TWO NUMBERS"
20 CLS
30 INPUT "ENTER ANY TWO NUMBERS";A,B
40 PRINT "ENTER YOUR CHOICE 1 FOR ADDITION 2 FOR SUBTRACTION"
50 INPUT C
60 IF C=1 THEN 70 ELSE 90
70 S=A+B
80 PRINT S :GOTO 110
90 D=A-B
100 PRINT D
110 END
PRACTICE - 2 :
10 REM * SUM AND MEAN OF N NATURAL NUMBERS (data is taken by the program
itself)*
20 CLS
30 INPUT "What is the value of N =";N
40 LET S=0:LET I=O
50 LET I=I+1
60 LET S=S+I
70 IF I=N THEN 80 ELSE 50
80 PRINT
90 PRINT "No. of Observations =";N
100 PRINT
110 PRINT "Total of the Natural Nos. = ";S
120 PRINT
130 PRINT "Mean of the Natural Nos. = ";S/N
140 END
PRACTICE- 3 :
10 REM *SUM AND MEAN OF N NATURAL NUMBERS (data is written in the program)*
20 CLS
30 INPUT "What is the value of N =";N
40 PRINT
50 LET S=0:LET I=O
60 READ A
70 LET S=S+A
80 LET I=I+1
90 IF I<N THEN 60
100 PRINT

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110 PRINT "No. of Observations =";N

120 PRINT
130 PRINT "Total of the Observations = ";S
140 PRINT
150 PRINT "Mean of the Observations = ";S/N
160 DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20
170 DATA 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40
180 DATA 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60
190 END
PRACTICE- 4 :
10 REM *SUM AND MEAN of any number of observations (data through keyboard)*
20 CLS
30 INPUT "What is the value of N =";N
40 PRINT
50 LET S=0:LET I=O
60 INPUT "Enter the first Observation = ";A
70 LET S=S+A
80 LET I=I+1
90 IF I=N THEN 120 ELSE 100
100 INPUT "Enter the Next Observation =";A
110 GOTO 70
120 PRINT
130 PRINT "No. of Observations =";N
140 PRINT
150 PRINT "Total of the Observations = ";S
160 PRINT
170 PRINT "Mean of the Observations = ";S/N
180 END
PRACTICE- 5 :
10 REM *Calculation of AM,GM and HM of a series of observations (use of DIM statement
and its effect)*
20 CLS
30 INPUT "No. of observations = ";N
40 DIM X(N)
50 FOR I=1 TO N
60 READ X(I)
70 NEXT I
80 REM * For Arithmetic Mean *
90 LET S=0
100 FOR I=1 TO N
110 S=S+X(I)
120 NEXT I
130 M=S/N
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140 PRINT "Arithmetic Mean = ";

150 PRINT USING "#####.####";M
160 PRINT
170 STOP
180 REM * For Geometric Mean *
190 DIM G(N)
200 FOR I=1 TO N
210 G(I)=LOG(X(I))
220 G1=G1+G(I)
230 NEXT I
240 G2=G1/N
250 GM=EXP(G2)
260 PRINT "Geometric Mean = ";
270 PRINT USING "#####.####";GM
280 PRINT
290 STOP
300 REM * For Harmonic Mean *
310 DIM H(N)
320 FOR I=1 TO N
330 H(I)=1/X(I)
340 H1=H1+H(I)
350 NEXT
360 HM=N/H1
370 PRINT "Harmonic Mean = ";
380 PRINT USING "#####.####";HM
390 DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20
400 END
PRACTICE- 6 :
10 REM *to compute MEAN, MEAN DEVIATION from mean and STANDARD DEVIATION
*
20 CLS
30 INPUT "No. of observations = ";N
40 DIM X(N),S1(N)
50 FOR I=1 TO N:READ X(I):NEXT I
60 REM * For Mean Deviation from Mean *
70 FOR I=1 TO N
80 S=S+X(I)
90 NEXT I
100 M=S/N
110 PRINT "Mean of the observations = ";
120 PRINT USING "#####.##";M
130 FOR I=1 TO N
140 S1(I)=ABS(X(I)-M)
150 S2=S2+S1(I)
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160 NEXT I
170 MD=S2/N
180 PRINT
190 PRINT "Mean Deviation from Mean = ";
200 PRINT USING "#####.##";MD
210 PRINT
220 STOP
230 REM * For Standard Deviation *
240 FOR I=1 TO N
250 SXX=SXX+X(I)*X(I)
260 NEXT I
270 V=SXX/N-(M)^2
280 SD=SQR(V)
290 PRINT "Standard Deviation = ";
300 PRINT USING "#####.##";SD
310 DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20
320 END

PRACTICE- 7 :
10 REM *to compute MEAN,VARIANCE, S.D. and C.V. of a series of observations(by using
variable loop where a condition is required like IF...THEN)*
20 CLS
30 INPUT "HOW MANY OBSERVATIONS= ";N
40 S=0:P=0:S1=0
50 READ X
60 P=P+1
70 S=S+X
80 S1=S1+X*X
90 IF P<N THEN 50
100 M=S/N
110 V=S1/N-(S/N)^2
120 SD=SQR(V)
130 CV=SD*100/M
140 PRINT "No. of Observations=";N
150 PRINT
160 PRINT "Variance of X=";V
170 PRINT
180 PRINT “Mean of X = “;M
190 PRINT
200 PRINT "Standard Deviation of X=";SD
210 PRINT
220 PRINT "Coefficient of Variation=";CV;”%”
230 DATA 12,14,15,16,13,11,10,12,14,15,11,10,11,11,12,13,14,16,18,20,18,15,16,17
240 END

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PRACTICE- 8 :
10 REM *To compute MEAN, MEAN DEVIATION,VARIANCE, S.D. and C.V. (by using
fixed loop where operations are repeated a fixed number of times i.e.; use of FOR…NEXT
statement)*
20 CLS
30 INPUT "No. of observations = ";N
40 DIM X(N),S1(N)
50 FOR I=1 TO N
60 READ X(I)
70 SX=SX+X(I)
80 SXX=SXX+X(I)*X(I)
90 NEXT I
100 M=SX/N:V=SXX/N-(SX/N)^2:SD=SQR(V):CV=SD*100/M
110 FOR I=1 TO N
120 S1(I)=ABS(X(I)-M)
130 S2=S2+S1(I)
140 NEXT
150 MD=S2/N
160 PRINT
170 PRINT TAB(8);"Mean";SPC(12);"M.D.";SPC(7);"Variance";SPC(10);"S.D.";
SPC(7);"C.V.(%)"
180 PRINT
190 PRINT USING "#########.####";M,MD,V,SD,CV
200 DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20
210 END
PRACTICE- 9 :
10 REM "Computation of simple CORRELATION COEFFICIENT"
20 CLS
30 INPUT "No of observations=";N
40 DIM X(N),Y(N)
50 FOR I=1 TO N
60 INPUT "ENTER VALUE OF X ";X(I)
70 INPUT "ENTER VALUE OF Y ";Y(I)
80 S=S+X(I)*Y(I)
90 T=T+X(I)^2
100 U=U+Y(I)^2
110 V=V+X(I)
120 W=W+Y(I)
130 NEXT I
140 A=V/N
150 B=W/N
160 LET D=(T-N*A*A)*(U-N*B*B)
170 R=(S-N*A*B)/SQR(D)

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180 PRINT "CORRELATION COEFFICIENT BETWEEN X & Y =";USING "##.####";R

190 END
PRACTICE- 10 :
An example on regression analysis data of two variables.

X 12 15 18 14 20 16 14 10 15 25 16 20 15 17 20
Y 10 12 13 11 15 12 12 8 12 20 14 10 18 12 14

10 REM "Regression analysis of Y=a1+b1X and X=a2+b2Y"

20 CLS
30 INPUT "No. of Observation=";N
40 DIM X(N),Y(N)
50 FOR I=1 TO N:READ X(I):NEXT I
60 FOR I=1 TO N:READ Y(I):NEXT I
70 FOR I=1 TO N
80 S1=S1+X(I):S2=S2+Y(I):SX=SX+X(I)*X(I):SY=SY+Y(I)*Y(I)
85 SP=SP+X(I)*Y(I)
90 NEXT I
100 COV=(SP/N)-(S1/N)*(S2/N)
110 VX=(SX/N)-(S1/N)*(S1/N):VY=(SY/N)-(S2/N)*(S2/N):MX=S1/N:MY=S2/N
120 B1=COV/VX:B2=COV/VY:A1=(MY-B1*MX):A2=(MX-B2*MY)
130 R=COV/(VX*VY)^.5
140 PRINT "No. of obs.=";N;"MEAN of X=";MX;"MEAN OF Y=";MY
150 PRINT "Var. of X=";VX;"Var. of Y=";VY;"Cov. of X & Y=";COV
160 PRINT
170 PRINT "Fitted regression equations are:"
180 PRINT "Y=";A1;"+";B1;"X";" and ";"X=";A2;"+";B2;"Y"
190 PRINT
200 PRINT "Correlation coefficient between X and Y = ";R
210 DATA 12,15,18,14,20,16,14,10,15,25,16,20,15,17,20
220 DATA 10,12,13,11,15,12,12,8,12,20,14,10,18,12,14
230 END

PRACTICAL-6: MS WORD: Creating a document, editing and saving; use of options from tool
bars - Format, Insert and Tools (Spelling & Grammar), alignment of paragraphs and text
Word-processing: Word-processing is essentially typing, editing, and manipulation of a document
in a desired form.

 Word-processing the process of using computer to create, edit and print documents.
 Word processing is creating documents with
o Various formatting viz., font face, font styles, font sizes, font colors (eg: one, two, three)
o Different text effects

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o Different alignments of text, paragraph, pages etc.

o facility to automatically correct misspelled words and grammatical mistakes
o The ability to see how the document will look
 To perform word processing, a special program called a word processor is in need.
 A word processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display
it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and
print it on a printer.
 Examples of Word processors are:
a).Wordstar, b).Writer, c). Leap, d). WordPerfect, e). MS Word
MS WORD
 MSWORD is a word processor from Microsoft.
 A computer program that enable us to create a document, edit, format, print and also save it
for future use.
Starting MS Word:
Search for Microsoft Word icon, point it with the help of the mouse and double click to select the
application.
Or Start  All Programs  MS-office MS-word
MS Word Window

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The default Word document includes the following layout tools:

 Title bar: displays the document name and the application.
 Menu bar: Contains the list of menus available inside word, each menu contains a
specific set of commands.
 Standard toolbar: provides shortcuts in the form of buttons for frequently performed
tasks.
 Formatting toolbar: Contains a list of formatting options available inside the format
menu.
 Horizontal & Vertical rulers: used for measurement purposes like any normal ruler; the
default unit of measure is in inches.
 White page area: is the space area where you type, edit and format your document.
 Insertion point: is the blinking vertical line that indicates the position on the screen
where text or graphics will be placed.
 Task pane: is a small window within the word window that provides shortcuts to
commonly used tasks.
 Scroll bars: are used to move up and down or left and right in a document.
 Status bar: displays the details such as the page number the user is working on, section
no., page no. out of the total pages found in the document, line number, column number

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etc.
Standard Toolbar
This toolbar contains buttons to allow you to perform the basic operations such as opening and
closing a document, moving and printing data.

Function of commonly used buttons

 New: Creates a new blank document based on the default template
 Open: Opens or finds an existing file
 Save: Saves the active file with its current file name, location and file format
 Print: Prints the active file - for more print options go to the File menu and select Print
 Print preview : Shows how the document will look when you print it.
 Spelling & Grammer: Spelling, grammar and writing style checker
 Cut : Removes the selection from the document and places it on the clipboard
 Copy : Copies the selected item(s) to the clipboard
 Paste : Places the content of the clipboard at the insertion point
 Format painter : Copies the format from a selected object or text and applies to other
objects
 Undo : Reverses the last command, use pull-down menu to undo several steps
 Redo : Reverses the action of the Undo button, use the pull-down menu to redo several steps
 Insert table: Insert a table into the document, or make a table of selected text
 Insert Excel worksheet: Inserts an Excel spreadsheet into the Word document
 Columns : Changes the number of columns in a document
 Drawing: Displays or hides the Drawing toolbar
 Zoom (100%): Enlarge or reduce the display of the active document
Formatting Toolbar
The formatting Tool bar is the easiest way to change many attributes of a text.

 Style menu: Allows you to make your text Bold, Italic, underlined… depending on the style
you choose.
 Font: Allows you to change the font by clicking on the drop-down arrow on the right of the
font name box. You can view a list of fonts available, you can scroll down to view more
fonts and select the font name you wish to use by clicking on its name.
 Font size: Allows you to change the font size by clicking inside the Font size box and entering
a value or by clicking on the drop-down arrow on the right of the box to view a list of sizes
available. Select then a size by clicking on it.
 Note: A Font size of 11 or 12 is best for paragraphs of text.
 Bold, Italic, Underline: Each button respectively allows you to make your text appear as bold,
italic or underlined.
 Alignment: Each button respectively allows you to make your text aligned to the left, center or

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right side of the page. You can also justify the text across the page using the justify button.
 Line spacing: Allows you to set the amount of space that word puts when go to a new line.
 Text orientation: Allows you to change the typing direction of your text, from left to right or
right to left manner.
 Numbering, Bullets: Allows you to make your text appear as a bullets list or as a numbering
list.
 Increase / Decrease indent: Allows you to increase or decrease the indentation of your
paragraph in relation to the side of the page.
 Outside Border: Allows you to add a border around a text selection.
 Highlight color: Allows you to change the color behind a text selection.
 Font colour: Allows you to change the colour of the text.
Features of word processing
Word processors vary considerably, but all word processors support the following basic
features:
 Insert text: Allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.
 Delete text: Allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily as you can cross
them out on paper.
 Cut and paste: Allows you to remove (cut) a section of text from one place in a
document and insert (paste) it somewhere else.
 Copy: Allows you to duplicate a section of text.
 Search and replace: Allows you to direct the word processor to search for a particular word
or phrase. You can also direct the word processor to replace one group of characters with
another everywhere that the first group appears.
 Word wrap: The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you have filled
one line with text, and it will readjust text if you change the margins.
 Editing: Words or lines can be entered (inserted) or deleted in any part of the text with
proper alignment. Similarly, there is a facility to recover the text which is deleted by
mistake or accidentally. Another important facility is that any word can be replaced by a
new word through out the file, wherever the old word appears. In addition to these, a block of
text(which is frequently used) can be prepared and moved or copied wherever desired in the
file.
 Print: Allows you to send a document to a printer to get hardcopy.
 Formatting: The text formatting refers to the way the text is desired to appear on a page.
This includes following functions
 setting left and right margins
 paragraph settings
 line spacing
 selecting font specifications such as underline, bold, italics, superscripts and
subscripts
 setting foot-notes
 number of lines per page
 printing page numbers and headings for Header and Footer
 table of contents

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 indexing the text

 File management: Many word processors contain file management capabilities that allow
you to create, delete, move, and search for files.
 Font specifications: Allows you to change fonts within a document. For example, you can
specify bold, italics, and underlining. Most word processors also let you change the font size
and even the typeface.
 Footnotes and cross-references: Automates the numbering and placement of footnotes
and enables you to easily cross-reference other sections of the document.
 Graphics: Allows you to embed illustrations and graphs into a document. Some word
processors let you create the illustrations within the word processor; others let you insert an
illustration produced by a different program.
 Headers, footers, and page numbering: Allows you to specify customized headers and
footers that the word processor will put at the top and bottom of every page. The word
processor automatically keeps track of page numbers so that the correct number appears on
each page.
 Layout: Allows you to specify different margins within a single document and to specify
various methods for indenting paragraphs.
 Macros: A macro is a character or word that represents a series of keystrokes. The
keystrokes can represent text or commands. The ability to define macros allows you to save
yourself a lot of time by replacing common combinations of keystrokes.
 Merges: Allows you to merge text from one file into another file. This is particularly
useful for generating many files that have the same format but different data. Generating
mailing labels is the classic example of using merges.
 Spell checker: A utility that allows you to check the spelling of words. It will highlight any
words that it does not recognize.
 Tables of contents and indexes: Allows you to automatically create a table of contents and
index based on special codes that you insert in the document.
 Thesaurus: A built-in thesaurus that allows you to search for synonyms without leaving the
word processor.
 Exit: To close the Ms-word.
 Ctrl + Enter: To insert a new page, press
Creating a New Document
 If MSWord icon is not on the desktop screen then Click StartAll Programs Microsoft
Word as shown below:

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• The opening word screen will get displayed as shown below. The opening screen of
word will automatically open a new document and the default name of that document will be
Document1.

• If you've already started Word, you create a new document by clicking New on the File
menu. In the New Document task pane that opens, click Blank document.
• In the upper-left corner of the document, or page, is the insertion point, a blinking vertical
line. Typed content will appear there.
• Keep typing continuously even if the end of the line encountered. With the help of the
word wrap property the lines will be automatically displayed in the next consecutive
lines.
• Press ENTER to start another paragraph.
Navigating Through Document
• Movement around the created document is achieved with the help of the following operations:

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To perform this action... Press...

To move one character to the left LEFT ARROW
To move one character to the right RIGHT ARROW
To move up one line UP ARROW
To move down one line DOWN ARROW
To move to the end of a line END
To move to the beginning of a line HOME
To move up one screen (scrolling) PAGE UP
To move down one screen (scrolling) PAGE DOWN
To move to the end of a document CTRL+END
To move to the beginning of a document CTRL+HOME

Selecting the text in the document

• To select the document in the text the following operations can be performed:

To perform this action... Press...

To select one character to the right SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW
To select one character to the left SHIFT+LEFT ARROW
To select to the beginning of a word CTRL+SHIFT+LEFT ARROW
To select to the end of a line SHIFT+END
To select to the beginning of a line SHIFT+HOME
To select the entire document CTRL+A
Editing the document
1. Cut
 Cut operation removes the selection from the active document and places it on the
clipboard.
 Select the text to be cut in the document.
 Go to Edit menu and select Cut option or click the cut icon in the toolbar or make use of the
shortcut key combination Ctrl+X to cut the text.
2. Copy
 Copies the selection to the clipboard
 Select the text to be copied in the document.
 Go to Edit menu and select Copy option or click the copy icon ( ) in the toolbar or
make use of the shortcut key combination Ctrl+C to copy the selected text.
3. Paste
 Paste inserts the contents of the clipboard at the insertion point (cursor) or whatever is
selected.
 First go to the place where you want to display the cut text.

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 From the Edit menu select Paste option or click paste icon ( ) in the toolbar or press the
short cut key Ctrl+V
4. Find and Replace
 Find searches for specified text in the active document
 To find a specified text in the document go to Edit menu choose find option or click the find
icon ( ) on the toolbar or make use of the shortcut key combination Ctrl+F.
 The Find and Replace dialog box will get displayed.

 Enter the text to be searched in the Find what tab.

 Clicking the Find Next button the specified text will be located in the document.
 Replace searches for and replaces specified text.
 To replace go to edit menu and select Replace option or click the replace icon in the
toolbar or make use of the shortcut key combination Ctrl+H.
 Find and Replace dialog will get displayed.

 Clicking Find Next and Replace buttons the specified text will be replaced.
 To replace all the instance of the text lecture with the text lecture schedule click
Replace All button in the Find and Replace window.
 Then every instance of the text lecture in the document will get replaced with the text
lecture schedule.
5. Formatting the Document
Font
 Font change font style, size, color and a large number of other features.

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 To change the font style, size of a selected text go to format menu and select
 Font option or click the font icon ( ) in the format toolbar.
 The Font dialog box will get displayed.

 In the Font dialog box choose font face, font style, font size, font color etc.
 Click OK button then the applied font effects will get reflected in the document.
Bold, Italic and Underline
 Bold, Italic, Underline - Format selected text: Bold, Italic, or Underlined
 To bold the text press Ctrl + B or click the bold icon ( ) on the toolbar
 To underline the text press Ctrl + U or click the underline icon ( ) on the toolbar
 To italics the text press Ctrl + I or click the italic icon ( ) on the toolbar

Paragraph

 Paragraph under format menu indents a paragraph using either margin or place some
chosen amount of space before or after the paragraph.
 Select the paragraph if already entered or simply go Format menu and choose
Paragraph option or click the paragraph icon ( ) in the toolbar.
 Paragraph dialog box will get displayed.

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 In the paragraph window we can set Alignment, Indentation and Spacing for paragraphs.
 Click OK will reflect the changes in the document accordingly.
Saving the document
 To save the document for the first time click File MenuChoose Save As
 Save As dialog Box will get displayed.
 Select the directory where you want to save or create a new folder by clicking New
Folder icon.
 Enter the file name in the File name box.
Save dialog box appears. Type the name and click Save.

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 Click Save. The file is saved under the new name.

 To save subsequently click on Save from File Menu.
 Or hold the Ctrl. Key and press S from keyboard.
 Or click Save button ( ) in the standard toolbar.
The extension of Word File name by default is .doc or .docx.
Opening Existing documents:
 Click the open button found on the Standard tool bar. or
 From the task pane, select getting started and the select more or
 From the Menu bar, select File  Open
Closing a document
 Select File  close
 Click on the small X found on the right top next to the Menu bar and the Title bar.

PRACTICAL-7: MS WORD: Creating a table, merging of cells, column and row width
Creating a table
To create a table, you can use Word, Excel, or Microsoft Access. Excel and Word can automatically
format the table.
Inserting a table
• From the menus, choose Table – Insert – Table
• A dialogue box appears. Change the numbers to create a 4 X 4 table as below

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• Type the data as shown using the TAB key to move between fields
Month Spades Wheelbarrows Genomes
Jan 1000 990 2489
Feb 876 754 1765
March 2000 1000 3456

Formatting a table
 You can use the Table menu to select parts or the entire table.
 You must position the cursor in the table, otherwise the Table menu options will be
unavailable
 You can also select table objects by clicking & dragging, just as you would for normal text
 You can format the text in your table by selecting the text, then applying formatting (for
example bold, italic, underline, different fonts) just as you would in any document
 You can use one of the predefined AutoFormats by choosing Table Autoformat from the
Table menu

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Make sure that the cursor is positioned in the table

• Choose Table Autoformat from the Table menu
• In the Table Autoformat dialogue box select a suitable format.
• Click on O.K
 You can position the table using the text justification buttons on the formatting tool bar. You
will need to select the table first by choosing Select Table from the Table menu
 A quick way to adjust column widths is by positioning the cursor on the column boundary. The
cursor shape will change. You can then drag the columns to the width you require.
Editing the structure of a table
If you make a mistake, and do not allow enough rows or columns in your table, it is very easy to
add more rows and columns. The help topic, Add a cell, row, or column to a table covers this
topic well, and the Tables menu offers various options for inserting rows and columns.
Adding row and column to a table
 Choose Microsoft Office Word Help from the Help menu.
 In the search box, type add row
 Click on the link to Add a cell, row, or column to a table

Merge or split cells in a table

Merge cells: You can combine two or more table cells located in the same row or column into a
single cell. For example, you can merge several cells horizontally to create a table heading that spans
several columns.
 Select the cells that you want to merge by clicking the left edge of a cell and then dragging
across the other cells that you want.
 Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Merge group, click Merge Cells.
Split cells:
 Click in a cell, or select multiple cells that you want to split.
 Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Merge group, click Split Cells.
 Enter the number of columns or rows that you want to split the selected cells into.
NOTE: To split one table into two tables, you must do the following:
 Select the row that you want to be the first row of the second table.
 Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Merge group, click Split Table.

PRACTICAL-8: MS EXCEL: Creating a spreadsheet, alignment of rows, columns and cells

using Format tool bar. Entering formula expressions through the formula tool bar and use of
inbuilt functions - SUM, AVERAGE and STDEV
A). Creating a spreadsheet, alignment of rows, columns and cells using Format tool bar

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Electronic Spreadsheet
 An electronic spreadsheet is the computer equivalent of a paper ledger sheet. It consists of a grid
made from columns and rows.
 Spreadsheet program allows us to create professional spreadsheets and charts.
 It performs numerous functions and formulas to assist us in our projects.
Electronic Spreadsheet Packages
Examples of spreadsheet programs are:
 Lotus 1-2-3
 Corel's QuattroPro
 MS Excel
Excel is a spreadsheet program from Microsoft Office for data storage, data analysis and many
other applications.
Starting Microsoft Excel
 Double click on the Microsoft Excel icon on the desktop or
 Click on Start --> Programs --> Microsoft Excel

Concepts
 Spreadsheets are commonly referred to as workbook in Excel and have many worksheets.
 Each worksheet is made up of
 columns
 rows
 intersections of row and columns called cells

Elements of an Excel Window

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Standard Toolbar
The Standard toolbar, located beneath the menu bar, has buttons for commonly performed
tasks like adding a column of numbers, printing, sorting, and other operations. Excel let's you
customize the toolbar or even display multiple toolbars at the same time. The Standard Excel XP
toolbar appears in the figure below.

Formatting toolbar
The Formatting toolbar, located beneath the Standard toolbar bar, has buttons for various
formatting operations like changing text size or style, formatting numbers and placing borders
around cells.

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Formula bar & Name box

The formula bar is located beneath the toolbar at the top of the Excel worksheet. Use the
formula bar to enter and edit worksheet data. The contents of the active cell always appear in the
formula bar. When you click the mouse in the formula bar, an X and a check mark appear. You can
click the check icon to confirm and completes editing, or the X to abandon editing.

Name box
The Name box displays the reference of the selected cells in the form of column label
followed by row number.
Row, Column and Cell
 The column is defined as the vertical space that is going up and down the window.
 Letters are used to designate each column’s location.
 The row is defined as the horizontal space that is going across the window. Numbers are
used to designate each row’s location.
 The cell is defined as the space where a specified row and column intersect.
 Each cell is assigned a name according to its column letter and row number.
 The selected cell is highlighted.
 The address or the name of the cell selected as B6 or A3 or Z12 etc.
 A cell may contain any one of the following types of data:
 text (labels)
 number data (constants)
 mathematical and statistical formulas

Data types Examples Descriptions

LABEL Name or ID or Days anything that is just text
CONSTANT 5 or 3.75 or -7.4 any number
FORMULA =5+3 or = 8*5+3 mathematics equation
Navigating Through Cells
Movement Key stroke
One cell up up arrow key

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One cell down down arrow key or enter

One cell left left arrow key
One cell right right arrow key or tab
Top of the worksheet (cell A1) Ctrl+Home
End of the worksheet (last cell with data) Ctrl+End
End of the row Ctrl+right arrow key
End of the column CTRL+down arrow key
Selecting Cells
Cells to select Mouse action
One cell Click once in the cell
Entire row click the row label
Entire column click the column label
Entire worksheet click Ctrl + A sheet button
Cluster of cells drag mouse over the cells or hold down
the SHIFT key while using the arrow keys
Creating Spreadsheet
 Move to the cell where you want to enter data and enter words or numbers.
 If data is already in the cell it will be replaced without you having to cut or delete the
previous data.

Editing Spreadsheet
 To edit the contents of a cell
 Select the cell, type the new contents and press enter. The new entry will be
replacing the existing contents
 Or select the cell to be edited, click on the Formula bar or double click the cell then
edit the contents and press enter.

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Insert a row in the spreadsheet

 First click on the row number and choose Rows from the Insert menu. This will insert a row
before the selected row.

Insert a column in the spreadsheet

 First click on the column label (letter) and choose Columns from the Insert menu.
 This will insert a column immediately left of the selected column.

Saving Spreadsheet
 Click on Save As from File menu.
 In the Save As dialog box
 Select the directory
 Enter the file name
 Click on Save button

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 To save subsequently Click on Save from File menu

 Or hold the Ctrl. Key and press Enter key
 Or press Save button ( ) in the Tool Bar.
 The extension name of excel workbook is .xls or .xlsx
Alignment of rows, columns and cells using Format tool bar
Aligning data:
By default, any text you enter in Excel is aligned to the left and any value or number is aligned
to the right. To change the default alignment, you can use the alignment buttons on the
formatting tool bar.

Formatting Numbers:
Formatting data in a worksheet includes changing the number of decimal places, displaying dates,
times & fractions and adding currency symbols.
To format the number in a cell, the steps are: Format/Cell/N/umber/Decimal places/2
Formatting Text: Text can be formatted using the buttons on the formatting toolbar. Font of a
cell, font size can be changed. The font style can also be changed to bold, Italic etc.
Inserting Rows & Columns:
In Excel, rows & columns can be inserted or deleted without affecting the surrounding rows,
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columns & cells.

To insert a row,
1. Rest the mouse pointer over the row above which you want to insert the new row.
2. On the Insert menu, click rows.
A row is inserted and the existing row moves down after the new row. Similarly, to insert a column,
1. Rest the mouse pointer over the column before which you want to insert the new Column.
2. On the Insert menu, click columns.
Changing Row height & Column width:
By default, every row is 12.75 points high and every column is 8.43 characters wide. As you fill it
with data, however you have to change the size of rows & columns so that it is fitted to the length of
the data. To Resize a column:
1. Rest the mouse pointer on the column boundary on the right side.
2. The shape of the mouse pointer changes to
3. Drag the boundary until the required width is obtained.
(OR)
1. The column which is to be adjusted is made active by clicking on column letter.
2. The column option is selected from the Format menu.
3. Click on the width option. A dialogue box is displayed.
4. Type in the required size of the column in the text box column width.
Similarly, Row height can also be adjusted by selecting the rows.

B). Entering formula expressions through the formula tool bar and use of inbuilt functions -
SUM, AVERAGE and STDEV
In-built Functions
• A function is an in-built program, which is used to do a particular task.
• Functions take the input and will give the result as the output.
• Based on the input and output data the functions are categorized as
o String functions
o Arithmetic functions
o Date functions
o Logical functions
o Group functions
Function Wizard:
The Function Wizard is a tool in Excel through which a user can enter formulas in the correct
format without any errors. It contains all the functions according to the type such as
Mathematical, Statistical, Date/time, Financial etc.

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Steps to use the function Wizard:

1. The cell in which the function is to be inserted, is selected.

2. Select the function option from the Insert menu. The Function Wizard screen is displayed. It
lists all the functions available.
3. The function needed is selected. Click O.K
4. A dialogue box is displayed in which arguments are accepted.
5. Enter the arguments. The selected cell on the worksheet will automatically contain the
formula.
6. Click O.K. The result is shown in the selected cell.
Use of in-built function SUM
To use in-built functions enter the data to prepare mark list of the I- B.Sc.(Agriculture) students in
the spreadsheet.

 Using the in-built function SUM() we can calculate the total scored by each and every
student in I-B. Sc. (Agri.).
 Add Total column in the spreadsheet as shown below:
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 Place the mouse pointer in the cell with the address F3

 The F3 cell is the one which should display the total mark scored by the student namely
 Angaleeswari in the above example.
 Select fx in the Formula bar
 Insert Function dialog box will get displayed as shown below:

 Select SUM function and click OK button in the Insert Function dialog box.
 The function Argument dialog box will be displayed with the automatically assumed
range of cells to be added(B3 to E3)
 Click OK. The result is displayed as shown. We can even choose the range of cells
added manually.

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 The total marks scored by the other students have to added in the same way by making use
of the SUM() function.
 Instead entering the same function for all the students in the example we can copy the
formula to the cells in the total column to add B4:E4, B5:E5, B6:E6 and so on.
 When we copy the SUM() function formula from the cell F3 to F4 the SUM function will
automatically taking the input range of numbers to be added is B4:E4.
 The same is applicable to the rest of the cells in the total column.
 To copy down the formula place the mouse pointer at the bottom right corner of the cell
F3.
 The mouse pointer now automatically changes into + symbol.
 Now drag + symbol down the cells in the Total column.
 We can see the total marks of all the students in the example as shown below.

Use of in-built function AVERAGE

 To calculate the average marks scored by the students in the example we can make use of
average function AVERAGE().
 Enter Average column in the spreadsheet.
 Place the mouse pointer in the cell with the address G3
 The F3 cell is the one which should display the total mark scored by the student namely
Angaleeswari in the above example.
 Select fx in the Formula bar
 Insert Function dialog box will get displayed as shown below. Choose AVERAGE()
function and click OK.

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 Click OK button in the Insert Function dialog box.

 In the Function Argument dialog box enter F3/4 then click OK button. The average
scored is displayed.

 Copy the AVERAGE formula as we copied the SUM

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Writing Expressions
 The total marks can be calculated by writing expressions.
 Place the cursor in the cell F3.
 To enter expression, enter the equal sign first.

 Choose the cells with the cursor as sown

 Press enter. The result will be displayed in F3. Copy the expression down the Total
column to find the total mark scored by all the students in the example.
 To calculate the averages, place the G3.
 Enter the equal sign first in the cell G3.
 Enter F3/4 which is the average to be calculated.

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 Press enter. The average will be displayed. Copy the expression down the cells in the
 Average column to calculate the rest of the averages.

Use of in-built function STDEV

Estimates standard deviation based on a sample. The standard deviation is a measure of how widely
values are dispersed from the average value (the mean). It can be computed like SUM and
AVERAGE function.
Syntax
STDEV(number1,number2,...) or STDEV(range of cells having data)

Example
Suppose 10 tools stamped from the same machine during a production run are collected as a random
sample and measured for breaking strength. The sample values (1345, 1301, 1368, 1322, 1310, 1370,
1318, 1350, 1303, 1299) are stored in A2:E3, respectively. STDEV estimates the standard deviation
of these data.
STDEV(A2:E3) equals 27.46

PRACTICAL-9: MS EXCEL: Data analysis using inbuilt tool packs - tests of significance on F-
test, t-test for two sample means, Correlation & Regression
Data analysis using inbuilt tool packs
Most of Excel’s statistical procedures are part of the Data Analysis ToolPak. This option is available
in TOOLS menu and there are different tools for analysis of descriptive statistics, t-tests, F-test,
correlations, regression, etc.

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 To start the data analysis click Tools menu.

 Search for the Data Analysis tab in the Tools menu and click.
 Data Analysis dialog box will get displayed as shown:

F-Test: Two-Sample for Variances analysis tool

This analysis tool performs a two-sample F-test to compare two population variances.
Example: Let there be 2 samples from two normal populations on yield of a crop and we want to test
equality of these two variances assuming they are different as below:

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Two-Sample for Variances dialog box is obtained from Tools Menu and then Data analysis as:

Press OK and fill the dialogue box as:

Variable 1 Range
Enter the reference for the first column of data you want to analyze.
Variable 2 Range
Enter the reference for the second column of data you want to analyze.
Labels
Select if the first column of your input range contains labels.
Alpha
Enter the confidence level for the test.
Output Range
Enter the reference cell of the output table.

Press OK and the output is:

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The test is not significant indicating equal variance.

t-test for two sample means
 t-test for two samples assuming equal variances on yield.
 The data is entered in Excel sheet as in F-test above.
Two-Sample means test dialog box is obtained from Tools Menu and then Data analysis as:

Press OK and fill the dialogue box as:

Variable 1 Range
Enter the reference for the first column of data you want to analyze.
Variable 2 Range
Enter the reference for the second column of data you want to analyze.
Hypothesized mean difference value
Input the value as zero as per Null hypothesis.
Labels
Select if the first column of your input range contains labels.

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Alpha
Enter the confidence level for the test.
Output Range
Enter the reference cell of the output table.

Press OK and the output is:

The test is not significant indicating equal means of the two samples.
Correlation
 To do the correlation we consider a problem of finding correlation coefficient of data
which relates to the Yield in grams (Y) and the Matured Pods (X) of 10 groundnut plants.
 The data is entered in the Excel sheet as follows:

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 Choose Correlation from the Data Analysis window then click OK button.
 Correlation window will get displayed as follows:

 Enter the input range if you know the input range of data or else make use of the
address icon to mark the input range in the Excel sheet. In this example the input range is
A2:B12.
 Since the data are grouped by column in this example, choose Grouped by Columns
option.
 We can add the labels as the first row in the data range. So check the Labels in First Row.
 In the output options choose where you want to display the output. In this example the
output range is given as D2.

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 Click OK button in the Correlation window.

 The result will be displayed from D2 as shown below:

Regression

 To do the regression analysis we consider an example with paddy yield in Kg as

dependent variable and ear length in cm as the independent variable.
 The data are entered in the Excel sheet as follows:

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 The Regression procedure in the Data Analysis tools lets you choose one column as the
dependent variable, and a set of contiguous columns for the independents
 It does not tolerate any empty cells anywhere in the input ranges.
 Therefore, if there is any empty cells in the input range, delete the rows contain empty
cells.
 Choose Regression from Data Analysis and click OK.

 In the Regression window enter the Y and X ranges if you know the address values or else
the click the colored icon in the Y and X range tabs to fill the addresses.
 If the first row of the data entered includes labels then check the Labels box in the
Regression window.

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 Let the confidence level be set to 99%.

 In the output options choose where you want to display the output of regression
analysis. In this example the Output Range is set to E2.

 Click OK. The result will be displayed fro E2 as shown below:

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PRACTICAL-10: MS EXCEL: Creating and saving graphs with & without data
Graphs or Charts
 The graphical representation of data is called graph or chart.
 The data entered in the excel sheet can be represented by a graph or a chart.
 MSEXCEL supports a wide variety of graphs.
 Example of graphs: Column, Line, Bar, Pie, Scatter, Area, Doughnut, Radar, Surface,
Bubble, Stock etc.
Column Graph
 It shows data change over a period of time or illustrates comparisons among items.
 Categories are organized horizontally and values vertically.
 It is an idel chart for showing the variation in the value of an item over period of time.
Bar Graph
 Bar graph illustrates comparison among individual items.
 Categories are vertically organized and values horizontally.
Line Graph
 A line graph shows trends in data at equal intervals.
 It is very useful to show the change in the value over a period of time.
 It will show very clearly whether a value is ascending or descending.
Pie Chart
 Pie chart is used to plot data for a single data series.
 Each data point is represented by one piece of the circular pie chart.
 The size of each piece is proportional to the value it represents, so all the data points
taken together will form circle.

Area Graph
 Area chart is similar to line chart.
 But plots series one above the other with different colors and shades.
 It emphasizes the magnitude of change over a period of time.
XY (Scatter) Graph
 It plots each point with a mark of two groups of numbers as one series of XY
coordinates.
 It shows uneven intervals of data and it is commonly used for scientific data.
CREATING GRAPHS
Create a spreadsheet with data rice yield in tones from the year 1998 to 2004 as shown below:

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Go to Insert Menu select Chart and click.

 The range is to conform that the chart is being prepared of the proper sheet of the file.
 On confirming click on Next button.
 A dialog box of chart wizard will appear, select the required type of chart from the chart type.

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 Then select the chart sub type according to your requirement.

Second Step
 Select the data range in this step.
 To give enter data range move the cursor on excel sheet and
o by clicking select the data area you want or
o type cells position if you know exactly which area you want.
 Click on the Next button.
 the data range selected in our example is Sheet1!$A$1:$B$9
 Sheet1 we are in sheet1 in MS Excel.
 $ Sign is used to represent the absolute position of the data in MS Excel.

Second Step
 Select the data range in this step.
 To give enter data range move the cursor on excel sheet and
o by clicking select the data area you want or
o type cells position if you know exactly which area you want.
 Click on the Next button.
 the data range selected in our example is Sheet1!$A$1:$B$9
 Sheet1 we are in sheet1 in MS Excel.
 $ Sign is used to represent the absolute position of the data in MS Excel.

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Third Step
 Here the Chart title, Category and Value information are entered, which will be displayed when
the chart is viewed.

 Click Next button.

Fourth Step
 This step will provide in the way you want to place the chart.
 Select the appropriate option available in the chart wizard.

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 Click the Finish button.

 The chart will be as shown below:

Moving Chart
 If the chart needs to be placed in different position, then we can move the chart
wherever we want.
 To move the chart select the chart by clicking on it without leaving the mouse button, drag in
the direction you want.
 The chart will move and then release it where you want.
Changing the Chart Size
 To change the chart size, select the chart by clicking on it.
 You will get eight small rectangular boxes around the chart.
 Now move the cursor to the border of the chart and the mouse pointer changes to
double headed arrow cursor.

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 Then press the left mouse button and drag.

 If you want to reduce the size, drag towards the centre of the chart, else in opposite
direction to increase the size of the chart.

Changing the Chart Type

 Select the chart
 Click the right mouse button
 From the right context menu select Chat type

 Select the required chart type from the chart type window.

 Click OK.
 If the selected chart type is Area type then the chart will be as shown below:

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PRACTICAL-11: MS Power Point: Preparation of slides on power Point

What is PowerPoint?
Power Point is a software package that allows creating professional multimedia presentations. It has
many of advantages. Power Point also allows inserting multimedia elements that could never be
duplicated with projector slides.
The PowerPoint Screen
You use PowerPoint to create effective slide show presentations. The PowerPoint screen has many
elements.

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Title Bar: The Title bar generally appears at the top of the screen. The Title bar displays the title of
the current presentation.
Menu Bar: The Menu bar displays the menu. You use the menu to give instructions to PowerPoint.
Standard and Formatting Toolbars
PowerPoint has several toolbars. Toolbars provide shortcuts to menu commands. The most
commonly used toolbars are the Standard and Formatting toolbars. You use the Standard toolbar to
do such things as open a file; save a file; print a file; check spelling; cut, copy, and paste; undo and
redo; or insert a chart or table. You use the Formatting toolbar to change the font, font size or font
color; bold, underline, or italicize text; left align, right align, center, or justify; bullet or number lists;
highlight; or decrease or increase the indent.
Rulers: Rulers are vertical and horizontal guides. You use them to determine where you want to
place an object. They are marked in inches.
Placeholders: Placeholders hold the objects in your slide. You use placeholders to hold text, clip art,
and charts.
Status Bar: The Status bar generally appears at the bottom the screen. The Status bar displays the
number of the slide that is currently displayed, the total number of slides, and the name of the design
template in use or the name of the background.
Outline Tab: The Outline displays the text contained in your presentation.

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Slides Tab: The Slides tab displays a thumbnail of all your slides. You click the thumbnail to view
the slide in the Slide pane.
View Buttons: The View buttons appear near the bottom of the screen. You use the view buttons to
change between Normal view, Slider Sorter view, and the Slide Show.
Normal View
Normal view splits you screen into three major sections: the Outline and Slides tabs, the Slide
pane, and the Task pane. The Outline and Slides tabs are on the left side of your screen. They
enable you to shift between two different ways of viewing your slides. The Slides tab shows
thumbnails of your slides. The Outline tab shows the text on your slides. The Slide pane is
located in the center of your screen. The Slide pane shows a large view of the slide on which
you are currently working. The Task pane is located on the right side of your screen. The
Tasks pane enables you to select the task you want to perform.
Slide Sorter View
Slide Sorter view enables you to view thumbnails of all your slides. In Slide Sorter view you
can easily add, delete, or change the order of your slides. When you are in Slide Sorter view,
a special Formatting toolbar appears. It has options that allow you to make changes to your
slides
Slide Show
Use the Slide Show view when you want to view your slides, as they will look in your final
presentation. When in Slide Show view:
Esc Returns you to the view you were using previously.
Left- Moves you to the next slide or animation effect. When you reach the last slide, you
clicking automatically return to your last view.
Right- Opens a pop-up menu. You can use this menu to navigate the slides, add speaker
clicking notes, select a pointer, and mark your presentation.
Drawing Toolbar: The Drawing toolbar generally appears near the bottom of the screen. It contains
tools for creating and editing graphics.
Minimize Button: Use the Minimize button to remove a window from view. While a window is
minimized, its title appears on the taskbar.
Maximize/Restore Button: Use the Maximize button to cause a window to fill the screen. After you
maximize a window, if you click the Restore button, the window returns to its former size.
Close Button: You use the Close button to exit the window and close the program.

Power Point Overview

When you start PowerPoint, PowerPoint displays the Title Slide in the Slide pane. You can type the
title of your presentation and a subtitle on this side. To enter text on the Title Slide:
 Click and type the title of your presentation in the "Click to add title" area.
 Click and type a subtitle in the "Click to add subtitle" area.

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If you do not wish to use the Title Slide, choose Edit > Delete slide from the menu to delete it.
Create New Slides
After completing your title slide, you can create additional slides. To create a new slide:
1. Do one of the following:
o Choose Insert > New Slide from the menu.

o Click the New Slide button .

o Press Ctrl-M.

The Apply Slide Layout pane will appear on the right side of the screen. The Apply Slide Layout
pane provides you with slide templates you can use when creating your PowerPoint presentation.
There are four types of Text Layout templates.
Title Slide - The Title Slide contains two text placeholders that you can use to display a title and a
subtitle of your presentation.
Title Only - The Title Only slide contains a single placeholder. You can use it to display a title.
Title and Text - The Title and Text template provides a placeholder for a title and a placeholder for
text.
Title and 2 Column Text - The Title and Text template provides a placeholder for a title and two
placeholders for text.

2. To select a layout, click the layout you want in the Apply Slide Layout pane. The layout will
then appear in the Slide pane.

3. To add text, click inside the placeholder and type.

4. To add an additional slide to your presentation do one of the following:
o Right-click on the slide layout. A menu will appear. Choose Insert New Slide.
o Click the down arrow next to the slide layout. A menu will appear). Choose Insert
New Slide.

Change Your Slides

After creating a slide, if you want to add text:
1. Place the cursor at the point at which you would like to add text.
2. Type the information you want to add.
If you would like to change text:
1. Highlight the text you want to change.
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2. Type the new text.

You can use the backspace key to delete text. You can also delete text by highlighting the text and
pressing the Delete key.
Apply a Design Template
Design templates provide attractive backgrounds for your PowerPoint slides. There are a couple of
approaches you could take, depending upon your temperament and design skills for designing first
presentation.
1. You could jump right in and start typing text, adding background colors, and experiment with
your font colors and styles. (not recommended)
2. You could use a pre-configured template.

Unless you have great design skills, I recommend creating your first presentation using a pre-made
template. Microsoft has done us a favor … they’ve hired a team of artists and graphic designers,
people with experience with color-schemes and typography, to design a large collection of
“template” styles. These templates come complete with backgrounds, pictures, and pre-chosen fonts
and colors.

To apply a design template:

1. Do one of the following:
o Choose Format > Slide Design from the menu.

o Click the Slide Design icon .

Design templates will appear on the right side of the screen.

2. To apply a design template to all of the slides in your presentation do one of the following:
o Click on the design template.
o Right-click on the template. A menu will appear. Choose Apply to All Slides.

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o Click on the down arrow next to the template. A menu will appear. Choose Apply to
All Slides.

Correct Spelling

Using the PowerPoint spell checker, you can check the spelling in you PowerPoint documents.

1. To start spell check, do one of the following:

o Choose Tools > Spelling from the menu.
o Press F7.
o Click the Spell Check icon.

If there are possible spelling errors, the Spelling dialog box will open.

Task Procedure
Do not change spelling. Click Ignore.
Correct spelling. 1. Click the correct spelling in the Suggestions box.
2. Click Change.
Add to Dictionary. Click Add.
Word is Correct. Do not change Click Ignore All.
document.
Word is incorrect. Change entire Click Change All.
document.

Sorter View

After you have created your PowerPoint slides, you can move, cut, copy, paste, duplicate, navigate,
and view them in Sorter view. To view the slides in Sorter view, do one of the following:

o Choose View > Slide Sorter from the menu.

o Click the Slide Sorter View icon.

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Slide Sorter View

Task Procedure
Move to first slide. Ctrl-Home
Move to last slide. Ctrl-End
Move to next slide. Right arrow
Move to previous slide. Left arrow
Select a slide. Single-click
Open slide in Normal Double-click slide.
view.
Select slides. Select a single slide:
1. Click the slide you want to select.
Select multiple slides:
1. Hold down Ctrl key.
2. Click the slides you want to select.
Delete a slide. 1. Select the slide or slides you want to delete.
2. Press the Delete key.
1. Select the slide or slides you want to delete.
2. Choose Edit > Delete Slide from the menu.
Copy a slide. 1. Select the slide.
2. Choose Edit > Copy from the menu.

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Slide Sorter View

Task Procedure
1. Select the slide.
2. Click the copy icon.
1. Select the slide.
2. Press Ctrl-C.
Paste a slide 1. Select the slide after which you want the new slide or slides to
appear.
2. Choose Edit > Paste from the menu.
1. Select the slide after which you want the new slide or slides to
appear.
2. Click the paste icon.
1. Select the slide after which you want the new slide or slides to
appear.
2. Press Ctrl-V.
Cut a slide 1. Select the slide or slides you want to cut.
2. Choose Edit > Cut from the menu.
1. Select the slide or slides you want to cut.
2. Click the Cut icon.
1. Select the slide or slides you want to cut.
2. Press Ctrl-X.
Move a slide 1. Select the slide or slides you want to move.
2. Drag to the new location.
Duplicate a slide 1. Select the slide or slides you want to duplicate.
2. Choose Edit > Duplicate from the menu.
1. Select the slide or slides you want to duplicate.
2. Press Ctrl- D.

Run Your PowerPoint Slide Show

Once you have created your slides, you can run your Slide Show:
1. Do any one of the following:
o Press F5.
o Choose Slide Show > View Show from the menu.
o Click the Slide Show icon , which is located in the bottom left corner of your screen.
Your slideshow will appear on your screen.

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Navigating the Slideshow

Task Procedure
Go to the next slide. Do one of the following:
 Press the Right Arrow key.
 Press the Enter key.
 Press the Page Down key.
 Left-click

Go to the previous slide. Do one of the following:

 Press the Left Arrow key.
 Press the Backspace key.
 Press the Page Up key.

Print Your Slides

PowerPoint provides you with many printing options. You can print a large view of your slides or
you can print your slides as handouts with 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 9 slides per page. You can also print your
Notes pages or the Outline view of your slides.
To print:
1. Choose File >Print Preview from the menu. The Print Preview area will open.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Print What field.
3. Select what you would like to print.
4. Click the Print icon. The Print dialog box will open.
5. Select whether you want your slides to print in color, grayscale, or black and white. If you are
using a black and white printer, choose black and white. You will use less ink or toner.
6. Check whether you want your slides to print vertically or horizontally.
Creating Your First PowerPoint Presentation
The following exercise steps you through creating your first PowerPoint presentation.
Create a Title Slide

1. Open PowerPoint.
2. Choose Blank Presentation on the Task pane. You will be presented with a Title slide.

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3. Enter the information shown here. Type College Scholarships and Financial Aid in the Click
to Add Title text box. Type Paying for College in the Click to Add Subtitle text box.

Insert a New Slide

1. Click the New Slide icon .
2. Click the Title and Text icon.

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3. Enter the information shown here. Type Here is what to do: in the Click to Add Title area.
Type the bulleted text in the Click to Add Text area.

Create a Hierarchy
1. Insert a new slide. Right-click the Title and Text icon. A context menu will appear. Choose
Insert New Slide from the context menu.
2. Enter the information shown here. Click the Increase Indent icon to indent the bullets for
Stafford Loans and PLUS Loans. If you ever need to decrease an indent, use the decrease
indent icon .

Use Two-Column Text

1. Right-click the Title and 2 Column Text icon. A context menu will appear. Choose Insert
New Slide.
2. Enter the information shown here. Type the information in the appropriate column.

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Apply a Design Template

1. Click the design icon . Design templates will appear on the left side of the screen.
2. Scroll down to view the design templates.
3. Right-click the design template you want to apply. A context menu will appear. Choose
Apply to All Slides. We used the Lock and Key design template.

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Outline and Slides Tab

1. Use the Slides tab to view thumbnails of your slide.

2. Click the Outline tab to view the text of your presentation as an outline.

Slide Sorter View

1. Choose View > Slide Sorter from the menu to move to Slide Sorter view.

2. Double-click a slide to return to Normal view.

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Run Your Slide Show

1. Press F5 to run the Slide Show.
2. Use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move forward and backward through your slides.
3. Use the Esc key to return to Normal view.
Print Your Outline
1. Choose File > Print Preview from the menu.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Print What icon.

3. Select Outline view.

4. Click the Print icon.

5. Click Close.
Print Your Slides
1. Choose File > Print Preview from the menu.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Print What icon.
3. Select the slides you want to print.
4. Click the down arrow next to Options. A menu will appear.
5. Choose Color/Grayscale > Pure Black and White.
6. Click the Print icon.
7. Click Close.
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Print Your Slides as a Handout

1. Choose File > Print Preview from the menu.
2. Click the down-arrow next to the Print What icon.
3. Select Handouts (2 Slides Per Page).
4. Click the Print icon.
5. Click Close.

PRACTICAL-12: MS ACCESS: Creating database, structuring with different types of fields

and Use of query facility for accessing the information
Database
 A database is a collection of interrelated data that is organized so that it can easily be
accessed, managed and updated.
 A database-management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set of
programs to access those data.

Characteristics of Database
 Self-describing- a database gives description about itself.
 Multiple users can access the same data.
 Data exists permanently
 Data security protects the data from unauthorized access with the help of the
passwords.
 Many software are used as Database Management Systems. Example: MS-Access,
ORACLE etc.

Structure of Database Management System

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An Access Database consists of 7 different Database objects.

1. Tables: Store database data in Rows (records) and columns (fields). Every row represents a
Record. Each piece of information in a record is called a Field.
Ex: A table can contain personal information about all the students in a college.
Every row containing information about a student represents a record. The records in the student
table can include fields such as Admission number, Student name, Address, Phone number etc.
2. Queries: used to retrieve information from a database based on specific conditions.
Ex: A Query can be used to extract details about students studying in a particular class.
3. Forms: used as interfaces for users to enter, view and modify data in a Table.
4. Reports: used to present data from tables or Queries in a format of our choice. i.e the printable
form of the table or query or form. We cannot make changes to the data in a report. We can format
the data in a report.
5. Pages: display shortcuts to data access pages in the database. A data access page displays data
stored in a database over the internet.
6. Macros: used to automate frequently performed tasks.
Ex: we can create a macro to print a report automatically.
7. Modules: used to perform advanced database operations, such as validating data against complex
conditions.

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Tables

 Tables contain data

 The main components of tables are:
o Field
o Record
 A field is the smallest data item stored in one particular format.
 A record is one complete set of related field.
 Example: Following is Student table in an University database
Student Name ID STAM Mark AGR Mark PBG Mark
Adithi BSA-10-001 98 99 95
Bhargavi BSA-10-002 56 75 67
Natarajan BSA-10-003 86 70 75
Madhavan BSA-10-004 78 79 76

 The columns in the table are fields or attributes. Fields store the smallest unit of data.
 The rows in the table are called tuple or record. The record is one complete set of relation.
Database concepts
 Data is a known fact.
 Data may be name of a student or mark scored by a student or age of a student or dat of birth of
a student. Thus the type of the data varies that if it is a name then it will contain only any
combination of the alphabets, if it a mark then it will be only a number, if it date of birth then it
will only be a date.
 The data types supported by the DBMS are :
o Numeric - numbers
o Alphanumeric - letters and digits
o Date/Time - dates
o Logical - logical data
o Auto number - unique value
Numeric
 Numbers only (no letters) includes numbers with decimal points.
 Numeric field can contain:
o Only the numeric characters of 0 to 9
o The decimal point
Alphanumeric
 Alphabets (letter), symbols and numbers
 Alphanumeric data can be made up of the following characters:
o Numbers 0 to 9
o Alphabets A to Z, a to z
o Special characters #, /, $, * etc.
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Data/Time
 Used to specify the field contains date

Logical
 Logical data type used to store Yes or No and True or False
Auto number
 A unique value generated for each record.
Components of database
 Tables - contains data
 Queries - selected information is displayed on the screen
 Reports - formatted printed information
 Forms - screen created to add, modify, and delete records
Primary Key

 The primary key is a field in the table which uniquely identifies that particular record in
the table.
 The primary key cannot have a duplicate value in the table.
 Every table should have a primary key associated with it.
Tasks associated with the tables

 Creating a table
o Specifying field names, data types, field sizes
 Adding records to the table
 Modifying data in the table
 Deleting records from the table
 Creating relationship between tables
Tasks associated with the queries
 By using queries we can view, change and analyze data in different ways. You can also use
them as the source of records for forms and reports.
 You can bring together data from multiple tables and sort it in a particular order.
 You can perform calculations on groups of records.

MS Access
 MS-Access is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) developed by
 Microsoft Corporation.
 It provides the software tools to organize the data in a flexible manner.
 It provides facilities to add, modify or delete data from the database, ask questions or
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queries about the data stored in the database and produce reports summarizing
selected contents.
Creating Database
 Click on Start button > Select All Programs > Click Microsoft Access
 The opening screen of the MS-Access will get displayed

 As we are going to create a new database, in the New File window click blank database.
 File New Database dialog box will get displayed asking us to choose the location of the
database and the name of the database. Enter the name of the database as crop.

 Click Create button.

 Crop database is created and crop database window will get displayed as shown below:

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 Choose create in Design view option.

 Default name of the table is Table1 will get displayed in the title bar of the Table window.
 Enter the field name under Field Name column.
 Data type can be selected with by clicking the down arrow key in the Data Type column as
shown below.

 After choosing the data type of the field set the required field size in the field size tab.
 Enter the description of the field in the Description column.
 Following the above said instructions enter the other fields in the table.
 To set Crop_ID as the primary key of the table right click the field Crop_ID.
 From the right context menu choose Primary Key option.

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 A small picture of a key appears next to Crop_ID.

 Now t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f the table structure is complete.
 To save the table click the File menu and Save.
 In the Save As dialog box specify the name of the table.

 Close the table by clicking on File menu and Close option.

 The Crop detail table is displayed in the ‘Tables’ tab as shown below:

Adding Records to the Table

 In the design view under the Crop database we have created the table Crop_Detail and assigned
Crop_ID as the primary key.
 To add the records right click the table Crop Detail and select Open option.
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 The datasheet view of the Crop Detail table will get opened.

 The field names are displayed as headings and a blank row is provided to enter data.
 Enter the data in the corresponding fields. When all the records are added the screen will be
as shown below:

To Delete a Record from the table

 To remove the 5th record with Crop_ID CR-005 and Crop_name as aize right click on the arrow
( ) tab in front of the record and choose Delete option as shown below:

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 Access prompts the user for the final confirmation because the record once deleted cannot
be recalled back.
 Click on ‘Yes’ if you are sure to delete it.

Use of query facility for accessing the information

Queries are those objects in a database that allow us to view, change, and arrange data stored in
tables. We can also use them as the source of records for forms and reports.
Creating a query
 Open the database where the query will be created.
 Click on the Queries object found on the left lateral of the Database window.
 This is the screen that will appear:

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 Double click on the Create query by using wizard option.

o the wizard window will open and we are asked from which table we choose to extract the
data, the fields we wish to visualize and the title of the query, next it will automatically
generate the corresponding query.
OR

 Double click on Create query in Design view.

o the Query design window will open on which we will elaborate further on, and within
which we can define our query in more detail.
OR

 Click on the button in the Database window.

 The following dialogue box will appear:

 The Simple Query Wizard is the same as Create a query using the wizard mentioned above.
 The other wizards permit us to generate special types of queries.
 The Design view option has the same effect as the Create a query in Design view.
 On entering the Query design we are firstly asked for which tables the query should extract the
data from:

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 Select the table from which we wish to extract the data and click on the Add button (or double-
clik on its name).
 If we wish to extract data from another query, click on Queries tab an select it.
 If we wish to extract data from various tables we should continue in the same manner.
 Finally click on the Close button.
 The query Design view window will appear.

PRACTICAL-13: Internet Browsing: Use of Internet Explorer, browsing a Web Page through
search engines:
Internet: World Wide Web (WWW), Concepts
Internet

Network of interconnected computers around the world.

A network of computer networks which operates world-wide using a common set of
communications protocols.
 a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the
TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange.
 Visualization of the various routes through a portion of the Internet:
What do we need to get connected to internet?

 Getting on the Internet requires:

o Computer
o Modem
o Telephone Line
o Internet Service Provider (ISP)
o Communication Software
Modem and Telephone Line
Modem is a communications device that allows us to Telephone services, such as ISDN,
communicate with another computer through telephone 56K leased lines, T-1 connections
lines.
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Modem is abbreviation of modulator/demodulator offer connections to the Internet at

considerably faster connection
speeds
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that allows you to use their internet
connection for a price.
 When you register with an ISP the followings are given:
Username: A unique name that identifies you
Password: A secret code that prevents other people from using your account.
Some Popular Internet Service Providers
o AT&T WorldNet
o Microsoft Network
o America Online
o In India:
 VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
 MTNL (Mahanagar Telecom Nigam Limited)
 BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited)
 Satyam Onlile
Communication Software
 Computer needs communicate
 on software to allow you to get connected to, and interact with, the Internet.
 Communication software is of two types:
o Software that Helps Establish Basic Internet Connectivity
o Software that helps to browse, access e-mail etc.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human
knowledge.
 The basic idea of the WWW was to merge the technologies of personal computers,
computer networking and hypertext into a powerful and easy to use global information system.
 The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as The Web, is a system
of interlinked hypertext documents contained on the Internet.
 With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks.
Hypertext
 Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with references
(hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access, usually by a mouse click or
keypress sequence.
 Apart from running text, hypertext may contain tables, images and other presentational devices.
Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure of the World Wide Web, making it an

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easy-to-use and flexible format to share information over the Internet.

Web Browser
 A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of
content.
 Example of Web Browser:
o Mosaic
o Internet Explorer
o Netscape Navigator
o Mozilla Firefox
o Google Chrome
Web Page and Websites
 W3 contains several millions of pages of information. Each of these pages is called a Web
Page.
 A webpage or web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the
World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a computer
screen.
 A web page can contain text, pictures, sound, animation and video.
 A group of related web pages that are linked together form a Web Site.
 The first page of a web site is called the Home Page.
Universal Resource Locator

 Each web page has a unique address called Universal Resource Locator (URL).
 Contains unique information about the server and the path on the server to find and retrieve the
information
Example: http://www.usd.edu/trio/tut/start/url.html
http:// protocol – rules through which transmission takes place over the internet
Search Engine
 A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search
results are usually presented in a list of results and are commonly called hits.
 Few examples of web search engines are: Google.com, Ask.com, Yahoo.com, Bing.com
Web browsing
 Browse means reading superficially or at random.
 Reading information contained in the WebPages on the Internet using browsers is called web
browsing.
 A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web.
Understand the browsers

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 In the address bar of the browser enter the address of the website or enter the address of the any
search engine.
 If the address entered is a website then the corresponding webpage will get displayed.
 If the address entered is of a search engine (For example Google) then the webpage of the
corresponding search engine will get displayed.
 In the search tab enter the information about your search. For example if you want to browse
about computers enter the computers in the search tab.
 Then click Search tab.
 A set of pages with the links to the webpages which contain information about computer is
displayed.
 Clicking the links desired by you will be taking you to those webpages.

PRACTICAL-14: E-mail - Creation of E-mail ID, attaching files and sending:

Electronic Mail
 Electronic mail, most commonly abbreviated email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital
messages.
 E-mail systems are based on a store-and-forward model in which e-mail server
computer systems accept, forward, deliver and store messages on behalf of users, who only need
to connect to the e-mail infrastructure, typically an e-mail server.
Creating Email
 The users can have email account in any one of the email services such as gmail, yahoo mail,
rediffmail, etc.

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 To create an email account in any one of these email services the user need to enter the address
of the service in the browser first.
 The service will prompt the user to know whether a new user or not.
 If you are a new user then the service will guide step by step to create your own email id.
Email Addresses
Email addresses are made up of at least two parts. One part is the name of a mail domain that will
ultimately translate to either the recipient's host or some host that accepts mail on behalf of the
recipient. The other part is some form of unique user identification. Most e-mail addresses are set up
like this: it is your username, then an @ symbol, and then a domain name (something .com, .net, or
.org).
Using Email
Using e-mail is rather straightforward. Once you have an account set up, select the option that says
something like "new e-mail message" or "create a new message". The service will prompt with three
boxes (called fields):

 To:
 Subject:
 Body
 Attachment
 To field: In the To field type the complete e-mail address of the person who will receive the e-
mail.
 Subject and Body fields: Type anything you want in the subject and body fields, but remember
the length of the subject is limited.
 Attachments: Click the Attach a file or Attachment link to add files to the message.
Sending the message
Once filling all the required fields and attaching files to the message click Send button to send the
message. You can forward (make a copy) of a message you receive from someone (if you have
their permission if necessary) and mail it to someone else with the forward option.
CC and BCC
CC stands for carbon copy. If you want to send a message to multiple people, add the extra people
in the CC: field (usually you separate their e-mail addresses by commas).
BCC stands for blind carbon copy. BCC works just like a carbon copy, except the e-mail addresses
you type in BCC do not show up to the other recipients. (Example: You send a message To: Mary
and BCC: Joey. Joey will see Mary's e-mail address, but Mary won't see Joey's e-mail address
because you "blinded" it by putting it in the BCC field.).

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