CONTENTS

Sr. No. Subject Page No.

1. Metrology and Quality Engineering 2–6
2. Machine Design I 7 – 15
3. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 16 – 23
4. Finite Element Analysis 24 – 35
 2

METROLOGY QUALITY ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO METROLOGY

(1) Differentiate between primary and tertiary standards? [D-17][5]

(2) State and explain any one most primitive length standards used in measurements. State reasons why these
standards were replaced by optical/length standards. [M-15][5],[M-17][5]

(3) Define wavelength standard and state the significance of using it. [D-16][5]

(4) Differentiate between precision and accuracy. [D-15][5],[M-16][5],[D-18][5]

CHAPTER 2 : DESIGN OF GAUGES, COMPARATORS, SURFACE TEXTURE AND

FLATNESS TEST MEASUREMENT

DESIGN OF GAUGES

(1) Explain following terms with respect to limit, fit and tolerances :- [D-17][10]
(i) Upper deviation (ii) Lower deviation (iii) Fundamental Deviation (iv) Tolerance grades (v) Clearance Fit

(2) Explain following terms with suitable diagram [M-15][10]

(i) Basic size (ii) Fundamental deviation (iii) Grades of tolerance
(iv) maximum and minimum metal conditions (v) Allowance.

(3) Explain different types of fits with suitable examples and sketches. Also explain various tolerancegrades.
[M-16][5],[M-17][10]

(4) Briefly explain Taylor's principle of Gauge design with suitable example. Why sometimes it is desirable to
differ fromTaylor's principle? [D-15][10],[M-16][5],[D-16][10],[M-18][10],[D-18][10]

(5) Write short notes on Limit Gauges [D-16][5]

(6) With help of suitable sketches explain plug gauges and snap gauges [M-18][5]

COMPARATORS

(1) Enlist and explain characteristics of a good comparator. [M-15][5]

(2) What is comparator? Explain any one type of mechanical comparator. [D-16][10]

(3) Explain construction and working of any one mechanical comparator [D-17][10]

(4) Explain Construction and working of Pneumatic Comparators. State their advantages and limitations.
[D-15][5],[M-18][5],[M-17][10]
 3

SURFACE TEXTURE MEASUREMENT

(1) Explain importance of surface conditions in various applications. [M-15][2.5],[D-17][5],[M-18][5]

(2) Explain following parameters with respect to surface roughness measurement:-

(i) Waviness [M-15][2.5],[D-15][2.5],[M-17][2.5],[M-18][2.5]
(ii) Roughness [M-15][2.5],[D-15][2.5],[M-17][2.5],[M-18][2.5]
(iii) Ra Value [M-15][2.5],[D-15][3],[M-16][2.5],[M-18][2.5],[D-18][2.5]
(iv) Rz Value [D-15][3],[M-16][2.5],[M-18][2.5],[D-18][2.5]
(v) Ry Value [M-16][2.5],[D-18][2.5]
(vi) RMS value [D-15][3],[M-16][2.5],[D-18][2.5]

(3) Differentiate between roughness and waviness. [M-16][5]

(4) Explain Tomlinson's surface roughness measuring instrument in detail. [M-17][10],[M-18][10]

(5) Explain Taylor Hobson surface roughness measuring instrument in detail [D-17][10]

(6) Draw and explain various surface roughness symbols. [M-15][5],[D-16][5],[D-18][5]

(7) Following data was obtained during a surface finish determination test- [D-16][10]
Sampling length : 0.85 mm, Vertical magnification : 4800, Horizontal magnification : 120
Areas above the datum Line : 112,114,60,100 mm2, Areas below datum line : 88,99,110,75, mm2
Find the CLA value of the surface.

FLATNESS TEST MEASUREMENT

(1) Explain principles of interference [D-15][5],[M-16][5]

(2) Explain concept of flatness with suitable example. [M-17][5],[D-17][5],[D-18][5]

(3) Explain following with respect to flatness testing:- [M-18][10]

(i) Principal of interference (ii) Concept of flatness (iii) Optical Flats
(iv) Application of Principle of interference in flatness testing

(4) Define Interferometry. [D-16][2]

(5) Explain principle, construction, working of optical interferometer in details. [D-15][5],[M-17][10]

(6) With the help of suitable diagram explain construction and working of Laser Interferometer
[M-15][10],[M-16][10],[D-16][8],[D-18][10]
 4

CHAPTER 3 : SCREW THREAD, GEAR MEASUREMENT AND SPECIAL

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

SCREW THREAD MEASUREMENT

(1) Explain two wire method used in screw thread measurement [D-15][10]

(2) Derive necessary expression to calculate the best wire diameter. With the help of suitable diagramexplain
three wire method used in screw thread measurements.
[M-15][10],[M-16][10],[M-17][10],[D-17][10],[D-18][10]

(3) What are the errors in the threads. [D-16][5]

GEAR MEASUREMENT

(1) Explain following terms with respect to gear measurement. [M-16][10]

(i) Measurement using rollers (ii) Gear tooth comparator

(2) Explain principle, construction and working of Parkinson's Gear Tester.

[M-15][10],[D-15][10],[D-16][10],[D-17][10],[M-18][10],[D-18][10]

SPECIAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

(1) Explain principle, construction and working of Tool maker's Microscope [M-15][5],[M-17][10],[D-17][10]

(2) Explain principle of working, construction, and applications of Profile Projector. [M-16][10],[M-18][10]

(3) What is CMM? Explain the types of CMM with neat sketches [D-16][10]

(4) Explain construction, working and applications of 3D coordinate measuring machine

[M-15][5],[D-15][10],[D-18][10]

CHAPTER 4 : QUALITY ENGINEERING

(1) Explain concept of quality and quality control [M-17][5]

(2) What are objectives of quality control. [M-15][5],[M-16][5]

(3) What do you mean by quality of design? [D-15][5]

(4) How will you maintain compromise between quality and cost. [M-15][10],[D-15][5],[D-17][5],[D-18][5]

(5) Write short notes on Categories of costs [D-16][5]

(6) Explain different types of quality costs in detail [D-15][5],[M-16][10],[M-17][10],[D-17][10],[D-18][5]

(7) Write short note on-Planning for quality [M-18][5],[D-18][5]

 5

CHAPTER 5 : SQC AND SQC TOOLS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Explain the structure of Quality circle. [D-16][5]

(2) “Statistically Controlled Process is always a capable process”. Do you agree with above statement?
Justify your agreement or disagreement in detail. [D-18][10]

(3) Explain following:-

(i) Pie Charts [D-17][3]
(ii) Bar Charts [D-17][3]
(iii) Scatter Diagrams [D-17][3]
(iv) Pareto chart [M-18][2.5],[D-18][5]
(v) GANT chart [M-18][2.5],[D-18][5]
(vi) C chart [D-16][5]
(vii) X charts [M-15][5]
(viii) X bar charts [D-17][2.5]
(ix) R-Chart [M-15][5],[D-16][5],[D-17][2.5],[M-18][2.5]
(x) P - Charts [D-17][2.5],[M-18][2.5]
(xi) np charts [D-17][2.5]

(4) Write short notes on Cause and Effect diagram [D-16][5]

(5) Do you agree with following statement? If yes why? If not why? Justify your views “If all points in X and
R chart lies within UCL (Upper Control Limit) and LCL (Lower Control limit, all parts should be accepted”.
[M-16][10]

(6) With example of your choice explain procedure to prepare P charts and np charts. What inferences you
can draw from these charts ? [M-17][10]

(7) Explain various modern SQC tools. [D-15][10],[M-16][10],[M-17][10],[M-18][10]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) Control Chart for X and R are kept on the weight in kilograms of a colour pigment for a batch process.
After 25 subgroups with subgroup size of 4 [D-15][10]

 X  52.08 kg  R 11.82
Assuming process is in state of control, Compute the X and R chart central line and control limits.
(For subgroup size of 4, A2 = 0.729 D4 = 2.282 D3 = 0 d2 = 2.059)

(2) The table given below shows the number of defectives found in inspection of 10 lots of 100 items each.
Lot No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of defectives 6 3 1 4 3 0 11 5 2 3
(i) Determine the control limits for P chart and state whether the process is in control?
(ii) If the point that goes outside the control limits is analysed and estimated, what will be the value of
new control limits and revised fraction defectives? [D-16][10]
 6

(3) A certain product is given 100% inspection as it is manufactured and the resultant data are summarised by
the hour, in following table 16 hrs of data is recorded. Calculate the central line and variable control limits of
P chart using 3-sigma control limits and indicate the values that are out of control. [M-15][10]
Hour No. of units inspected Number of units outside specifications
1 48 5
2 36 5
3 50 0
4 47 5
5 48 0
6 54 3
7 50 0
8 42 1
9 32 5
10 40 2
11 47 2
12 47 4
13 46 1
14 46 0
15 48 3
16 39 0

CHAPTER 6 : SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

(1) Sketch OC curve and explain various elements of it. Also explain double sampling plans
[M-15][5],[D-15][5],[D-16][5],[D-17][10],[M-18][10]

(2) Sketch typical OC curve and also explain following terms- [M-16][10],[M-17][10]
(i) Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) (ii) Producer's Risk (iii) Consumer's Risk
(iv) Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD)

(3) Explain Single sampling and double sampling plans in detail [M-15][5],[D-15][5],[D-18][10]
 7

MACHINE DESIGN - I

CHAPTER 1 : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN

(1) ‘Ergonomic is compromise in order to achieve performance and aesthetic’ explain this statement with
example. [D-17][5],[D-18][5]

(2) How do you classify materials for engineering use? [M-17][5]

(3) What do you understand by following designations of materials [M-15][5]

(i) FG350 (ii) 40C8 (iii) FeE400 (iv) 30Ni4Cr1 (v) 40Cr1Mo28

(4) Suggest with justification the suitable materials for the following components: [M-16][5]
(i) Flat-belt pulley (ii) lathe bed (iii) Connecting rod in I.C. engine (iv) Flywheel

(5) Explain manufacturing consideration in design [D-15][6]

(6) Explain the modes of failures in the mechanical components. [M-15][5],[D-16][5]

(7) Why factor of safety is necessary in the design of mechanical components? Discuss the important factors
influencing the selection of factor of safety. [M-15][5],[M-17][5]

(8) What is service factor? State its significance. [M-16][5]

(9) Explain clearly the bearing stress developed at the area of contact between two members? [M-17][5]

(10) Explain the difference between the bearing pressure and the contact stress with suitable examples.[M-16][5]

(11) What is the necessity of theories of failures? Name different theories of failures.
[D-17][5],[M-18][5],[D-18][5]

(12) State different theories of failure and explain any two in details. [D-15][5]

(13) State the following theories of failure and state the relation between yield strength in shear and the yield
strength for each of the theory. (i) Maximum shear stress theory (ii) Octahedral shear stress theory[M-15][6]

(14) Explain the following theories of failures: [M-16][5]

(i) Maximum normalstress theory (ii) Octahedral shear stress theory

(15) What is preferred Number? How to use it, explain with example. [M-17][5],[M-18][5]

CHAPTER 2 : CURVED BEAMS AND THICK CYLINDERS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) State the assumptions made in the analysis of curved beams. [M-15][4],[M-17][5]

(2) ‘Curved beams cannot be designed by applying the simple bending theory of straight beams’. Justify
the statement. [M-15][5]
 8

(3)
Show the variation of the tangential stress and radial stress across the cylinder thickness and derive the
Lames equation for the thickness of thick cylinder subjected to an internal pressure only.
[D-17][5],[M-18][4],[D-18][5]
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) Select suitable standard hook for the lifting load of 110KN of trapezoidal cross section and find the stress
induced at the most critical cross section of the hook. [D-15][8],[D-17][10],[M-18][10],[D-18][10]
[For M-18, lifting load = 100KN]

(2) An open ‘S’ link made of plain carbon steel

55C8 (Syt = 399 N/mm2) is shown in figure. Calculate the
4d
dimensions of the link, if the factor of safety is 6.[M-16][7]

900 N

8d

B B
900 N
4d

(3) Find outer diameter of the cylinder made of GCI- FG300 using Lames equation if the maximum internal
pressure is 30MPa, FOS is 2 and internal diameter is 250mm. [D-15][5]

CHAPTER 3 : DESIGN AGAINST STATIC LOADS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) What is cotter? Why taper is provided on the cotter? [D-16][4]

(2) Why the cotter in the Cotter joint is kept as weakest part, explain. [D-17][4],[M-18][4],[D-18][4]

(3) Why square threads are used for power transmission and V-threads for fasteners? [M-16][5]

(4) What are the assumptions made in design of weld joint? [D-16][5]

(5) Discuss on various types of threads used for power screw. [D-16][4],[M-17][5]

(6) Explain overhauling of screw and self-locking of screw.[D-15][5],[D-16][5],[D-17][5],[M-18][5],[D-18][5]

(7) Show that the efficiency of a self-locking screw is less than 50 percent. [D-15][5]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

TYPE I : COTTER JOINT

(1) Design a spigot-socket type cotter joint to transmit an axial load of 42 kN. Select appropriate materials for
its components and draw its neat sketch showing major dimensions on it. [M-15][14]
 9

(2) Two tie rods are connected by sleeve using cotter. They are subjected to an axial pull of 50KN.
Design the joint using following stresses. [M-17][20]
For rod and cotter (C-30):  = 60 N/mm2,  = 70 N/mm2 and  = 30 N/mm2.
t c
For sleeve (cast iron):  = 65 N/mm2,  = 100 N/mm2 and  = 45 N/mm2.
t c

TYPE II : KNUCKLE JOINT

(1) Design a Knuckle joint to transmit a reversible load of 12 KN. The material of all parts is C-20 steel.
[M-17][15]

(2) A knuckle joint subjected to an axial pull of 80 KN. Select suitable material & design & draw the joint.
[D-16][16]

(3) Design a knuckle joint to withstand a tensile load of 25KN if the permissible stresses are 56MPa in tension,
40 MPa in shear and 70 MPa in compression. [D-15][15]

(4) A knuckle joint is subjected to an axial load of 140 kN Design the knuckle joint taking the load to be uniformly
distributed over the pin in the eye and uniformly varying over the portion of pin in forks. Use thefollowing data
Allowable tensile and compressive stress = 85 N/mm2, Allowable shear stress = 45 N/mm2,
Allowable crushing stress = 150 N / mm2, Thickness of eye = 1.5 × Pin diameter,
Total fork thickness = eye thickness: [M-16][12]

(5) A knuckle joint is to be design to connect two Mild Steel bars under a tensile load of 150 KN. The
allowable stresses are 75Mpa in tension, 50Mpa in shear and 150 Mpa in crushing. (Assume empirical
relations as Diameter of knuckle pin d1 = d, Outer diameter of eye d2 = 2d, diameter of knuckle pin head and
collar d3 = 1.5d, thickness of single eye t = 1.25d, thickness of fork t1 = 0.75d, thickness of pin head
t2 = 0.5d) [D-17][16],[M-18][16],[D-18][16]
(i) Draw neat sketch of knuckle joint. (ii) Find the diameter of the rod (d). (iii) Using empirical find all
dimensions. (iv) With neat sketches for failure cross section areas check all components under different failures.

TYPE III : BOLTED JOINT

P = 5kN
(1) A steel plate subjected to a force of 5kN and fixed to a channel
2 3
by means of three identical bolts, as shown. The bolts are
made of plain carbon steel 45C8 and the factor of safety is 3.
200mm
Find the size of the bolts. [D-16][10]
30 75 75 30
All dimensions are in mm
(2) A bracket is supported by four rivet of equal P=12KN
diameter as shown to support a load of 12KN.
Determine the size of the rivet taking the 500mm

permissible shear stress as 60MPa.

[D-17][10],[D-18][10]
200mm

150mm
 10

(3) A bracket is supported by four rivet of equal P=20KN

diameter as shown in figure. Determine the
size of the rivet taking the permissible shear 600mm

stress as 60MPa. [M-18][10]

200
mm

250mm

(4) A bracket is riveted to a column by 6

200 mm 50 kN
rivets (bolts) of equal size as shown in
figure. It carries a load of 50 kN at a
distance of 200 mm from the centre of
the column. If the maximumshear stress
75 m
in the rivet (bolt) is limited to 150 MPa,

determine the diameter of the rivet (bolt)

[D-15][10],[M-16][8]
[For D-15, Load = 60kN] 75 m

50 mm 50 mm

TYPE IV : WELDED JOINT

(1) A 50 mm diameter solid shaft is welded to a flat plate as

shown in figure. If the size of the weld is 15 mm, find the 10 kN
maximum normal and shear stress in the weld.[M-16][10] 200 mm

50 mm

(2) A solid circular shaft of 30mm diameter is welded to a vertical plate by fillet weld all around. It carries a
vertical load of 10KN at a distance of 100 mm from the plate. Determine the size of weld if permissible
shear stress for the weld is 90 N/mm2. [M-17][10]

TYPE V : POWER SCREW

(1) A screw press is to be designed to exert an axial force of 80 KN. [M-17][20]

(i) Select suitable material and design the nut and screw assume the height of the screw press to be 250 mm.
(ii) Design the horizontal section of the frame if the axis of the screw is at a distance of 210 mm fromthe inner
edge of the frame. Give the reasons for the selection of material of the frame.
 11

(2) A Machine press screw as shown in figure is subjected to an Y Drive

axial force of 40 kN. Overhang of horizontal member of frame B
unit
4t B
is 400 mm and height of screw is 500 mm.
6t X X
(i) Select the suitable material and stresses for screw, nut and t
frame. (ii) Design screw and nut, (iii) Check the screw A A
Y
for buckling failure. (iv) Determine the dimensions of cross- 400
section of horizontal member of frame. [M-16][13]
500

(3) A C-clamp is subjected to a clamping force of 4 KN. Maximum distance between jaws is 30 mm.
Distance between screw axis and frame axis is 100 mm. [D-16][16]
(i) Select appropriate materials and stresses for screw, nut and frame. (ii) Design screw and nut.
(iii) Check screw for buckling failure. (iv) Determine dimensions of cross section of frame.

(4) Design a single start square threaded screw for a C-clamp shown in figure. The maximum force
exerted by the clamp is 5 kN. Use the following data: LH
2
(i) yield strength of the screw material = 390 N/mm Handle
(ii) shear strength of the nut & body material = 230 N/mm2
(iii) coefficient of the screw friction = 0.14
(iv) coefficient of the collar friction = 0.16 L Screw
(v) mean collar radius = 8 mm
(vi) factor of safety = 3
x x
(vii) permissible bearing pressure = 12 N/mm2
(viii) distance between axis of the handle and nut surface, Nut
L = 150 mm [M-15][16] y y

w
100 w

Also, design the I-section as shown by the side of figure,

taking web = flange = 4t, where t - thickness of flange
and web of the I-section of the clamp body.
 12

CHAPTER 4 : DESIGN AGAINST FLUCTUATING LOADS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) What is stress concentration? What are the various causes of stress concentration? Discuss the various
methods to reduce the effect of stress concentration. [D-15][4],[D-16][8]

(2) Explain the following terms related to the design of machine elements subjected to the variable loads.
(i) Notch sensitivity (ii) Endurance limit (iii) Surface finish factor (iv) Size factor
(v) Stress concentration factor [D-17][10],[D-18][10]

(3) Explain mechanism of fatigue failure in ductile and brittle material. [D-17][5],[D-18][5]

(4) Draw neat sketch for the fatigue test set up. How the experimental data is generated and analyzed, explain.
[M-18][10]

(5) Draw and explain different fatigue stress cycle. [M-18][5]

(6) Explain the S-N curve for fatigue life. [M-16][5]

(7) Explain Soderberg diagram and derive equation for a factor of safety based on this concept. [M-15][10]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) The most critical point of component made of steel C40 is subjected to the following variable stresses.
Determine the factor of safety based on Soderberg criterion and Octahedral shear theory.
x varies from +12 to –10 N/mm2 y varies from +14 to +6 N/mm2 and  xy
varies from +10 to –10 N/mm2
[M-15][10],[M-16][10]

(2) Determine the size of the circular bar using Soderberg equation with FOS = 2.5 if it is subjected to tensile
force varying 300KN to 550KN. It is made of carbon steel 35C8 withyt = 320N/mm2 and
ut = 600 N/mm2. [D-15][8]

(3) The circular rod is subjected to 700KN tensile to 300KN compressive varying axial load. Find the diameter
of the rod using soderberg criteria and assuming following data. [D-17][10],[M-18][10],[D-18][10]
Endurance limit = 280Mpa, tensile yield strength =350Mpa, factor of safety =2,
correction factor for loading = 0.7, surface factor = 0.8, size factor = 0.85, stress concentration factor = 1.

CHAPTER 5 : DESIGN OF SHAFT, KEYS AND COUPLINGS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Explain different types of keys with neat sketches [M-15][3],[D-15][4]

(2) What are the different types of coupling? [D-16][5]

(3) Explain the working of split-muff coupling with neat sketch [M-15][4]
 13

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

TYPE I : DESIGN OF SOLID SHAFT

(1) A steel shaft is supported at bearing A and B 750mm apart. Aspur gear having PCD 400mm is located
150 mm to the right of LH bearing and a pinion with PCD 120mm is mounted 350mm to the left of RH
bearing. The gear is drive by the pinion located vertically below, while the pinion transmits powerto another
gear horizontally to the right. Using allowable shear stress 60MPa, determine the diameter of the shaft. The
shaft transmitting 10 KW at 200 rpm. Shock and Fatigue factor in bending and torsion are 2.0 and 1.5
respectively. [D-15][16]

(2) A horizontal shaft transmitting 20KW at 120 rpm is supported at the bearing at A at the left end and B at the
right end which are 2400mm apart. Gear C and gear D located at a distance of 250 mm and 400 mm
from the Centre line of left and right bearing respectively. The PCD of gear C and D are 600mm and 200mm.
The tangential force of the gear C and D are act vertically downward. The weight of gear C and D are 950N
and 350N respectively. The combined shock and fatigue factors for bending and torsion are 1.5 and 1.2
respectively. Find the diameter of the shaft if the design stress is 100MPa in tension and 60MPa inshear. Take
Fr = Ft tan (20°) [D-17][15],[D-18][15]

(3) A transmission shaft supporting a spur gear B and

Pr
pulley D is shown in Figure. The shaft is mounted on
Pt
two bearings A and C. The diameter of pulley and
the pitch circle diameter of the gear are 400 mm and
300 mm respectively. The pulley transmits 15kW 400 400
power at 550 rpm to the gear. P1 and P2 are belt 400
tensions in tight and loose sides, while Pt and Pr are
tangential and radial components of gear tooth force.
Assume P1 = 3P2 and Pr = Pt tan (20°) The gear
and pulley are keyed to the shaft. The material of
the shaft is steel 50C4 ( =700 N/mm2 and P1
P2
 2 ut

ut
= 460 N/mm ). The factors kb and kt are
1.25 each. Determine the shaft diameter.[M-18][16]

TYPE II : DESIGN OF HOLLOW SHAFT

(1) Design the hollow shaft from the strength & rigidity considerations with following data:[M-16][12],[D-16][12]
Power to be transmitted = 50 kW at 1440 r.p.m., Ratio of inner to outer diameter = 0.5,
Overhang = 250 mm, Bending load = 18 kN, Permissible angle of twist = 0.5°. Select suitable material.
[For D-16, Power to be transmitted = 60 KW, Bending load = 20 KN]

(2) Ashaft is supported by two bearings placed 1.5 m apart. A 450 mm diameter flat belt pulley is mounted at a
distance of 350 mm to the right of LH bearings and drives a pulley directly below it with the help of flat belt
having tension on the tight side of 2.8 kN. Another V-groove pulley 300 mm p.c.d. is placed 300 mm to the
left of RH bearing and is driven with the help of electric motor and V-belt. The motor is placed horizontally in
front. The angle of contact of both the pulley is 180° and  = 0.25 the angle of V groove is 35°. Select suitable
material for the shaft and determine the diameter of the shaft.
d
What will be the diameter of the shaft, if it is a hollow shaft with ratio i  0.5
do
Which one will you prefer? Comment on it. [M-15][16]
 14

TYPE III : DESIGN OF KEYS

(1) A 16 × 10 mm2 cross section parallel key is to be used to transmit 55 kW power at 1440 r.p.m. from a shaft of
40 mm diameter. The key is made of plain carbon steel with yield strength of 300 N/mm2. If the required
safety margin is 3, determine the key length. [M-16][8]

TYPE IV : DESIGN OF COUPLINGS

(1) Design a Clamp coupling for mild steel shaft transmitting 40 KW at 100 rpm. Coefficient of friction between
the muff and the shaft surface is 0.3 and number of bolts connecting two halves are six. The allowable shear
stress in the shaft and coupling bolts are 40 MPa and 70 MPa resp. [D-15][10]

(2) Design and draw a protective type of cast iron flange coupling for a steel shaft transmitting 15 kWat
200 r.p.m. and having an allowable shear stress of 40 MPa. The working stress in the bolts should not
exceed 30 MPa. Assume that the same material is used for shaft and key and that the crushing stress is
twice the value of its shear stress. The maximum torque is 25% greater than the full load torque.
The shear stress for cast iron is 14 MPa. [M-17][10]

(3) Design a cast iron protective type flange coupling to transmit 15 kW at 900 rpm from an electric motor
to compressor. The service factor may be assumed as 1.35. The following permissible stresses may be taken.
Allowable shear stress for shaft, bolt and key material is 40MPa, Allowable crushing stress for bolt and key is
80N/mm2 and Allowable shear stress for cast iron is 8N/mm2. [M-18][12]

(4) Design a flexible coupling of pin bush type construction for connecting a reduction gear shaft to astone crusher
shaft. The unit is driven by 30 KW, 720 rpm motor through 5:1 reduction. Choose suitable material and their
design stresses for the parts of coupling. [D-16][10]

(5) Design a bush pin type flexible coupling to connect a electric motor with the shaft of centrifugal pump.
The motor delivers a power of 20KW at 960 rpm. The diameter of the motor and pump shaft 40mm. Allowable
bearing pressure in the rubber bush is 0.45 N/mm2. Select standard key and check it for shear and crushing
failure. [D-17][12],[D-18][12]

CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF SPRINGS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) What are the different types of springs? What are their different materials? [D-16][5]

(2) Discuss the materials and practical applications for the various types of springs. [D-16][4]

(3) What is spring index of a helical spring? Discuss the significance of it in the design of if. [M-15][3]

(4) Derive an expression for deflection of helical spring of circular wire. [D-15][5]

(5) What is surge in spring? How it can be eliminated. [M-15][5],[D-15][3],[D-17][5],[M-18][5],[D-18][5]

(6) Explain neeping of the leaf spring with neat sketch. [D-15][3],[D-16][4]
 15

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

TYPE I : HELICAL SPRING

(1) A helical spring is subjected to the load varying from 500 N to 1100 N having spring index 6, free length is to
be lie between 100 mm to 150 mm. The maximum compression under the variation of load is 3 cm. Assume
stresses for spring material and G = 0.8 × 105N/mm2. Design the spring and find out the energy stored in
spring. [M-17][10]

(2) Design a Helical valve spring for an operating load range of 600N to 1200N. The compression at the
maximum load is 25mm. Take the spring index 6 and permissible endurance shear stress for the springmaterial
as 480Mpa and yield stress in shear is 960MPa and G = 80KN/mm2. [D-17][8],[M-18][8],[D-18][8]

(3) A helical coil compression spring is to be subjected to a maximum force of 4600 N with a corresponding
deflection of 58 mm. The spring is to operate over a 40 mm diameter rod. Determine the wire diameter and
number of active turns. Also, decide other details such as free length, pitch, helix angle etc. Check for the solid
stress for the material of the spring as follows: [M-15][14]
2000 1200
Su N / mm2 , S  N / mm2 and G = 79300 N/mm2.
0.17 ys 0.17
d d

(4) A helical compression spring is subjected to a load varying from zero to a maximum of a 9 kN with
corresponding deflection of 90 mm. Considering average service with and spring steel having ultimate
0.16 2 3 2
tensile stress, Sut = 2000/d N/mm and G = 80 × 10 N/mm , determine: [M-16][10],[D-16][12]
(i) wire diameter and mean coil diameter; (ii) total number of coil;
(iii) free length, pitch and helix angle; and (iv) check for solid stress.

TYPE II : LEAF SPRING

(1) A laminated spring 500 mm long and 40 mm wide is held together at the centre by a band 85 mm wide.
If the thickness of each leaf is 10 mm, find the number of leaves required to carry a load of 5400N.
Assume maximum working stress of 280MPa. If the two of the leaves extend the full length of the spring,
find the deflection of the spring. The young modulus for the spring material is 210GPa. [D-15][8]

(2) The leaf spring has 12 numbers of leaves, two of which are full length leaves. The spring supports are 1.1 m
apart and the central band is 90 mm wide. The central load is to be taken 5.5KN with the permissible stress
of 300 N/mm2. Determine (i) thickness and width of the steel leaves (ii) deflection of the spring.
Take ratio of the depth to the width of the spring as 3. [M-17][10]

(3) A semi-elliptic leaf spring consists of two extra full length leaves and eight graduated leaves, including the
master leaf. The centre to centre distance between the two eyes of the spring is 1.1m. The maximum force
acting on the spring is 12 kN and the Width of each leaf is 60 mm. The spring is pre-stressed so asto equalize
stresses in all leaves. If the stress induced corresponding to maximum load is equal to 350 N/mm2 and modulus
of elasticity of leaf spring is 200 GPa. Determine: (i) The thickness of leaves; (ii) The deflectionof spring at
maximum load; and (iii) The initial nip. [M-16][10]
 16

REFRIGERATION ANDAIR CONDITIONING

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERATION

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) What is the difference between heat pump and refrigerator. Derive the relationship for COP between
refrigerator and heat pump [M-17][4]

(2) Define (i) Refrigeration (ii) Ton of Refrigeration (iii) Air Conditioning (iv) Coefficent of Performance.
[D-17][4]

(3) Define EnergyEfficiency Ratio. [M-16][2]

(4) Write short notes on BEE Star Rating System. [M-16][3],[M-18][5],[D-18][5]

(5) Derive an expression for COP of an ideal Bell Coleman cycle in terms of pressure ratio. [M-16][4]

(6) List down types of aircraft refrigeration systems. Draw simple air cooling system with neat schematic and
T-s diagram. [D-17][2],[M-18][5],[D-18][2]

(7) Write short notes on Bootstrap Cooling System [D-17][4],[D-18][5]

(8) Explain the need of aircraft refrigeration. Draw reduced ambient air refrigeration cycle with neat schematic
and T-S diagram. [M-17][8]

(9) What are the advantages of air refrigeration for cooling of aircraft? [M-16][5]

(10) Write short notes on DART rating ofAir Refrigeration Systems [M-18][5],[D-18][3]

(11) Write short notes on Steam jet refrigeration [M-17][4],[D-17][5]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) If the COP of a 1 TR Air Conditioner is 3.5; how much power will the compressor consume ? Also calculate
the amount of heat rejected in the condenser. [M-18][5]

(2) A reversed Carnot cycle air conditioner of 1 TR capacity operates with evaporator coil temperature t0 = 7°C.
The surrounding air at 43°C is used as a cooling medium rising to a temperature of 53°C. The temperature of
heat rejection is tk = 55°. Determine COP, power consumption of the air conditioner and the mass flow rate of
surrounding air entering the condenser. Take Cp for air as 1.005 kJ/Kg K. [D-18][5]

(3) An air cooling system for a jet plane cock pit operates on the simple cycle. The cockpit is to be maintained at
25°C. The ambient air pressure and temperature are 0.35 bar and –15°C respectively. The pressure ratio of
the jet compressor is 3. The plane speed is 1000 km/hr. The air is passed through a heat exchanger after
compression and cooled to its original condition entering into the air jet. The pressure loss in heat exchanger is
0.1 bar. The pressure of air leaving the cooling turbine is 1.013 bar and is also the pressure in the cockpit. The
cooling load in the cockpit is 70 kW. Determine: (i) Mass flow rate of air circulated to the cabin,
(ii) Net power delivered to the refrigeration system, (iii) The COP of the system. [D-16][12]
 17

(4) The following data refers to simple air refrigeration cycle of 20 TR capacity
Ambient air temperature and pressure = 20°C and 0.8 bar, Ram air pressure = 0.9 bar
Compressor outlet pressure = 3.6 bar, Temperature of air leaving H.E. = 60°C
Pressure of air leaving the turbine = 1 bar, Temperature of air leaving the cabin = 22°C
Compressor and Turbine efficiency = 80 % and 75 % resp.
Assume no pressure drop in H.E. and isentropic ramming process. Calculate net power required and COP
of the system. [D-17][14]

(5) An airplane using 20 TR bootstrap air refrigeration system has ambient conditions of 0.9 bar and 15°C. Ram
air pressure after isentropic compression is 1.1 bar. Main compressor exit pressure is 3.5 bar, andexit pressure
of secondary compressor is 4.5 bar. The cabin is required to be maintained at 1 bar and 25°C. Isentropic
efficiency of each compressor is 85% and that of cooling turbine is 90%. The effectiveness of both heat
exchangers is 60 %. Find: (i) Mass flow rate of air passing through the cabin (ii)Power required,
(iii) COP of the system. Assume, Cp = 1.01 kJ/kg K. [M-16][12]

(6) 100 kW power is used for refrigeration system working on bootstrap air refrigeration cycle. [M-17][12]
Required data are given below:
Ambient air pressure = 1 bar, Ambient temperature = 288 k, Compressor delivery pressure = 3.5 bar,
Cabin pressure = 1 bar, Maximum pressure = 5.6 bar,
Heat exchanger effectiveness for both heat exchanger = 0.85
Efficiency of main and auxiliary compressors is 0.83 and 0.75 resp.
Turbine efficiency = 0.77, Cabin is maintained at 28°C and 1 bar
Determine : (i) Refrigeration capacity in TR (ii) COP
(iii) Determine the percentage of turbine power used by auxiliary compressor

(7) A bootstrap air refrigeration system of 30 TR capacity is used for an aeroplane flying at an altitude of
2000 m. The ambient air pressure and temperature are 0.8 bar and 0°C. The ram air pressure and temperature
are 1.05 bar and 17°C. The pressure of air after isentropic compression in the main compressor is 4 bar. This
air is now cooled to 27°C in another auxillary heat exchanger and then expanded isentropically upto the cabin
pressure of 1.01 bar. If the air leaves the cabin at 25°C and the efficiencies for the main compressor, auxillary
compressor and the cooling turbine are 80 %, 75 % and 80 % respectively; find :
(i) Power required to operate the system and (ii) COP of the system [M-18][12]

(8) A regenerative air refrigeration system for an aeroplane is designed to take a load of 25 TR. The temperature
and pressure conditions of the atmosphere are 5 C and 0.85 bar. The pressure of the air is increased from
0.85 bar to 1.2 bar due to ramming action. The pressure of air leaving the main compressor is 4.8 bar. 60 %
of the total heat of the air leaving the main compressor is removed in the heat exchanger and then it is passed
through the cooling turbine. The temperature of the rammed air which is used for cooling purposes inthe heat
exchanger is reduced to 50 C by mixing the air coming out from the cooling turbine. The isentropic efficiencies
of the compressor and turbine are 90 % and 80 % respectively. The pressure and temperature required in the
cabin are 1 bar and 25 C respectively. Assuming isentropic ramming and mass of cooled air passing through
the heat exchanger equal to the mass of cooling air , find ; [D-18][12]
(i) the ratio of by-passed air to ram air used for cooling purposes ; and
(ii) the power required for maintaining the cabin at required condition.
 18

CHAPTER 2 : VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Explain the working of simple vapour compression cycle with schematic and P-h and T-s diagrams.
[M-17][8],[M-18][5]

(2) Discuss the effect of change in evaporator and condenser pressure on the performance of standard
VCR cycle with the help of P – h diagram [M-16][4],[D-17][6]

(3) What is subcooling and superheating ? Explain its effect on the performance of vapour compression cycle.
[M-18][5]

(4) Draw P-H and T-S diagram when the vapours are superheated at the end of compression and with under
cooling of liquid. [D-16][5]

(5) Explain withschematic the working ofa refrigeration system witha single evaporator and two stagecompression
system, with a water intercooler and flash intercooler interposed between the stages. Represent thecycle on
a P-h diagram. [M-16][6]

(6) What is the function of a flash intercooler? Why it is not preferred for R-12 refrigerant. [M-16][5]

(7) Explain with neat sketch a complete multistage vapour compression system. [D-16][4]

(8) What are the types of expansion valves? Explain the working of thermostatic expansion valve.
[M-16][6],[M-17][6],[D-16][6],[D-17][8]

(9) Explain with the help of a neat sketch, the working of a refrigerating system having three evaporators at
different temperatures with individual compressors and multiple expansion valves. [D-18][4]

(10) Write short notes on Types of Condensers and Evaporators [M-17][6],[D-18][5]

(11) Classify different types of Compressors. Explain each type in brief. [D-16][4],[D-17][6],[M-18][8]

(12) Explain with a neat schematic diagram use of Liquid Suction heat exchanger in a Vapour Compression system.
[D-18][5]

(13) What are the different types of Cooling Towers? Define Range and Approach.
[M-16][5],[M-18][6],[D-18][2]

(14) Explain with a neat sketch an Induced Draft type Cooling Tower. [D-18][4]

(15) Describe cooling towers with important performance related terms. [D-16][6],[M-17][4]

(16) Write short notes on Desirable Properties of Refrigerants [M-17][4],[D-17][4],[M-18][5]

(17) Write a note on designation of refrigerants. [M-16][5]

(18) Explain ASHRAE numbering system for refrigerants with example. [D-16][5]
 19

(19) What are primary and secondary refrigerants? Give examples with application of each type. [M-18][5]

(20) What is secondary refrigerant? Where it used? Explain its importance in big ice plant. [D-16][6]

(21) Compare primary and secondary refrigerants [D-17][2]

(22) Explain the ozone depletion and global warming issues. [M-17][4]

(23) What are eco-friendly refrigerants? Discuss with examples. [D-18][5]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) A refrigeration machine using R-12 as refrigerant operates between the pressures 2.5 bar and 9 bar. The
vapour entering the compressor is dry saturated and there is no subcooling in the condenser. If thecapacity
of the plant is 20 TR and the relative COP is 65 %.
Determine: (i) Actual COP, (ii) Actual power input to the compressor. [M-16][10]
Properties of the refrigerant are given below:
Pressure Sat Sp. Enthalpy, kJ/kg Sp. Entropy
Bar Temp kJ/kg K
°C Liquid Vapour Vapour
9 36 456.4 585.3 4.74
2.5 –7 412.4 570.3 4.76
Take sp. heat of refrigerant vapour as 0.67 kJ/kg–k.

(2) A vapour compression system using R12 works between –15°C and 35°C as evaporator and condenser
temperature respectively. Using P-H chart determine (i) COP (ii) Mass flow of refrigerant per TR
(iii) Piston displacement per TR using volumetric efficiency = 80% (iv) Heat rejected in the condenser per
TR. (v) Ideal COP [D-16][12],[D-17][12]

(3) Avapour compression system using Ammonia works between –25°C and 40°C as evaporator and condenser
temperature respectively. Using P-h Chart, determine (i) COP (ii) Mass of refrigerant per TR
(iii) Piston displacement per TR using volumetric efficiency = 83 % (iv) Heat rejected in the condenser per TR
(v) Ideal COP [M-18][12]

(4) A vapour compression system using NH3 works between –15°C and 40°C as evaporator and condenser
temperature respectively. The vapour is superheated by 5°C before entering compressor and liquid issubcooled
by 5°C. Using P-h chart determine : (i) COP (ii) Mass flow of refrigerant per TR (iii) Piston displacement per
TR using volumetric efficiency = 80 % (iv) Heat rejected in the condenser per TR; and (v) Ideal COP
[D-18][10]

(5) A food storage locker has a capacity of 12 TR and operates between the evaporation temperature of –8°C
and condensation temperature of 30°C. The refrigerant R-12 is subcooled by 5°C before throttilng and the
vapour is superheated by 2°C before leaving the evaporator. Assuming a twin cylinder single acting compressor
running at 1000 RPM with L : D ratio of 1.5. Calculate : (i) COP of system (ii) Specific power required
(iii) Diameter (iv) Stroke of compressor having volumetric efficiency of 0.945. Draw P-h and T-s diagram.
[M-17][12]
 20

CHAPTER 3 : VAPOR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

(1) Describe vapour absorption refrigeration system using three fluids. [D-16][6]

(2) Discuss with a block diagram triple fluid Vapour Absorption refrigeration system. [D-18][4]

(3) Explain with a block diagram the working of a practical Ammonia Water vapour absorption refrigeration
system? [M-16][6]

(4) Explain Li-Br Water vapour absorption system with neat sketch. [M-17][6],[D-17][5]

(5) Draw a neat diagram of Electrolux vapour absorption refrigeration system and explain its working.
[M-18][10]

(6) Explain difference between vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption refrigeration
system [M-17][4],[D-17][4]

(7) Discuss advantages of vapour absorption refrigeration system over vapour compression refrigeration system.
[D-18][5]

(8) Write short notes on Thermoelectric Refrigeration [M-18][5],[D-18][5]

(9) Write short notes on Thermoacoustic refrigeration. [M-16][5]

(10) Write short notes on Vortex Tube Refrigeration [D-16][8],[D-17][5]

CHAPTER 4 : PSYCHROMETRY

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Define: (i) Relative humidity, (ii) Tonof refrigeration, (iii) Degree of saturation, [D-16][5]
(iv) Dew point temperature (v) Coefficient of performance.

(2) Define the terms DBT, WBT, DPT and RH. [M-18][4]

(3) Write short notes on Types of Psychrometric processes [M-17][4]

(4) Discuss various psychrometric processes that can be achieved by using an air washer [D-17][10]

(5) Explain in brief an adiabatic saturation process. Represent the same on a Psychrometric chart. [M-16][5]

(6) Draw a neat sketch of Year Round Air Conditioning system and explain working of its components.
[M-18][8],[D-18][5]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) A sample of moist air has a dry bulb temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 50 per cent.
The barometric pressure is 740 mm of Hg. Without using Psychrometric chart, calculate: [M-16][8]
(i) partial pressure of water vapour and dry air; (ii) Dew point temp.;
(iii) specific humidity of air; (iv) Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air.
 21

(2) For a sample of air having 22°C DBT, Relative humidity 30% at barometric pressure of 760 mm of Hg,
Calculate: (i) Vapour pressure (ii) Vapour density (iii) Humidity ratio (iv) Enthalpy. [D-16][8]

(3) A sling psychrometer reads 40°C DBT and 28°C WBT when atmospheric pressure is 750 mm of Hg.
Calculate using Steam Tables only
(i) Specific humidity (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Dew point temperature (iv) Enthalpy [M-18][8]

(4) In a laboratory test, a psychrometer recorded dry bulb temperature as 34°C and wet bulb temperature of
26°C. Without using Psychrometric chart, calculate: [D-18][8]
(i) Vapour pressure (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Specific humidity (iv) Degree of saturation
(v) Dew point temperature (vi) Enthalpy of mixture
Barometric pressure = 740 mm of Hg

CHAPTER 5 : DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Define bypass factor of a heating and cooling coil. What are the factors affecting it? [M-16][4], [M-17][4]

(2) Define RSHF, GSHF and ERSHF. [D-18][5]

(3) What are the sources of cooling load? Explain how will you estimate cooling load of your College Library.
[D-18][6]

(4) What are the sources of cooling load for a Restaurant ? Discuss in details. [M-18][6]

(5) Draw front and side view of a Window Air Conditioner & explain the various components inside the Unit.
[D-18][6]

(6) Write short notes on Variable refrigerant flow systems. [M-16][5]

(7) Write short notes on Central air conditioning system. [D-17][5]

(8) Write short notes on Air conditioning and human comfort [M-17][4]

(9) What is human comfort ? Explain with help of ASHRAE Comfort chart.. [M-18][5]

(10) Define body temperature regulation and effects of extremes of hot and cold climate on human body.
[M-18][6]

(11) What is effective temperature? Which are the factors governing effective temperature? [D-16][5]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) Atmospheric air at 10°C WBT and 15°C DBT enters a heating coil whose temperature is 40°C DBT.
The bypass factor of heating coil is 0.4. Determine DBT, WBT and RH of the air leaving the coil and
the amount of sensible heat added per kg of air. [D-16][5]
 22

(2) The following data are given for the space to be air conditioned: [M-16][14]
Outside air conditions = 40°C DBTand 50 % RH, Inside design conditions = 26°C DBT and 50% RH,
Apparatus Dew Point = 10° C; By-pass factor of the cooling coil = 0.2. The return air from the roomis mixed
with the outside air before entry to the cooling coil in the ratio of 3: 1 by mass. If 20 m3/min of fresh air is
supplied find: (i) Condition of air leaving the coil, (ii) Capacity of cooling coil in TR, (iii) Room sensible heat
factor.

(3) The design conditions for an air conditioned hall is : [D-16][14]

Inside condition 24°C, 60% RH, Outside 38°C DBT, 28°C WBT, Sensible heat gain = 167040 kJ/hr,
Latent heat gain = 41760 kJ/hr, Infiltrated air = 20 CMM, Coil ADP = 10°C. 60% of total air is recirculated
and mixed with conditioned air after cooling coil. Determine:
(i) The condition of air before entering the hall (ii) The condition of air leaving the conditioner coil
(iii) BPF of cooling coil (iv) refrigeration load on cooling coil..

(4) The design conditions for an air conditioned hall are : [M-17][14]
Inside condition 24°C, 60% RH, Outside 38°C DBT, 28°C WBT, Sensible heat gain = 45 kW,
Latent heat gain = 11.25 kW, Infiltrated air = 1200 m3/h, Coil ADP = 10°C
60% of total air is re-circulated and mixed with conditioned air after cooling coil. Find
(i) Condition of air entering hall (ii) Refrigeration load.

(5) The room sensible and latent heat loads for an air conditioned space are 50kW and 10kW respectively.
The room condition is 26°C dry bulb temperature and 50 % relative humidity. The outdoor condition is
37°C dry bulb temperature and 45 % relative humidity. The ventilation requirement is such that on mass flow
rate basis 20 % fresh air is introduced and 80 % of supply air is recirculated. The bypass factor ofthe cooling
coil is 0.15. Determine:
(i) Supply air flow rate (ii) Outside air sensible heat (ii) Outside air latent heat
(iv) Grand total heat; and (v) ERSHF [D-17][14]

(6) The following data refer to an air conditioned space: [D-18][14]

Outdoor condition : 38°C , 50 % RH, Room condition : 24°C , 50 % RH, Sensible heat load : 26 kW
Latent heat load : 8 kW, By-pass factor of the cooling coil 0.16. If the ventilation requirement is such that on
mass flow rate basis, 20 % of fresh air is introduced and 80 % of supply is recirculated, determine:
(i) Supply air flow rate (ii) Outside air sensible heat (iii) Outside air latent heat (iv) Grand total heat
(v) Effective room sensible heat factor

CHAPTER 6 : DUCT DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS

(1) What is aspect ratio? Discuss the different methods of duct design.
[M-17][8],[D-17][10],[M-18][5],[D-18][4]

(2) Discuss the static regain method of duct design. [M-16][5]

(3) What are the general rules to be followed in the design of ducts? [D-16][4]

(4) Derive an expression for equivalent diameter of circular duct for rectangular duct for the same frictional loss
per unit length when the quantity flowing through both the ducts is same. [M-16][5]

(5) Aspect ratio of a rectangular duct is 7 and its equivalent circular duct diameter is 100 mm. The ratio of longer
side of rectangular duct to the diameter of circular duct is 2.6. Find the dimension of shorter sideof the duct.
[D-16][6]
 23

(6) Write short notes on Controls used in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning [M-17][4],[D-17][5],[D-18][6]

(7) Write short notes on Pressure and Temperature Controls [D-18][5]

(8) Write short note on Noise and its controls in A/C system [D-16][8]

(9) Write short note on food processing plant [D-16][4]

(10) Write short notes on Dairy process plant [D-16][4],[M-17][4]

(11) Write short notes on Methods of defrosting. [M-16][5]

(12) Explain cascade system of refrigeration. [D-16][4]

(13) Write short notes on Liquefaction of Natural Gas (LNG) [M-16][5]

(14) Write short notes on Liquefaction of gases [D-17][5],[M-18][5]

(15) Write short note on Deep sea water air conditioning [M-16][5],[D-16][8],[M-17][4]
 24

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO FEA

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Explain applications of FEA in various fields. [D-15][5]

(2) Advantages and limitations of the FEM. [M-16][4]

(3) Write short note on Advantages and limitations of Finite Element Method [D-17][5]

(4) Explain Pre-Processing, Processing and Post-Processing in FEA [M-15][5],[M-16][4]

(5) Explain the terms “Preprocessor”, “Solver” and “Postprocessor” [M-17][5]

CHAPTER 2 : FEA PROCEDURE

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) What are the h and p versions of finite element method? [D-15][7]

(2) Explain Weak & Non Weak form method used in FEA. [M-18][5]

(3) Explain with sketches types of elements. [D-15][5]

(4) Discuss the different types of coordinate systems used in finite element method of analysis. [M-18][5]

(5) State different types of Boundary conditions. [D-15][5],[D-16][5]

(6) Write a short note on Geometric and Forced boundary condition. [M-16][4]

(7) Mention the displacement boundary conditions for different support condition - free, fixed, roller and pinned.
[M-17][5]

(8) Principle of Minimum Potential Energy [D-16][5]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) Solve followingdifferential equation [M-15][10],[D-15][12]

d2 y  dy
 3x – 6y  0 0 < x < 1.
dx2 dx

BCs: y (0) = 1 and y' (1) = 0.1: Find y(0.2) using variational method and Compare with exact solution
 25

(2) Solve the following differential equation using Galerkin Method [M-16][10]
d du 
– (x –1)  x ; 3 x 5
2


dx  
dx 
Boundary conditions: u(5) = 10 and u' (3) = 5. Compare the answers with exact solution at x = 4 and 5.

(3) Solve the following differential Equation using Galerkin Method. [D-16][10]
d 2
    

2 cos x 0 0x1
dx
Boundary Conditions are: (0) = 0, (1) = 0. Find  (0.25),  (0. 5) and  (0.75). Compare your answer
with exact solution.

(4) Solve the following differential Equation using Galerkin Method [M-17][10]
d 2u 

2
 5  0 for 0 < x < 1
dx

Boundary Conditions are: u = 0 at x = 0 and du  u  0 at x = 1. Find u(0.2) & compare with exact solution.
dx

(5) Solve following differential equation by Galerkin method. [D-17][10]

d2u 
2
 u  x2 , 0  x  1
dx

du
Given Boundary Conditions are: u = 0 at x = 0,  1 at x = 1. Find values for u (0.3) & u (0.6)
dx

(6) Solve following differential equation by Galerkin method. [M-18][10]

d2 y
   2 

9y 2x 0 ; 0  x  1
dx2
dy
Given Boundary Conditions are: y = 0 at x = 0,  1 at x = 1. Find values for y (0.5) & y (0.7)
dx

(7) Solve following differential equation by Galerkin method. [D-18][10]

d 2 
   0<x<1
2
x 1
dx
Boundary conditions:  x0  0 and  x1  1 Find values for (0,3) & (0,6)

(8) Determine the displacement at nodes by using the principle of minimum potential energy and find the
support reaction. [M-16][10]
k3 k4

k1
200 KN

k2
100 KN

Use, K1 = 100 N/mm, K2 = 300 N/mm, K3 = 150 N/mm, K4 = 200 N/mm.

 26

(9) Evaluate following integral l  (3x – x) dx [D-15][8]

–1

Using (i) Newton Cotes Method using 3 sampling points. (ii) Three points Gauss Quadrature
r W1 W2 W3 W4 r 1 W1
1 1 1 0.00 2.00
2 1/2 1/2 2 0.5773 1.00
3 1/6 4/6 1/6 3 0.00 0.8889
4 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8 0.7746 0.5556

CHAPTER 3 : ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Draw lower order and higher order 1D, 2D and 3D elements. [D-18][5]

(2) Explain Gauss Elimination Method using an example. [D-15][5]

(3) Explain the characteristics of shape function. [M-17][5]

(4) What is the significance of shape functions? [M-18][5],[D-18][5]

(5) Derive the shape function for a rectangular element in local coordinate system. [M-18][10],[D-18][10]

(6) Explain Shape function graphically for one dimensional Linear and quadratic element. [D-15][5]

(7) Derive the shape functions for a linear quadrilateral element & show it's variation over the element.[M-17][10]

(8) Obtain the strain-nodal displacement relationship for one dimensional linear element. [M-18][8],[D-18][6]

(9) Write element matrix equation in the following fields. Explain each term properly. [M-16][4]
(i) ID steady state, heat transfer by conduction (ii) ID, steady state steady flow of fluid in a pipe

(10) Write a note on skyline and banded matrix of storing data. [M-17][6]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

TYPE I : RAYLEIGH-RITZ METHOD

(1) It is required to carry out one dimensional structural analysis of a circular bar of length ‘L’fixed at one end and
carries a point load ‘P’ at other end. Find the suitable differential equation with required boundary condition
(justify) and solve it by using Rayleigh - Ritz method for two linear element. [M-15][10]

2
d y
(2) Solve following differential equation 2 –10x  5;
2
0  x 1 [D-15][12]
dx

BCs: y(0) = y (l) = 0. Using Rayleigh-Ritz method, mapped over entire domain using one parameter method
 27

d2
(3) Solve using Rayleigh ritz method, the fin equation 

2


 m2 = 0 [D-18][10]
dx

 d
where  = Tx – T and m2 = h P / k A , for 0  x  L. B.C.s are x0  0 and 0
c dx xL

After getting EME substitute following data and solve:

L = 12 cm, no. of elements = 3, 0 = 500°C, T = 27°C, h = 100 W/m2K, k = 60 W/ m K, D = 2.5 cm

(4) The governing differential equation for the steady state one dimensional conduction heat transfer with
d  dT 
internal heat generation is given by k  q for 0  x  L

dx  dx 
where, k = coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material, q = internal heat generation
Develop the finite element formulation for linear element. Use Rayleigh Ritz method, mapped over general
element. [D-17][10]

(5) The governing differential equation for the steady state one dimensional conduction heat transfer with
d 2T  P 
convection heat loss from lateral surfaces is given by k dx2  q   A  
h T  T  where
 c 

K = coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material, T = Temperature

q = internal heat source per unit volume, P = Perimeter, Ac = the cross-sectional area,
h = convective heat transfer coefficient, and T = Ambient Temperature
Develop the finite element formulation for linear element. Use Rayleigh Ritz method, mapped over general
element. Derive relevant element level matrix equation. [M-18][10]

(6) A copper fin of diameter 20mm, length 60mm and thermal conductivity is 100 W/m° C and is exposed to
ambient air at 30°C with a heat transfer coefficient 25 W/m2°C. If one end of the fin is maintained at temperature
500°C and other end is at 200°C. Solve the following differential equation for obtaining the temperature
distribution over the length of a fin. [M-16][15]
d2
kA. 2 – hp 0  = Temperature difference = Tx-Ta.
dx

Use Rayleigh-Ritz method, mapped over general element, taking Lagrange’s linear shape functions and two
linear elements. Write all the steps clearly. Compare your answer with exact at x = 20,40 mm

d  du 
(7) Using R-R Method mapped over general element solve. a  bu  c  0; 0  x  L [M-17][10]
 
dx dx 
  

 du 
Global boundary conditions are, u(0) = u0 and a    0
 dx  xL
Use Lagranges Linear shape functions.
 28

TYPE II : STRUCTURALANALYSIS (STEPPED AND TAPER BARS)

(1) Find nodal displacement and element stress

for the bar as shown in figure using FEM. 400 mm
2

Take E = 200 GPa. [D-16][10] 250

2
mm 75KN
3.5mm
300mm 200mm 200mm

2
(2) Find the displacement, stresses and 2
400mm
strain in the elements of stepped bar as 250mm
shown in figure. Take E = 200GPa.
[D-17][10] 300kN

150mm 150mm 300mm

(3) Using Direct Stiffness method, determine the nodal 2 KN-m

displacements of stepped bar shown in figure.
Take, G = 100 GPa. [D-15][10]
100 80 50

450
o
3 KN/m
400
All lengths are in mm
500

(4) Using FEM, analyze the taper bar as shown in figure.

The cross sectional area to the left and right is equal to
80 mm2 and 20 mm2. Take length of bar is equal to 500 N
60 mm, Take E = 210 GPa. [M-15][10]

(5) A tapered thin plate made of steel (E = 200 GPa,  = 7800 kg/m3) has
a length of 500 mm and a thickness of 20mm. Its width is 180 mm at the
fixed end and 80mm at the free end. In addition to its self-weight, it is
subjected to a point load P of 50KN at a distance of 300mm from the
fixed end. Model the plate with two spar elements and determine the
nodal displacements and stresses in each element. [M-18][10]

(6) For the given, steel blocks supporting rigid plates shown P = 20KN
in figure, determine displacement matrix and stresses in Rigid Plate
each element. Take: [M-15][10]

500 mm Al.
Properties Steel Aluminium Brass St eel Stee
C/S Area (mm ) 2
200 370 370 l
500 mm Brass
E (N/mm2) 2 × 105 7 × 104 8.8 × 104
 29

(7) Three concentric rings of different materials E2=180GPa

are joined together as shown in figure. E3=120GPa E1=200GPa
Determine the displacement at the free
end. [M-17][10]

P=80KN

35
40
50

15
25
20
100mm

TYPE III : FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER

(1) Consider the steady laminar flow of a viscous fluid through a long circular cylindrical tube. [D-16][15]
The governing equation is – 1 d  r dw   P0 – PL  
  0
r dr dr L
 
where w is the axial (i.e.; z) component of velocity,  is the viscosity, and 0 is the gradient of pressure
(which includes the combined effect
 dwof static pressure and gravitational force). The boundary conditions are
r  0, w(R )  0
 dr 0
  r0
Using the symmetry and two linear elements, determine the velocity field and compare with the exact
solution at the nodes:
 0 R 20   r  
2

w (r)  1–    

4   R 0  


(2) For the fluid network shown in figure write the global matrix equation. [M-18][10],[D-18][10]
Element No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
L cm 70 50 50 70 60 55
d cm 10 7.5 7.5 5 8 5
5
3
128he
Pipe resistance is given by R R 
e, e

de 4

(3) The circular rod depicted in Figure has an

outside diameter of 60 mm, length of 1 m, qin Al Cu qout
and is perfectly insulated on its
circumference. The left half of the cylinder
is aluminum, for which kx = 200 W/m–°C 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
and the right half is copper having
kx = 389 W/m–°C. 0.25 m 0.25 m 0.25 m 0.25 m
The extreme right end of the cylinder is maintained at a temperature of 80°C, while the left end is
subjected to a heat input rate 4000 W/m2. Using four equal-length elements, determine the steady-state
temperature distribution in the cylinder. [D-16][10]
 30

(4) A composite wall consists of three materials, as shown

in figure. The outer temperature T0 = 20°C, Convection H, T
heat transfer takes place on the inner surface of the wall K2
K1 K3
2
with T = 800°C and h = 30 W/m °C. T0 = 20°C

Determine temperature distribution in the wall.

K1 = 25 W/m–°C, K2 = 30 W/m–°C, 0.3 m 0.2 m 0.15 m
K3 = 70 W/m–°C [M-15][10]

TYPE IV : ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSSES

(1) Consider the truss shown in figure. Given E = 210 GPa 1000mm
and cross section area A = 1 cm2 for each element.
Determine: (i) Displacement at each node. (ii) Stresses
induced in each element. (iii) Reaction at supports
[M-15][10]
30° 45°
10KN

20KN

(2) Analysis the plane truss for nodal displacement, element stresses P1
P2
and strains. Take, P1 = 5 KN, P2 = 2 KN, E = 180 Gpa,
A = 6 cm2 for all elements . [D-15][14]
0.4m

0.6m

(3) Analyze the truss completely for displacement and stress

as shown in figure. Take : E = 2 × 105 MPa. [M-16][10]
ELEMENT AREA, mm2 LENGTH, m
32.4°
1 20 6 5 KN

2 20 3 X

(4) Analyze the truss completely for 5 KN

displacement, stress and strain as shown
in figure. Take: Area of each (500, 500) 15 KN
member = 350 mm2, E = 200GPa. [D-16][10]

(0, 0) (1000, 0)
1000
 31

(5) A three bar equilateral triangular truss has the three members of 250N
length 1m each. The bottom support are 1 and 2, whereas the top
3 350N
joint is 3. Support at the end 1 is fixed, while end 2 has a roller
support. It is subjected to load as shown. Assuming the modulus of
elasticity of the material as 2 ×105 N/mm2 and the cross sectional
area as 600 mm2 , determine (i) Displacement at each node.
2
(ii) Stresses induced in each element. (iii) Reaction at supports 1(0,0)
[M-17][14]

(6) For the two bar truss as shown in figure 500 12kN
determine the nodal displacements and
stress in each member.
Take E = 70 GPa and area for both
members = 200 mm2. [D-17][10] 300

400

(7) A three bar truss is subjected to loading as shown.

10KN
The modulus of elasticity for the bar material is
20KN
300 GPa. The cross sectional area of each bar
used for truss is 300 mm2. The length of the
elements are l = 800mm, l = 600mm and
1 2
l3 = 1000mm. Determine the nodal displacements
and stresses in each element. [M-18][10] 30KN

(8) For the three bar truss shown in figure 150kN

determine the nodal displacements and C
stress in each member. Also find the support
reactions. Take E = 200GPa [D-18][10]

400mm

1500mm2
B
400mm 400mm
TYPE V : ANALYSIS OF BEAMS

(1) Find the deflection and slopes at nodes and 20KN/m

reactions at supports for the beam as shown in
figure. The beam is fixed at node 1 , has a roller
support at node 2 and has an elastic spring support K=200KN/m
at node 3. Assume E = 210 GPa and
I = 2 × 104 m4 throughout the beam.[M-17][10]
 32

(2) Find the deflection and slopes at nodes and 1KN/m

reactions at supports for the beam as shown
in figure. Take E = 200 GPa, I1 = 2 × 10 7
mm4
and I2 = 1 × 107 mm4. [D-17][12]
5m 5m

(3) For the beam shown with given loading determine 12kN/m
the slopes at 2 & 3 and the vertical deflection at
the midpoint ofdistributed load. [D-18][10]
1 2 2 3
1
1m 1m
6 4
E=200GPa I=4×10 mm

CHAPTER 4 : TWO DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATIONS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Explain Global, Local & Natural Co-ordinate System [D-18][5]

(2) Find the shape function for two dimensional eight noded element. [D-15][8]

(3) Derive shape function for ID linear element in natural co-ordinates. [D-16][5]

(4) Derive shape function for ID quadratic element in natural co-ordinates. [M-15][5],[D-17][5]

(5) Derive shape function in natural coordinate system for eight nodded quadrilateral element. [D-17][8]

(6) What are serendipity elements? Derive and graphically represent interpolation functions for 8 nodded
Quadrilateral elements. [M-15][10]

(7) Sub parametric, Iso-parametric and super parametric element in FEA. [M-16][4]

(8) Elaborate convergence with example. [M-15][5],[D-15][3],[D-17][5]

(9) Sources of Error in FEA. [M-16][4],[D-16][5]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) Evaluate the shape function and prove its

property, for triangular element as shown in (4,7)
figure. Also sketch the variation of shape
function for each node. [M-16][10]
(7,3.5)
(1.5,2)
X
 33

(2) A linear interpolation functions for a triangular Y 3(4,4)

element as shown in figure. [D-17][10]

2(5,2)

1(1,1)
X

(3) The nodal coordinate of the triangular element are as shown in Y 3 (4,6)
figure. At the interior point P, the x-coordinate is (4.5) and
N1 = 0.3. Determine N2, N3 and y-coordinate of point P.
[M-15][10]
2(7,4)
1(2,3)

(4) Coordinates of nodes of a quadrilateral element are as shown (2,3) (4,3)

4
in the figure below. Temperature distribution at each node is
computed as T1 = 100°C, T2 = 60°C, T3 = 50°C and P (2.5,2.5)
T4 = 90°C compute temperature at point P (2.5, 2.5).
[D-15][10],[M-16][10] (4,2)
1 (2,2)

(5) The nodal coordinate of the triangular element for ground Y 3(3,4)
water simulation is as shown in figure. The nodal
values of hydraulic heads at the nodes are
(3.5, 2.2, 4.4) respectively. Find the value of the
P(2.5,2.5)
hydraulic head at point P. [M-17][10]
1(1,2)
2(4,0.5)
X

(6) Coordinates of the nodes of finite element are given by P (4,0) and Q (8,0). Find the expression of x in
terms of  when: (i) Third node R is taken at (6,0) (ii) Third node R is taken at (5, 0). Comment on the result.
[D-16][10]

(7) A 1D spar element having a linear shape function is as shown below. 1 P

Find the natural co ordinate of point P. If the temperature at 25
node 1 is 50°C and at node 2 is –20°C, find the temperature 30
50
at point P. [M-17][5]

(8) For the iso-parametric quadrilateral elements shown Y 3(8,6)

in figure determine cartesian coordinates of the 4(2,5)
point P which has local coordinates
( = 0.9125 and  = 0.2106)[M-18][10],[D-18][10]

1(3,1) 2(6,1)
X
 34

CHAPTER 5 : TWO DIMENSIONAL VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) Explain plane stress and plane strain conditions with figure. [D-17][5]

(2) Prove that the strain far a three node triangular element is constant. [M-18][5],[D-18][5]

(3) Explain the significance of Jacobian matrix. Derive for CST element. [M-15][5],[D-16][5],[D-17][10]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) For a CST element the nodal displacement vector QT = [0,0,0,0,2,–0.1] mm. Find the element stress.
Take E = 200GPa, plate thickness t = 5 mm and Poisson's ratio = 0.3 [M-15][10]

(2) Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the CST 3(40,60)

Y
element shown below. Coordinates are given
in mm. Assume plane stress condition.
Thickness = 10mm, E = 200 GPa and  = 0.3.
[D-17][10]
1(10,20) 2(70,20)
X

(3) A triangular plate (E = 210 GPa,  = 0.3) of 2 30mm

thickness 10 mm is as shown in figure. Node 1 and 2 are 3
fixed and the displacements at node 3 are 1.95 × 10–4 mm
and –1.114 10–3mm in x and y direction respectively. 20mm
Determine the element stresses. [M-18][12]

(4) A triangular plate of size 100 × 75 mm × 12.5mm 100mm 5000N

is subjected to the load as shown in figure. The
modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for the plate 2000N
material are 200GPa and 0.3 respectively. Model the 75mm
plate with CST element and determine the element
stiffness matrix and nodal displacements. [D-18][14]

(5) A CST element has nodal coordinates (10, 10), (70, 35) and (75, 25) for nodes 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
The element is 2 mm thick and is of material with properties E = 70 GPA. Poission's ratio is 0.3. After applying
the load to the element the nodal deformation were found to be u1 = 0.01 mm, v1 = –0.04 mm, u2 = 0.03 mm,
v2 = 0.02 mm, u3 = –0.02 mm, v3 = –0.04 mm. Determine the strains e x, ey, exy and corresponding element
stresses. [M-16][10],[D-16][10]
 35

(6) Aconstant strain triangle element has the nodal coordinates (1,2),(4,0.5) and (3,4) for i , j& k nodes respectively.
The element is 2 mm thick and is of material with properties E = 70GPa and Poisson’s ratio 0.3. Uponloading
of the model, the nodal deflections were found to be:
u = 100m, u = 75m, u = 80m, v = –50m, v = – 40m, v = – 45m
i j k i j k
Determine : (i) The Jacobian for (x,y) – () transformation (ii) The strain-displacement relation matrix
(iii) The strains (iv) The element stresses. [M-17][10]

CHAPTER 6 : FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF DYNAMICS AND

NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES

THEORY QUETIONS

(1) What do you mean by consistent and lumped mass matrices? Derive the same for linear bar element.
[M-15][10],[D-15][6],[M-16][5],[M-17][5]

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

(1) Consider a uniform cross section bar of length L made up

of a materialwhose Young's modulus and density are given
by E and . Estimate the natural frequencies of axial L
vibration of the bar using both consistent and lumped mass
matrices. [D-16][10]

(2) Find the natural frequency of axial Vibrations of a bar of uniform cross section of 20 mm2 and length 1 m.
Take, E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and  = 8000 kg/m3. Consider two linear elements. Compare the natural frequencies
with exact frequencies. [M-15][10],[D-15][10],M-17][10]
2
[For M-17, Cross Section = 30mm ]

(3) A uniform cross section bar as shown below has a length L= 1m

and made up of a material having E = 2 × 1011 N/m2 &
 = 7800kg/m3. Estimate the natural frequencies ofaxial vibration 3
of the bar using a two element mesh. A = 30 × 10–6m2.
Compare the natural frequencies with exact frequencies.
[M-16][10],[M-18][10],[D-18][10]

(4) Find the two natural frequencies of transverse vibrations of a beam fixed at both ends. Use Lumped mass
matrix. Assume length of beam as 1unit, EI = 106 units, A = 106 units. [D-17][10]