0% found this document useful (0 votes)
710 views3 pages

Reciproca Stolz Cesaro

This document discusses the reciprocal of Stolz-Cesaro's theorem. It begins by stating the conditions for the theorem, then provides a counterexample to show that the reciprocal is not always true. It goes on to explain that in the case of "doubt", where a limit is 1 or does not exist, the reciprocal may still be valid. The document also contains the proof of the limit of n!/n^n as n approaches infinity using D'Alembert's theorem. In the end it considers another way to solve the problem using the reciprocal in the case of doubt.

Uploaded by

Burci Ionut
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
710 views3 pages

Reciproca Stolz Cesaro

This document discusses the reciprocal of Stolz-Cesaro's theorem. It begins by stating the conditions for the theorem, then provides a counterexample to show that the reciprocal is not always true. It goes on to explain that in the case of "doubt", where a limit is 1 or does not exist, the reciprocal may still be valid. The document also contains the proof of the limit of n!/n^n as n approaches infinity using D'Alembert's theorem. In the end it considers another way to solve the problem using the reciprocal in the case of doubt.

Uploaded by

Burci Ionut
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Re ciproca întâi a teoremei Stoltz - Cesaro

Fie (a n ) nN* si (b n ) nN* doua siruri de numere reale a.î :


a) 0  b1  ...  b n  ... si lim b n  ;
n-
an
b) lim  x (finita sau infinita)
n- bn
Atunci :
a n  a n1
c) Exista lim x
n- b n  b n1
Aceasta reciproca nu este în general valabila, ceea ce se poate arata printr - un
contraexemplu. Fie (a n ) nN* si (b n ) nN* cu a n  ( 1) n si b n  n, n  N*, atunci :
an ( 1) n a
 , lim n  0,
bn n n   b n

an  an1 ( 1) n  ( 1) n1 a  an1


  2(1) n si deci lim n nu exista
bn ab n1a  a n  n  b 1 a b n-  b n  b n1
lim b n  b n  b n 1 (1  bn 1 )  b n 1  bn 1
n  n n n 1 n n 1 n
a  a n 1
x  lim n  (1  u)  xu
n   b n  b n 1

Aceasta a n  adaca
(1  u)x teorema
 (1  u)elim adevarata n 1 i se adauga o conditie în plus :
( dar u  1 , se poate împarti prin u)
n   nb  b n 1
Fie (an )nN* si (bn )nN* doua siruri de numere reale a.î :
a n  a n 1
0lim
a)  b1  ...  bn ...xsi lim bn  ;
n   b n  b n 1 n-
b
în cazulaîn lim n
b) lim care nu exista sau este egala cu 1, nu ne putem pronunta asupra
n
x (finita sau
b infinita)
n- b n
n  n 1
reciprocei teoremei Stoltz - Cesaro. Totusi, în acest caz, numit caz de dubiu reciproca
bn
c) Exista
poate lim
fi adevarata.  u  R   {1}
n  b n1
Exempul :
a  an1
Atunci
Sa exista lim
se calculeze : n si este egala cu x
n- b bn1
lim (n n!  n -1 (n  1n)!) (Problema lui Traian Lalescu)
n 
Vom folosi Teorema lui D' Alambert :
Demonstrat
Daca (u n ) nie.
N este un sir de numere reale stric pozitive si daca
*

Avemu:
n 1
lim
a n aun  a u  0aatuncia n uan  ub  b a n1 b n1
n1 n1 n1 n1
n   n
n
  n
  
bn bn bn b n  b n1 bn b n1 b n
( n  1) n
Fie u n  atunci :
n!
n 1 n 1
u n 1 (n  2) n 1 n! n  2  1 
     1  
un (n  1)! ( n  1) n
 n 1  n  1
n 1
u n 1  1 
 lim  lim 1   e
n  un n   n  1
( n  1) n n 1
Deci lim n  e  lim n e
n  n! n  n!
nn
Fie u n  atunci :
n!
n n
u n 1 ( n  1) n 1 n!  n  1  1
  n    1  
un ( n  1)! n  n   n
n
u n 1  1
 lim  lim  1    e
n  un n   n
nn n
Deci lim n  e  lim n e
n  n! n  n!
Avem :
n n
 n 1 ( n  1)!   [(n  1)!]n 
     
lim 
n  
n
n!  lim
n  
n ( n 1)
( n!) n 1 
  
nn
lim nn1((nn1 1)!  nn!n  1
n n
) ( n  1)   n  1
lim
n  n!lim  n 1 n  
n  
 n! 
 n   n!  
1
lim ( n 1 ( n  1n)!  n!)  
n
n 
 n  1 nlim n! n 1 
n   n  1 n 1 n
 n
lim    lim  nlim
 (Dar lim  1) 
n  n  1
n
n   n!  n   nn! n
 n 
 n( lim  n 1  n 1
 lim 
1 (n
n 1
 n1)! 
n!)  n  1  e
lim n n n!
n  
lim en n!
 n 
(Prin
Rezolvarea
urmare :lui Marcel Tena )
O alta
 nrezolvare
1 ( n  1)! ar
 fi aplicând reciproca teoremei
n


lim  - Cesaro e 
Stoltz
n  
n
n! în

cazul de dubiu :
1 ( n  1)!  n n!  bn n 
n
 n  si b n      lim  1 si avem :
a
e n lim n!
 1  n n n N  lim 
  b n 1 n  n  1
n  
n
n!  n  
an a n  a n 1 n
n 1 ( n 1)! n!
lim b  lim b  b
n
n n!
 n n!
n   n nn  
 1 n 1
( n  1)!  n!
n n  n 1 ( n 1)!n n!
lim  1   
a  a
n  
n
n! n! - n
n
 (n - 1)!
-1

lim  n 1  lim
n


n  b n 1  b n n  n  n 1 
n
a lim n 1 ( n 1)! n n! n
a
ee n n1 n
lim  lim ( n! n n!
- n -1 (n - 1)!) 
n  b n 1  b n n  
n
n!
lim (n n! - n -1 (n - 1)!)  lim
n  n  n

n
n! n!
lim  lim n n
n  n n  n
n! (n  1)! n n
lim n  lim n 1
 
n  nn n  ( n  1) n!
nn n n 1 n
 lim  lim ( )  lim ( ) 
n  ( n  1) n
n  n  1 n  n 1
n
1 n 1 n 1
 lim ( )  lim ( ) 
n  n  1 n  1 e
1
n n
1
 lim ( n n! - n -1 (n - 1)!) 
n  e
b
Dupa cum se observa lim n  1si totusi reciproca teoremei
n  b n 1

Stoltz - Cesaro functioneaza.Aceasta a doua solutie nu poate fi


considerata decât o verificare a primei rezolvari si a cazului ca
în acest caz reciproca Stoltz - Cesaro este adevarata.

Reciproca a doua a teoremei Stoltz-Cesaro

Fie (a n ) nN* si ( b n ) nN* doua siruri de numere reale a.î :


an a  a n 1
a) Exista  n  x (finit sau   )
bn b n  b n 1
Atunci :
b) Sirul ( b n ) nN* are proprietat ea ca :
0  b1  b 2  ...  b n  ...
si lim b n  
n- 
Nici reciproca a doua nu este în general adevarata, dupa cum arata
urmatorul contraexemplu. Fie (a n ) nN* si ( b n ) nN* cu a n  b n  ( 1) n
Este evident ca :
an a  a n 1
 n 1 , sirul ( b n ) nN nu are proprietat iile din concluzie.
bn b n  b n 1

You might also like