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Empowering Women through Entrepreneurship Development in Emerging

Economies: An Overview

Conference Paper · January 2010

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Empowering Women through Entrepreneurship Development in Emerging Economies:
An Overview

Abstract
Women from an important segment of the labour force and the economic role-played by them
cannot be isolated from the frame work of development. The role of women as business
owners is gradually increasing all over the world. Women entrepreneurship development is
the instrument of women empowerment. Empowerment leads to self-fulfilment and women
become aware of where they are going, what their position is in the society, their status;
existence and rights; and women are becoming more empowered, personally and
economically through business ownership. Thus, the present study is initiated on empowering
women through entrepreneurship development (ED) in emerging economies. The research is
based on desk study. Moreover, the recommendation would be helpful to the practitioners,
researchers, planners, policy makers and academicians, who are involved in the concerned
area. Further, the present study also tries to contribute to this literature by empowering
women through ED in emerging economies.
Keywords: Empowerment; Entrepreneurship Development (ED); and Emerging Economies

1
1.0 Introduction

One of the key factors in determining the success of development is the status and position of

women in the society. This means that the neglect of women in the development process of

any country constitutes a human resource waste. In this premise, it will be a disservice for

any country to ignore its women population in its development efforts. The task before any

government, therefore, should be that of moving steadily and firmly in the direction of

economic development by involving women. Faleye (1999) stated that women’s development

is not nearly about reducing poverty by increasing productivity, but also about women’s

liberation and empowerment. True development means the development in the three

categories of a woman. These are: (1) Individual; (2) Social; and (3) Economic development

(Rodney, 1972). Individual development means increased skills and capability, greater

freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility and material well being. Increasing

capacity connects social development, while economic development is determined by the

increased capacity of the members of a society in dealing with their environment. This

emphasis means that development at the individual stage includes both the social and

economic categories of development. Development is dynamic and therefore assumes a

continuous transformation process and a movement towards better and improved conditions,

locally and internationally. Globally, women’s empowerment has recently gained

considerable importance as an area for policy and policy interventions in most of the

organizations of the world. They have recognized the benefits of the empowerment, which

can be achieved through effective participation of women. Since 1970’s a global concern for

amelioration of the working women and raising their standard of living been expressed in

many ways. In 1995, Fourth World Conference on ‘Empowerment of Women’ held in

Beijing focused on the following areas :(1) Political; (2) Economical; (3) Legal

empowerment of women. In the traditional society, women’s role was naturally limited to the
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family. Many factors like urbanization. Women’s education, technical progress etc. have

profoundly changed this traditional society. Women perceive more and more clearly that if

they really want empowerment and to contribute to the welfare of their family and society,

the most effective way is to go out of home and earn money.

During the last two decades employment opportunities gradually shrank and it became

increasingly hard for men and women especially for less educated women to get acceptable

jobs. Sooner or later, therefore, their entry into self-business leads to economic

empowerment.

1.1 Objectives

The study has the following objectives

• To understand the philosophy and concept of women empowerment and ED;

• To establish the linkage between women empowerment and ED in emerging
economies;
• To identify the impact of ED on women empowerment; and
• To suggest some possible solutions for encouraging; developing; and improving the
women empowerment in emerging economies.

1.2 Methodology

Given the nature of the present study, it was required to collect data from the secondary

sources. The author was always careful of the objectives of the study and collected data

accordingly to achieve those objectives. Secondary data were collected from research studies,

books, journals, newspapers and ongoing academic working papers. The collected data may

be processed and analysed in order to make the present study useful to the practitioners,

researchers, planners, policy makers and academicians of the concern area.

3
2.0 Analysis and Findings

The analyses of findings have been discussed under the following sub-heads.

2.1 Empowerment
Empowerment is associated with the daily essentials. It spends out from the daily life to the

state power. That is, every part of human being concerns with empowerment from security to

getting access, to research, to meet demands, to political decision-making process.

Empowerment has to be perceived and realized as a whole in critical process that includes

social, psychological, economic and political empowerment. Empowerment is one of the key

concepts of this study. The origin of the concept is found in the ideas of the Brazilian

educationist Paulo Freire. The shift in development theory during the 1980s away from the

assumptions of top-down change towards an alternative development model as its root, a

concept of empowerment as a form of development change was brought about by local

problem solving efforts and techniques. Though the term empowerment has no fixed

definition, yet it is frequently used to describe a process where in the powerless or

disempowered gain greater share of control over resources and decision making and since

women are generally the most disempowered members of the oppressed classes,

empowerment has been described as nurturing, liberating, energizing the un-affluent and the

unpowerful (Barkat, Abul, Khuda, Barkat & Rhaman, 1994). In a common sense,

empowerment can be defined as a process of achieving more controlling power to face the

question on existing power and to control over the source of power. Empowerment is at the

same time a process and this result of the process. The process of challenging existing power

relations and of gaining greater control over the sources of power may be termed as

empowerment (Baltiwala, 1994). Empowerment is a multi-dimensional approach and of the

4
same time it is an indivisible concept. As a process it refers to conscientization and

sensitization about empowerment and at the same time it is the outcome of sensitization. The

empowerment of a person or group of people is the process of giving them power and status

in a particular situation. According to UNDP (1994) empowerment is a process which

enables individuals or groups to change balances of power in social, economic and political

relations in society. It refers to many different activities including but not confined to

awareness of the societal forces with people and to action, which change power relationships.

One of the most important instruments for empowering women is to allow them dual access

to and control over productive resources such as land, capital, technology, credit as well as

marketing outlets, information, education, training etc. without any discrimination (GOB,

1994).

Empowerment redistributes power from the powerful to the powerless. It is more than

participation in decision making, it must also include the process that lead people to perceive

themselves as able and entitled to make decisions (Prassad & Sahay, 2000). Empowerment

must involve undoing negative social construction, so that people come to see themselves as

having the capacity and the right to act and influence decisions (Rowlands, 1997).

5
2.2 Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is one of the most promising research fields in management over the last

decades. The academic enthusiasm has resulted in a significant increase in the amount of

research effort being devoted to the subject. This increased attention can be justified for

approval of creation of employment opportunities for developed as well as developing

nations. In addition economists and development planners are inclined to believe that

entrepreneurship, a key tool in economic development process can be developed or its growth

can be accelerated by initiating appropriate training program as well as imparting education.

The entrepreneurial capability of a person consists of qualities of life: (i) The ability to sense

opportunities and mobilise resources for attaining success in their pursuits; (ii) The ability to

make competent plans, make prompt and sound decisions; (iii) The capability to take

calculated moderate risks and initiative new ventures; (iv) Being innovative, imaginative and

prepared to sacrifice; (v) Intelligent and hardworking; and (vi) Having managerial ability to

generate profit(Rahman, 1981). Entrepreneurship is widely recognized as a critical factor in

economic development. Schumpeter viewed entrepreneurship as the major conducive factor

to economic growth (Schumpeter, 1934). McClelland treated entrepreneurship as the casual

factor of development (McClelland, 1971). Cole and Cochran also emphasized the critical

role of entrepreneurship in economic growth (as quoted in Kilby, 1971). On the other hand,

Stevenson & Sahlman (1986) described that entrepreneurship is an economic behaviour

characterized by strategic orientation, commitment to opportunity, resource provision and

control, concept of management, and compensation policy.

Cunningham & Lischeron (1991) in their article, “Defining Entrepreneurship” stated that the

term entrepreneurship is derived from the French verb ‘entreprendre’ and the German word

‘Unternehamen’, both of which mean ‘ to undertake’. According to Robbins & Coulter

6
(1998) entrepreneurship is a process of identifying the profitable opportunities from the

environment, exploiting those opportunities through the successful organisation of business

operations, handling the risks and uncertainties carefully and managing the operations

systematically to help attain the objectives of a firm. On the other hand, Cole (1942) indicated

that entrepreneurship is the purposeful capacity of individual or a group of associated

individuals, who undertake to initiate, maintain or organize some profit-oriented business

units for the production or distribution of economic goods and services.

Hagen (1962) described that entrepreneurship is creating opportunities for investment and

production, establishing an organisation capable of introducing new production process,

accumulation of capital, collection of raw materials, innovation of new production techniques

and new products, searching for new sources of raw materials and above all the selection of

an efficient manager to run the day affairs of the organisation.

2.3 Entrepreneurship Development

ED refers to the process of enhancing entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through

structured training and institution-building programmes. ED aims to enlarge the base of

entrepreneurs in order to hasten the pace at which new ventures are created. This accelerates

employment generation and economic development. ED focuses on the individual who

wishes to start or expand a business. To develop entrepreneurship in a country requires

comprehensive effort that covers various activities right from the stimulation to its long-term

survival. The scheme of such a comprehensive intervention effort is suggested by Dr.

M.M.P.Akouri, Former Executive Director of National Institute for Entrepreneurship and

Small Business Development (NIESBUD) Delhi, in the form of entrepreneurship

development cycle. The cycle identified three groups of activities concerning ED. They are

(1) Stimulatoring activities: It comprises entrepreneurial education, provision of

entrepreneurial opportunities and guidance in selecting industries, supply of techno-economic

7
information, are needed to help emergence of entrepreneurship in the society. The support

ensures a good supply of entrepreneurs to start a new venture and developed potentiality to

succeed in a venture. (2) Supporting activities: It refers to those which enable the

entrepreneurs in setting up and running the enterprise successfully. They help in mobilizing

resources and assistance. They include arranging finance, providing land, shed, power and

other utilities, supply of capital machinery, scarce raw materials, offering management

consultancy, help marketing products etc. (3) Sustaining activities: It includes the challenge

of actual operation. Many enterprises starting well, meet immature death subsequently

because of some problems. Such cases are many and they are particularly more significant in

the field of small enterprises.

According to Rahman (1989) the above groups of activities play complementary roles to each

other. Therefore, they should be developed in balanced way and of course not placing more

emphasis on some activities while negligence to others. Policymakers are growing more

interested in fostering the development of women’s entrepreneurship because it is in a

nation’s best economic interest not to ignore the potential contributions of half of the adult

population. In addition, there is some research-based evidence that fostering entrepreneurial

activity in general, and women’s entrepreneurial development in particular, is associated with

greater economic growth. Although the model upon which this evidence is based may have

greater applicability to more industrialized nations, it is nonetheless the most comprehensive

multinational endeavour of its kind, and succeeds in raising the visibility of the economic

impact of entrepreneurial activity.

8
A number of policies have been formulated for social and economic development of women

in the area of education, vocational training, health services, family planning welfare and

economic development. Housewives play a significant role in small scale enterprise

development and operation (Rashid, 1993). As a result of various government and non-

government efforts, an increase in female literacy, growth in the number of technically and

professionally qualified women and an increase in the number of women entrepreneurship

has been observed (Madhavi, 1994).

2.4 Empowerment of Women through Entrepreneurship

In the early 1980s the United Nations reported that globally women performed two thirds of

the world’s work, earned one tenths of the world’s income and owned one-hundredths of the

world’d economic resources (Lavoice, 2000). Instrument of women empowerment is self-

employment or entrepreneurship. Why women are choosing self-employment or

entrepreneurship? One study revealed that autonomy was rated high as a means to obtain

personal freedom. This level of autonomy provides the opportunities to: (1) Able to make

their own decisions:-decision making indicates the choice which is the basis of

empowerment; (2) Able to do preferable work- work in non:- traditional fields implies

opening to more powerful networks, which leads directly to the empowerment. (3) Attain

financial independence:- financial independence is a major contributing factor in the

empowerment of women. The following are the impact of ED on Empowerment.

9
1. Self-confidence of Women
Increased self-confidence through entrepreneurship development gave the women a

prosperous future.

2. Economic Solvency
The most important changes come through increase in income, which not only upgrades

the individual’s life but also increases her standard of living, brining economics solvency

within the family. The increase in her income is also an increase in the family income and

as such it provides family members to a better life style, including education for the

children and improvement of family health.

3. Capital Building
Their (Women) economic success enables women to expand their business, procure new

machinery, tools, accessories and relevant necessities. Modernization of the work-place,

introduction of new technology for increase production, increase of labourers, along with

the increase in purchasing power, upgrade their status both socially and economically.

4. Role of Status
Some aspects of household decision making are reported to have changed as a result of

women’s contribution in family income. Most of the men now consult with their wives in

important family matters. Their power of decision making has increased because they

have money. Since women retain control over earnings, women can easily lend small and

big amounts to business and others without asking for their husbands’ permission. Since

women perceive that their bargaining power within the family has increased as an

indirect outcome of participating in the business. Women’s status has changed in the

family and society gradually.

10
3.0 Policy Implications

To promote empowerment through entrepreneurship among women. The following policy

implications are recommended.

1. Education policy should be designed, so as to expand the economic opportunities for

women.

2. Poverty eradication program will specially address the needs and the problems of

women at extreme level.

3. To encourage women entrepreneurship all banks and financial institutions should be

asked to provide one fifth of their investment for women owned enterprises.

4. Special training course should be offered for women entrepreneurs to improve skills.

5. Interest free consumption credit for vulnerable women should be provided by the

Government, Banks, financial institutions and wealthy individuals.

6. Special assistance is to be provided to specially disadvantaged groups like women in

extreme poverty, destitute women, women in conflict situations, women affected by

natural calamities, women in less developed regions, the disabled widows, elderly

women, single women in difficult circumstances, women heading households, those

displaced from employment, migrants, women who are victim of material violence,

deserted women and prostitutes etc.

11
4.0 Concluding Remarks

Empowerment is about being able to grow. As women grow their management skills they

also must embrace areas of strategic planning and develop visions of growth. Empowerment

of women leads to economic independence, the opportunity to have control over their lives-

self reliance, self-determination, and a way to achieve for themselves. Empowerment through

self-employment is also related to women’s ability to gain control over economic resources

and to participate more fully in the process of building wealth. Empowerments lead to self-

fulfilment to know where women are going. As their business grow, one of the biggest

challenges for women entrepreneurs is learning to “let go” internal business operations – to

move from “doing to managing” and from “management to leadership”. Women are

becoming more personally and economically empowered through business ownership or

entrepreneurship development.

Text and References

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A Large Scale Sample Survey, Prepared for Save the Children.
Baltiwala, S.(1994). Empowerment of Woman in South Asia: Concepts and Practice, New
Delhi: FAO and ASPBAE Freedom from Hunger Campaign.
Cole, A.H. (1942). Entrepreneurship as an Area of Research. The Task of Economies
History.
Cunningham, J.B., & Lischerson, J. (1991). Defining Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small
Business Management, 29 (1), 44-61.
Faleye, G.O. (1999). Women and Accountability. A Case Study of the Family Support
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GOB.(1994). Report: Government of Bangladesh

Hagen, E.E. (1962). On the Theory of Social Change: How Economic Growth Begins, Dorjey
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 Kilby,P.(1971). Hunting the Heffalump, in his book (Eds.), Entrepreneurship and Economic
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McClelland, D.C.(1961). The Achieving Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton, New Jersey,65.

Prasad, R.R., & Sahay, S.(2000). Models for Empowering Women, In Sinha Kalpana, (Ed).
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