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Java Servlets 110317050338 Phpapp01 PDF

The document discusses Java servlets, which are Java programs that extend web servers to serve dynamic web content, describing what servlets are, their architecture and lifecycle, examples of using servlets to process parameters and sessions, and how to deploy servlets in Eclipse.

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Alebachew Yazew
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© © All Rights Reserved
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141 views

Java Servlets 110317050338 Phpapp01 PDF

The document discusses Java servlets, which are Java programs that extend web servers to serve dynamic web content, describing what servlets are, their architecture and lifecycle, examples of using servlets to process parameters and sessions, and how to deploy servlets in Eclipse.

Uploaded by

Alebachew Yazew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Java Servlets

Svetlin Nakov
Borislava Spasova
Contents
1. Java Servlets Technology Overview
• What is a Java Servlet?
• Servlet Services
• Why Use Servlets?
• Time Servlet – Example
• Deploying Servlets on Eclipse IDE
2. Servlets Architecture
• Servlets API
• Servlets Life-Cycle
Contents (2)
1. Servlet Examples
• Processing Parameters – Hello Servlet
• Image Counter Servlet
2. Using Sessions
• What is a Session?
• The Sessions API
• Session Timeout
3. Session Examples
• Login / Logout Application
• The Browser's Cache Problems
Java Servlets
Technology Overview
What is a Java Servlet?

• Java Servlets are:


• Technology for generating dynamic Web
pages (like PHP, ASP, ASP.NET, ...)
• Protocol and platform-independent server
side components, written in Java, which
extend the standard Web servers
• Java programs that serve HTTP requests
• The HttpServlet class
• Provides dynamic Web content generation
(HTML, XML, …)
What is a Java Servlet? (2)

• Servlets
• Provide a general framework for services built
on the request-response paradigm
• Portable to any Java application server
• Have access to the entire family of Java and
Java EE APIs
• JDBC, Persistence, EJB, JMS, JAX-WS,
JTA, JTS, RMI, JNDI, JAXP, ...
• Fundamental part of all Java Web
application technologies (JSP, JSF, ...)
Servlet Services
• Java Servlets provide many useful services
• Provides low-level API for building Internet
services
• Serves as foundation to JavaServer Pages (JSP)
and JavaServer Faces (JSF) technologies
• Can deliver multiple types of data to any client
• XML, HTML, WML, GIF, etc...
• Can serve as “Controller” of JSP/Servlet
application
Why Use Servlets?

• Portability
• Write once, serve everywhere
• Power
• Can take advantage of all Java APIs
• Elegance
• Simplicity due to abstraction
• Efficiency & Endurance
• Highly scalable
Why Use Servlets? (2)
• Safety
• Strong type-checking
• Memory management
• Integration
• Servlets tightly coupled with server
• Extensibility & Flexibility
• Servlets designed to be easily extensible, though
currently optimized for HTTP uses
• Flexible invocation of servlet (SSI, servlet-chaining,
filters, etc.)
Time Servlet – Example

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class TimeServlet extends HttpServlet {


public void doGet(HttpServletRequest aRequest,
HttpServletResponse aResponse)
throws ServletException, IOException {
PrintWriter out = aResponse.getWriter();
out.println("<HTML>");
out.println("The time is: " +
new java.util.Date());
out.println("</HTML>");
}
}
Deploying Servlets on Eclipse
IDE
• First create new Web application
Deploying Servlets on Eclipse
IDE (2)
• Add new servlet to the Web application
Deploying Servlets on Eclipse
IDE (3)
• Run the servlet
Deploying Servlets on Eclipse
IDE (4)
• The servlet in action
Java Servlets
Technical Architecture
Servlets Architecture
• The HttpServlet class
• Serves client's HTTP requests
• For each of the HTTP methods, GET, POST, and
others, there is corresponding method:
• doGet(…) – serves HTTP GET requests
• doPost(…) – serves HTTP POST requests
• doPut(…), doHead(…), doDelete(…), doTrace(…),
doOptions(…)
• The Servlet usually must implement one of the first
two methods or the service(…) method
Servlets Architecture (2)
• The HttpServletRequest object
• Contains the request data from the client
• HTTP request headers
• Form data and query parameters
• Other client data (cookies, path, etc.)
• The HttpServletResponse object
• Encapsulates data sent back to client
• HTTP response headers (content type, cookies, etc.)
• Response body (as OutputStream)
Servlets Architecture (3)
• The HTTP GET method is used when:
• The processing of the request does not change the
state of the server
• The amount of form data is small
• You want to allow the request to be bookmarked
• The HTTP POST method is used when:
• The processing of the request changes the state of
the server, e.g. storing data in a DB
• The amount of form data is large
• The contents of the data should not be visible in the
URL (for example, passwords)
Servlets API
• The most important servlet functionality:
• Retrieve the HTML form parameters from the
request (both GET and POST parameters)
HttpServletRequest.getParameter(String)

• Retrieve a servlet initialization parameter


ServletConfig.getInitParameter()

• Retrieve HTTP request header information


HttpServletRequest.getHeader(String)
Servlets API (2)
• Set an HTTP response header / content type
HttpServletResponse.setHeader(<name>, <value>) /
HttpServletResponse.setContentType(String)

• Acquire a text stream for the response


HttpServletResponse.getWriter()

• Acquire a binary stream for the response


HttpServletResponse.getOutputStream()

• Redirect an HTTP request to another URL


HttpServletResponse.sendRedirect()
Servlets Life-Cycle

• The Web container New Destroyed


manages the life cycle
of servlet instances init()
Running
destroy()
• The life-cycle methods
should not be called service()
...()
by your code doGet()
doDelete()

doPost() doPut()

• You can provide an implementation of these


methods in HttpServlet descendent classes to
manipulate the servlet instance and the resources it
depends on
The init() Method

• Called by the Web container when the servlet


instance is first created
• The Servlets specification guarantees that no
requests will be processed by this servlet until
the init method has completed
• Override the init() method when:
• You need to create or open any servlet-specific
resources that you need for processing user
requests
• You need to initialize the state of the servlet
The service() Method

• Called by the Web container to process a


user request
• Dispatches the HTTP requests to doGet(…),
doPost(…), etc. depending on the HTTP
request method (GET, POST, and so on)
• Sends the result as HTTP response
• Usually we do not need to override this
method
The destroy() Method

• Called by the Web container when the servlet


instance is being eliminated
• The Servlet specification guarantees that all
requests will be completely processed before
this method is called
• Override the destroy method when:
• You need to release any servlet-specific
resources that you had opened in the init()
method
• You need to persist the state of the servlet
Java Servlets
Examples
Processing Parameters – Hello
Servlet
• We want to create a servlet that takes an user
name as a parameter and says "Hello,
<user_name>"
• We need HTML form with a text field
<form method="GET or POST" action="the servlet">
<input type="text" name="user_name">
</form>

• The servlet can later retrieve the value entered


in the form field
String name = request.getParameter("user_name");
Hello Servlet – Example
HelloForm.html
<html><body>
<form method="GET" action="HelloServlet">
Please enter your name:
<input type="text" name="user_name">
<input type="submit" value="OK">
</form>
</body></html>

HelloServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {


Hello Servlet – Example
HelloServlet.java
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

response.setContentType("text/html");
ServletOutputStream out = response.getOutputStream();
String userName = request.getParameter("user_name");
out.println("<html><head>");
out.println("\t<title>Hello Servlet</title>");
out.println("</head><body>");
out.println("\t<h1>Hello, " + userName + "</h1>");
out.println("</body></html>");

}
Creating The Form in Eclipse IDE

• Create new HTML form


Creating New Servlet in Eclipse
IDE
• Create new Servlet
Hello Servlet in Action
Hello Servlet –
HTTP Request
• What happens when the user enters his name?
• Internet Explorer (IE) sends the following HTTP
request to Tomcat

GET /FirstWebApp/HelloServlet?user_name=Nakov HTTP/1.1


Accept: image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg,image/pjpeg,
application/vnd.ms-excel, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint,
application/msword, application/x-shockwave-flash, */*
Accept-Language: bg
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT
5.1; Q312461)
Host: nakov:8084
Connection: Keep-Alive
Hello Servlet –
HTTP Response
• What happens when Tomcat receive and process
the HTTP request
• Tomcat sends the following HTTP response to
Internet Explorer

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 100
Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2006 10:06:28 GMT
Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1

<html><head>
<title>Hello Servlet</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Hello, Nakov</h1>
</body></html>
Image Counter Servlet
• We want to create a servlet that displays an
image counter (as JPEG image)
• The servlet should maintain an internal counter
• Can be initialized in the init() method and
incremented in the doGet() method
• It should produce binary output (the JPEG)
image
• The content type should be set to "image/jpeg"
Image Counter Servlet (2)

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
...

public class ImageCounterServlet extends HttpServlet {


private String mStartDate;
private int mVisitCounter;

public void init() {


mStartDate = (new Date()).toString();
mVisitCounter = 0;
}

public BufferedImage createImage(String msg) {


...
}
Image Counter Servlet (3)

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,


HttpServletResponse response)
throws IOException, ServletException {
String msg;
synchronized(this) {
mVisitCounter++;
msg = "" + mVisitCounter + " visits since " +
mStartDate;
}
BufferedImage image = createImage(msg);
response.setContentType("image/jpeg");
OutputStream out = response.getOutputStream();
// Encode the image in JPEG format and
// write the image to the output stream
}
}
Image Counter Servlet in Action
Using Sessions
What is a Session?
• A session is a state associated with particular user
that is maintained at the server side
• Sessions persist between the HTTP requests
• Sessions enable creating applications that depend
on individual user data. For example:
• Login / logout functionality
• Wizard pages
• Shopping carts
• Personalization services
• Maintaining state about the user’s preferences
Sessions in Servlets
• Servlets include a built-in Sessions API
• Sessions are maintained automatically, with no
additional coding
• The Web container associates an unique
HttpSession object to each different client
• Different clients have different session objects at
the server
• Requests from the same client have the same
session object
• Sessions can store various data
The Sessions API
• The sessions API allows
• To get the HttpSession object from the
HTTPServletRequest object
• Extract data from the user’s session object
• Append data to the user’s session object
• Extract meta-information about the session
object, e.g. when was the session created
Getting The Session Object

• To get the session object use the method


HttpServletRequest.getSession()
• Example:
HttpSession session = request.getSession();

• If the user already has a session, the existing


session is returned
• If no session still exists, a new one is created and
returned
• If you want to know if this is a new session, call the
isNew() method
Behind The Scenes
• When you call getSession() each user is
automatically assigned a unique Session ID
• How does this Session ID get to the user?
• Option 1: If the browser supports cookies, the servlet
will automatically create a session cookie, and store
the session ID within the cookie
• In Tomcat, the cookie is called JSESSIONID
• Option 2: If the browser does not support cookies, the
servlet will try to extract the session ID from the URL
Extracting Data From The
Session
• The session object works like a HashMap
• Enables storing any type of Java object
• Objects are stored by key (like in hash tables)
• Extracting existing object:
Integer accessCount =
(Integer) session.getAttribute("accessCount");

• Getting a list of all “keys” associated with the


session

Enumeration attributes =
request.getAttributeNames();
Storing Data In The Session

• We can store data in the session object for


using it later
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("name", "Svetlin Nakov");

• Objects in the session can be removed when not


needed more
session.removeAttribute("name");
Getting Additional Session
Information
• Getting the unique session ID associated with this
user, e.g. gj9xswvw9p
public String getId();

• Checking if the session was just created


public boolean isNew();

• Checking when the session was first created


public long getCreationTime();
• Checking when the session was last active
public long getLastAccessedTime();
Session Timeout
• We can get the maximal session validity interval
(in seconds)
public int getMaxInactiveInterval();

• After such interval of inactivity the session is


automatically invalidated
• We can modify the maximal inactivity interval

public void setMaxInactiveInterval (int seconds);


• A negative value specifies that the session should
never time out
Terminating Sessions
• To terminate session manually use the
method:
public void invalidate();

• Typically done during the "user logout"


• The session can become invalid not only
manually
• Sessions can expire automatically due to
inactivity
Login / Logout – Example

• We want to create a simple Web application that


restricts the access by login form
• We will use sessions to store information about
the authenticated users
• We will use the key "username"
• When it present, there is a logged in user
• During the login we will add the user name in the
session
• Logout will invalidate the session
• The main servlet will check the current user
Login Form
LoginForm.html

<html>
<head><title>Login</title></head>
<body>
<form method="POST" action="LoginServlet">
Please login:<br>
Username:
<input type="text" name="username"><br>
Password:
<input type="password" name="password"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Login">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Login Servlet
LoginServlet.java
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req,
HttpServletResponse resp)
throws IOException, ServletException {
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
if (isLoginValid(username, password)) {
HttpSession session = req.getSession();
session.setAttribute("USER", username);
response.sendRedirect("MainServlet");
} else {
response.sendRedirect("InvalidLogin.html");
}
}
}
Main Servlet
MainServlet.java
public class MainServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
String userName = (String)
session.getAttribute("USER");
if (userName != null) {
response.setContentType("text/html");
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
out.println("<html><body><h1>");
out.println("Hello, " + userName + "! ");
out.println("</h1></body></html>");
} else {
response.sendRedirect("LoginForm.html");
}
}
}
Logout Servlet
LogoutServlet.java
public class LogoutServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.invalidate();
response.setContentType("text/html");
ServletOutputStream out =
response.getOutputStream();
out.println("<html><head>");
out.println("<title>Logout</title></head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("<h1>Logout successfull.</h1>");
out.println("</body></html>");
}
}
Invalid Login Page
InvalidLogin.html

<html>
<head>
<title>Error</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Invalid login!</h1>
Please <a href="LoginForm.html">try again</a>.
</body>
</html>
The Browser's Cache Problems

• Most Web browsers use caching of the


displayed pages and images
• This can cause the user to see old state of the
pages
• Seems like a bug in the application
• To prevent showing the old state we need to
disable the browser cache:

response.setHeader("Pragma", "No-cache");
response.setDateHeader("Expires", 0);
response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
Problems
1. Create a servlet that prints in a table the numbers
from 1 to 1000 and their square root.
2. Create a servlet that takes as parameters two
integer numbers and calculates their sum.
Create a HTML form that invokes the servlet. Try
to use GET and POST methods.
4. Implement a servlet that plays the "Number
guess game". When the client first invoke the
servlet it generates a random number in the
range [1..100]. The user is asked to guess this
number. At each guess the servlet says only
"greater" or "smaller". The game ends when the
user tell the number.
Homework
1. Create a servlet that takes as a parameter a
number and displays it as image that is hard to
be recognized by OCR software. The image
should have intentionally inserted defects.
2. Create an HTML form and a servlet for performing
conversions of distances from one metric to
another. The metrics that should be supported
are: meter, centimeter, kilometer, foot, inch, yard,
mile.
1 cm = 0.01 meters 1 km = 1000 meters
1 foot = 0.3048 meters 1 inch = 0.0254 meters
1 yard = 0.9144 meters 1 mile = 1609.344 meters
Homework (2)
1. Create a sequence of HTML forms and servlets
that allow entering information about a student.
The information is entered in 3 steps in 3
separate forms:
Step 1: First name, last name, age
Step 2: Address (country, town, street)
Step 3: University, faculty, specialty
The data entered in the 3 steps should be stored
in the session and finally displayed.
• Create a servlet that reads an image (from WEB-
INF\img\logo.gif) and returns it.

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