PHYSICAL
SCIENCES
Practical Booklet
GRADE 11 TERM 2
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS
Grade 11 Chemistry Practical:
Intermolecular forces
2 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
Intermolecular forces
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS
Aim: To investigate and explain intermolecular forces and the effects of intermolecular forces on
evaporation, surface tension, solubility in water, boiling points and capillarity.
Background information:
The liquids which we will work with are ethanol, water, acetone (nail polish remover), methylated
spirits, glycerine and cooking oil. Here is table showing the types of intermolecular forces between their
molecules.
Substance Type of molecule van der Waals forces Hydrogen bonds
Ethanol Polar dipole-dipole
Water Polar dipole-dipole
Polar (can also London forces and
Acetone dissolve in non-polar
substances) dipole-dipole forces
Methylated spirits Polar dipole-dipole
Glycerine Polar dipole-dipole
Cooking oil Non-polar London forces
Chloroform Slightly polar dipole-dipole
Apparatus:
Part 1: Evaporation rate: ethanol, water, acetone, methylated spirits
4 evaporating dishes
4 mass meters (electronic mass meters work best)
4 x measuring cylinders or syringes (to measure 20ml)
Part 2: Surface tension: water, cooking oil, glycerine, acetone, methylated spirits
5 x small glass measuring cylinders
5 x stirring rods
1 microscope glass sheet
5 x measuring cylinders or syringes (to measure 50ml)
Part 3: Solubility: Solvents: water, ethanol, chloroform
Solutes: sodium chloride, iodine, potassium permanganate
9 x 100 ml beakers
3 spatulas
3 stirring rods
3 x 10 ml test tubes
3 x 50 ml syringes (or 100 ml measuring cylinders)
Masking tape (to label the beakers)
A fine-line permanent marker
Part 4: Boiling points: glycerine, acetone, methylated spirits
3 x boiling (test) tubes
3 x 30 ml syringes
1 large beaker
Hot plate or burner with tripod and gauze mat
Access to water
GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2 3
Intermolecular forces
Investigating the effects of intermolecular forces
The following four experiments investigate the effect of various physical properties (evaporation,
surface tension, solubility, boiling point and capillarity) of substances and determine how the
intermolecular forces between the molecules relate to these properties. Each experiment looks at a
different property.
Part 1: Evaporation rate
Aim:
To investigate evaporation and to determine the relation between evaporation rate and intermolecular
forces.
Substances: ethanol, water, acetone, methylated spirits
Method:
1. Place an evaporating dish onto each of four electronic mass meters placed in the same warm
spot in the laboratory.
2. Zero each balance (so that it will only read the mass of the substance placed in the dish).
3. Measure 20 ml of each substance into each of the evaporating dishes.
4. Measure the mass of 20 ml of each substance.
5. After 6 minutes, measure the mass of each substance.
Part 2: Surface tension
Aim:
To investigate surface tension and to determine the relation between surface tension and
intermolecular forces
Substances: water, cooking oil, glycerin, acetone, methylated spirits
Method:
1. Place about 50 ml of each substance into separate small measuring cylinders.
2. Observe the shape of the meniscus. (This is the level of the liquid). Note what happens at the
edges where the liquid touches the glass. (You can place a few drops of food colouring in each
substance to help you see the meniscus more clearly.)
3. Now place a drop of the substance on a small piece of glass. Observe the shape of the drop.
4 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
Intermolecular forces
Part 3: Solubility
Aim:
To investigate solubility and to determine the relation between solubility and intermolecular forces.
Precaution:
Chloroform is a volatile solvent. Its fumes cause drowsiness. It is unsafe to allow these fumes to be
inhaled by anyone for even short periods of time. Work with chloroform in a well-ventilated space e.g.
outdoors, or in a protected space such as a fume cupboard.
Sodium
chloride
Water Ethanol Chloroform
Potassium
permanganate
Water Ethanol Chloroform
Iodine
Water Ethanol Chloroform
Method:
1. Place 50 ml of each solvent given into three separate beakers.
2. Arrange the beakers as shown in the diagram.
3. Into the first set of beakers add about 2 g of sodium chloride.
4. Into the second set of beakers add two or three crystals of potassium permanganate.
5. Into the third set of beakers add one or two pieces (or crystals) of iodine.
6. Stir the contents of each beaker four times (using a clean stirring rod each time).
7. Wait about a minute then observe what happens to the contents of each beaker.
GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2 5
Intermolecular forces
Part 4: Boiling point
Aim:
To investigate boiling point and to determine the relation between boiling point and intermolecular
forces
Warning:
Methylated spirits and acetone are highly flammable. They will easily catch fire if left near an open
flame. For this reason, they must be heated in a water bath. This experiment MUST be performed in a
well-ventilated room. The fumes from methylated spirits and acetone are toxic.
Note:
1. Cooking oil produces smoke from its surface long before it boils. It is therefore difficult
to establish the boiling point of cooking oil. We have therefore left cooking oil out of this
experiment.
2. Since we are using a water bath to heat the substances, we can measure (or compare) the
temperature at which water boils. Therefore, we are testing three liquids: acetone, ethanol and
glycerine.
3. The water bath can be heated using a hot plate, or by using a burner, tripod and gauze mat.
4. If you have access to a digital thermometer, place the probe in the water bath so that you can
read the approximate temperature at which each substance (A, B and/or C) begins to boil.
Method:
The boiling points these liquids are easy to look up on the internet or other media, so we are turning
this investigation around a little, and identifying the liquids according to their boiling points. You will
start with 20 ml of three liquids in separate test tubes labelled A, B and C.
A B C
Test tubes
1. Half-fill the beaker with water and place it on the hot plate (or gauze mat).
2. Place the three test tubes in the beaker.
3. Observe the order in which each substance begins to boil.
4. If a substance does not boil by the time the water boils, record its boiling point as “above the
boiling point of water”.
In the investigation shown in the video the liquids were as follows:
A. acetone
B. ethanol
C. glycerine
6 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
Intermolecular forces
PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION
Grade 11 Chemistry Practical:
Intermolecular forces
GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2 7
Intermolecular forces
PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION 62 MARKS
Aim: To investigate and explain intermolecular forces and the effects of intermolecular forces on
evaporation, surface tension, solubility in water, boiling points and capillarity.
Background information:
The liquids which we will work with are ethanol, water, acetone (nail polish remover), methylated
spirits, glycerine and cooking oil. Here is table showing the types of intermolecular forces between their
molecules.
Substance Type of molecule van der Waals forces Hydrogen bonds
Ethanol Polar dipole-dipole
Water Polar dipole-dipole
Polar (can also London forces and
Acetone dissolve in non-polar
substances) dipole-dipole forces
Methylated spirits Polar dipole-dipole
Glycerine Polar dipole-dipole
Cooking oil Non-polar London forces
Chloroform Slightly polar dipole-dipole
Apparatus:
Part 1: Evaporation rate: ethanol, water, acetone, methylated spirits
4 evaporating dishes
4 mass meters (electronic mass meters work best)
4 x measuring cylinders or syringes (to measure 20ml)
Part 2: Surface tension: water, cooking oil, glycerine, acetone, methylated spirits
5 x small glass measuring cylinders
5 x stirring rods
1 microscope glass sheet
5 x measuring cylinders or syringes (to measure 50ml)
Part 3: Solubility: Solvents: water, ethanol, chloroform
Solutes: sodium chloride, iodine, potassium permanganate
9 x 100 ml beakers
3 spatulas
3 stirring rods
3 x 10 ml test tubes
3 x 50 ml syringes (or 100 ml measuring cylinders)
Masking tape (to label the beakers)
A fine-line permanent marker
Part 4: Boiling points: glycerine, acetone, methylated spirits
3 x boiling (test) tubes
3 x 30 ml syringes
1 large beaker
Hot plate or burner with tripod and gauze mat
Access to water
8 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
Intermolecular forces
Investigating the effects of intermolecular forces
The following four experiments investigate the effect of various physical properties (evaporation,
surface tension, solubility, boiling point and capillarity) of substances and determine how the
intermolecular forces between the molecules relate to these properties. Each experiment looks at a
different property.
Part 1: Evaporation rate
Aim:
To investigate evaporation and to determine the relation between evaporation rate and intermolecular
forces.
Substances: ethanol, water, acetone, methylated spirits
Method:
1. Place an evaporating dish onto each of four electronic mass meters placed in the same warm
spot in the laboratory.
2. Zero each balance (so that it will only read the mass of the substance placed in the dish).
3. Measure 20 ml of each substance into each of the evaporating dishes.
4. Measure the mass of 20 ml of each substance.
5. After 6 minutes, measure the mass of each substance.
Results:
Mass Mass after Change in %Change in Ranking of
before 6 minutes mass mass evaporation
Substance (g) (g) (g) (%) rate
(1 = fastest;
4 = slowest)
Ethanol
Water
Acetone
Methylated
spirits
(12)
Conclusion: (4)
GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2 9
Intermolecular forces
Part 2: Surface tension
Aim:
To investigate surface tension and to determine the relation between surface tension and
intermolecular forces
Substances: water, cooking oil, glycerin, acetone, methylated spirits
Method: Place about 50 ml of each substance into separate small measuring cylinders.
1. Observe the shape of the meniscus. (This is the level of the liquid). Note what happens at the
edges where the liquid touches the glass. (You can place a few drops of food colouring in each
substance to help you see the meniscus more clearly.)
2. Now place a drop of the substance on a small piece of glass. Observe the shape of the drop.
Results:
For each substance draw the shape of the meniscus. (5)
50 50 50 50 50
40 40 40 40 40
30 30 30 30 30
20 20 20 20 20
10 10 10 10 10
Water Cooking oil Glycerine Acetone Methylated spirits
For each substance draw the shape of the droplet, and the side view of the droplet’s shape.
SHAPE
Water Cooking oil Glycerine Acetone Methylated
spirits
SIDE VIEW (10)
10 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
Intermolecular forces
Background information: Glass is a polar substance.
2.1 Which substance is most strongly attracted to glass? Justify your answer with reference to
the observations. (4)
2.2 Rank the substances in increasing order of surface tension. Justify your answer. (4)
Part 3: Solubility
Aim:
To investigate solubility and to determine the relation between solubility and intermolecular forces.
Precaution:
Chloroform is a volatile solvent. Its fumes cause drowsiness. It is unsafe to allow these fumes to be
inhaled by anyone for even short periods of time. Work with chloroform in a well-ventilated space e.g.
outdoors, or in a protected space such as a fume cupboard.
Sodium
chloride
Water Ethanol Chloroform
Potassium
permanganate
Water Ethanol Chloroform
Iodine
Water Ethanol Chloroform
Method:
1. Place 50 ml of each solvent given into three separate beakers.
2. Arrange the beakers as shown in the diagram.
3. Into the first set of beakers add about 2 g of sodium chloride.
4. Into the second set of beakers add two or three crystals of potassium permanganate.
5. Into the third set of beakers add one or two pieces (or crystals) of iodine.
6. Stir the contents of each beaker four times (using a clean stirring rod each time).
7. Wait about a minute then observe what happens to the contents of each beaker.
GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2 11
Intermolecular forces
Results:
Record your results in the table below. If you observe only a small amount of the solid dissolving,
then write that very little solid dissolved. If the entire solid dissolves, then write that all the solid
dissolved. (9)
Substance Water Ethanol Chloroform
Sodium chloride
Potassium
permanganate
Iodine
3.1 Classify the solutes as ionic or molecular, and polar or non-polar. (2)
Substance Ionic or molecular Polar or non-polar
Sodium chloride
Potassium permanganate
Iodine
Conclusion: (3)
Part 4: Boiling point
Aim:
To investigate boiling point and to determine the relation between boiling point and intermolecular
forces
Warning:
Methylated spirits and acetone are highly flammable. They will easily catch fire if left near an open flame.
For this reason, they must be heated in a water bath. This experiment MUST be performed in a
well-ventilated room. The fumes from methylated spirits and acetone are toxic.
Note:
1. Cooking oil produces smoke from its surface long before it boils. It is therefore difficult
to establish the boiling point of cooking oil. We have therefore left cooking oil out of this
experiment.
2. Since we are using a water bath to heat the substances, we can measure (or compare) the
temperature at which water boils. Therefore, we are testing three liquids: acetone, ethanol and
glycerine.
12 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
Intermolecular forces
3. The water bath can be heated using a hot plate, or by using a burner, tripod and gauze mat.
4. If you have access to a digital thermometer, place the probe in the water bath so that you can
read the approximate temperature at which each substance (A, B and/or C) begins to boil.
Method:
The boiling points these liquids are easy to look up on the internet or other media, so we are turning
this investigation around a little, and identifying the liquids according to their boiling points. You will
start with 20 ml of three liquids in separate test tubes labelled A, B and C.
A B C
Test tubes
1. Half-fill the beaker with water and place it on the hot plate (or gauze mat).
2. Place the three test tubes in the beaker.
3. Observe the order in which each substance begins to boil.
4. If a substance does not boil by the time the water boils, record its boiling point as “above the
boiling point of water”.
Results:
4.1 Write down the boiling points of these liquids.
Glycerin ………….. Acetone ………………. Ethanol ……………. (1)
4.2 In which order did the liquids boil? Write down the labels A, B or C.
1st ………………. 2nd ………………… 3rd …………….. (2)
4.3 Identity the substances.
A …………………………………………………………….…
B ………………………………………………………………..
C ……………………………………………………………….. (2)
4.4 How are the intermolecular forces inside a substance related to its boiling point? Justify
your answer.
(4)
GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2 13
PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION
MEMORANDUM
Grade 11 Chemistry Practical:
Intermolecular forces
62 Marks
14 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
Intermolecular forces
PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION MEMORANDUM 62 MARKS
Aim: To investigate and explain intermolecular forces and the effects of intermolecular forces on
evaporation, surface tension, solubility in water, boiling points and capillarity.
Background information:
The liquids which we will work with are ethanol, water, acetone (nail polish remover), methylated
spirits, glycerine and cooking oil. Here is table showing the types of intermolecular forces between their
molecules.
Substance Type of molecule van der Waals forces Hydrogen bonds
Ethanol Polar dipole-dipole
Water Polar dipole-dipole
Polar (can also London forces and
Acetone dissolve in non-polar
substances) dipole-dipole forces
Methylated spirits Polar dipole-dipole
Glycerine Polar dipole-dipole
Cooking oil Non-polar London forces
Chloroform Slightly polar dipole-dipole
Part 1: Evaporation rate
Aim:
To investigate evaporation and to determine the relation between evaporation rate and intermolecular
forces
Results:
Mass Mass after Change in %Change in Ranking of
before 6 minutes mass mass evaporation
Substance (g) (g) (g) (%) rate
(1 = fastest;
4 = slowest)
Ethanol 15,4 14,2 1,2 7,8 2
Water 19,3 19,0 0,3 1,6 4
Acetone 15,1 11,6 3,5 23,2 1
Methylated
16,2 15,0 1,2 7,4 3
spirits
(12)
Conclusion: (4)
• The intermolecular forces between the molecules of acetone are the weakest.
• At the same temperature more acetone molecules were able to break free (evaporate) from the
surface of the liquid.
• The other three substances (liquids) each have strong hydrogen bonds between their
molecules, so it takes more energy for molecules to break free of the liquid surface.
GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2 15
Intermolecular forces
Part 2: Surface tension
Aim:
To investigate surface tension and to determine the relation between surface tension and
intermolecular forces
Results:
For each substance draw the shape of the meniscus. (5)
50 50 50 50 50
40 40 40 40 40
30 30 30 30 30
20 20 20 20 20
10 10 10 10 10
Water Cooking oil Glycerine Acetone Methylated spirits
For each substance draw the shape of the droplet, and the side view of the droplet’s shape.
SHAPE [One each]
Water Cooking Oil Glycerine Acetone Methylated spirits
SIDE VIEW [ One each] (10)
Background information: Glass is a polar substance.
2.1 Which substance is most strongly attracted to glass? Justify your answer with reference to
the observations. (4)
Water is most strongly attracted to glass because it has the most concave meniscus
and one of the flattest water droplets. Because water is a polar solvent and glass is
also a polar substance, they are strongly attracted to each other.
16 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
Intermolecular forces
2.2 Rank the substances in increasing order of surface tension. Justify your answer. (4)
Cooking oil
Acetone
Glycerine
Methylated spirits
Water
Cooking oil is a non-polar substance with the weakest intermolecular (or cohesive) forces
between its molecules. [The learners could discuss the shape of cooking oils droplets to
prove that oil is non-polar].
Part 3: Solubility
Aim:
To investigate solubility and to determine the relation between solubility and intermolecular forces.
Results:
[One each; Some learners may record colour and appearance of mixture – that’s fine. They MUST
state whether the solute dissolved or not as shown in these answers to gain the mark.] (9)
Substance Water Ethanol Chloroform
Very little solid
dissolved (OR also
Sodium chloride All the solid dissolved No solid dissolved
accept)
No solid dissolved
Potassium Very little solid
All the solid dissolved No solid dissolved
permanganate dissolved
Some solid dissolved Some solid dissolved
Iodine No solid dissolved to form a yellow brown to form a purple (pink)
solution solution
3.1 Classify the solutes as ionic or molecular, and polar or non-polar. (2)
Ionic or molecular Polar or non-polar
Substance
[ all correct] [ all correct]
Sodium chloride ionic polar
Potassium permanganate ionic polar
Iodine molecular non-polar
Conclusion: (3)
Ionic solutes dissolve in water because these are both polar substances.
Ethanol can act as a polar and a non-polar solvent because it dissolves both polar and non-polar
substances.
Chloroform acts as a non-polar solvent even though it has a slightly polar molecule.
GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2 17
Intermolecular forces
Part 4: Boiling point
Aim:
To investigate boiling point and to determine the relation between boiling point and intermolecular forces.
Results:
4.1 Write down the boiling points of these liquids.
Glycerine: 290oC Acetone: 57oC Ethanol: 79oC (1)
4.2 In which order did the liquids boil? Write down the labels A, B or C.
1st A 2nd B 3rd C (2)
[Any two in correct order]
4.3 Identity the substances.
A Acetone
B Ethanol
C Glycerine
[Any two in correct order c.o.e. from 4.2] (2)
4.4 How are the intermolecular forces inside a substance related to its boiling point? Justify your
answer.
The stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point of the liquid.
Acetone has the weakest intermolecular forces and it has the lowest boiling point. (4)
18 GRADE 11 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PRACTICAL BOOKLET TERM 2
