Ain Shams Engineering Journal (2015) 6, 977–986

Ain Shams University

Ain Shams Engineering Journal

www.elsevier.com/locate/asej
www.sciencedirect.com

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Effect of electrode material on electrical discharge

machining of tool steel surface
Mona A. Younis a,*, Mohamed S. Abbas b, Mostafa A. Gouda c,
Fouad H. Mahmoud d, Sayed A. Abd Allah d

a
Mechanical Engineering Department, Higher Technological Institute, Tenth of Ramadan City, Egypt
b
Modern University for Technology and Information, Egypt
c
Mechanical Engineering Department, British University in Egypt, Egypt
d
Mechanical Engineering Department, Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Banha University, Egypt

Received 10 November 2014; revised 14 February 2015; accepted 18 February 2015

Available online 6 May 2015

KEYWORDS Abstract In this study the effect of electrode material was studied to avoid resulting residual stresses,
EDM; the surface roughness and cracks resulted during Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). Two types
DIN 1.2080; of EDM electrode materials were chosen, Dura graphite 11 and Poco graphite EDMC-3. Two grades
DIN 1.2379; of tool steels are chosen as test materials, DIN 1.2080 and DIN 1.2379. Different machining methods
Electrode; were chosen ‘‘rough, medium, and soft’’, it was found that the Dura graphite 11 exhibits more surface
POCO graphite; cracks upon DIN 1.2379 less micro-cracks appeared on the surface than on DIN 1.2080 while the
Dura graphite higher surface roughness appeared in DIN 1.2080 using Dura Graphite 11 electrode, also Residual
stresses were studied upon the surface and it was found that POCO Graphite EDMC-3 electrode
results higher residual stresses compared with Dura Graphite 11 electrode. Also Soft EDM machin-
ing exhibits higher residual stresses as a result of higher pulse on duration time.
 2015 Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction of tiny apertures with high accuracy and complicated profiles

[1]. This method is commonly used in manufacturing of molds
1.1. EDM principle and dies in hardened steels. These hard and brittle materials
manufactured by conventional machining operations produce
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the most suc- extreme tool wear and expense. The mechanical properties of
cessful and extensively recognized processes for the production tool steels have been studied extensively for many years [2,3].
During the EDM machining, the workpiece and the tool are
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 1224519266. separated by a tiny gap, and immersed in dielectric fluid.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.A. Younis). The discharge energy generates excessive temperatures on the
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University. surface of the workpiece during the spark. The specimen is
exposed to a temperature increase up to 30,000 C melting a
tiny part of the workpiece and vaporizing it. The upper surface
of the workpiece consequently solidifies quickly (Fig. 1). At the
Production and hosting by Elsevier

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.02.001
2090-4479  2015 Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
978 M.A. Younis et al.

they can be easily and cheaply prepared. Graphite has a very

high melting point. Truly, graphite does not melt at all, but
transform directly from solid to gas at a temperature thou-
sands of degrees (3200 C) higher than the melting point of
Copper. This temperature resistance makes graphite an ideal
electrode material [24]. Also Graphite electrodes can offer
great levels of electrical conductivity. POCO’s EDMC-3 is
widely used in the Egyptian market, it is a high quality gra-
phite penetrated with copper, suggested where wear, speed,
and surface finish are valuable. Matchless for brittle electrodes,
many EDM users select this grade to balance for operator
immaturity or where bad flushing conditions exist. Tables 1
and 2 show the Physical characteristics of Dura Graphite 11
graphite and POCO graphite EDMC-3 respectively.

2.2. Test materials

Figure 1 One machining cycle of EDM process.
Two grades of tool steels have been chosen; DIN 1.2080 is a
point at which the spark occurs, the current is converted into
high carbon, high chromium alloy tool steel with excellent
heat and the workpiece is strongly heated. If the current is
resistance to wear and abrasion high-performance blanking
interrupted, the discharge channel explosively evaporates, car-
and punching dies for sheet thickness up to 1.5 mm; threads
rying away melted material from the workpiece. This leaves a
rolling dies, plastic molds. DIN 1.2379 is a high carbon, high
small crater. Should discharge resume the crater will grow,
chromium, molybdenum, vanadium tool steel which offers
removing more and more materials. Since there is no contact
good wear resistance, high-performance blanking and punch-
between cutting tool and work-piece and no physical force
ing dies for sheet thickness up to 3 mm; thread rolling dies,
applied, the shape being cut will exactly match the shape of
plastic molds. Also DIN 1.2080 and DIN 1.2379 tool steel
the electrode [4].
materials are widely used in the Egyptian market Tables 3
Previous research has shown that the quality of the
and 4 show the typical analysis of DIN 1.2080 and
machined surface is determined primarily by the pulse current
DIN1.2379 respectively.
and the pulse-on duration time [5–15] but few literatures stud-
ied the effect of electrode material [16–23]. Accordingly, the
current study is based upon these two parameters, and specifies 2.3. Experimental procedures
pulse currents of 15, 30 and 50 A with pulse-on times of 20,
100, 180 ls. Using two grades of electrode materials (Dura To prepare the EDM specimens, the base specimens were
Graphite 11 and Poco Graphite EDMC-3) as test electrodes. machined by EDM to remove the unnecessary material at var-
After completion of the EDM machining process, the surface ious machining conditions ‘‘rough, medium and soft’’ accord-
integrity of the sample material is examined using Scanning ing to pulse current (A) and pulse-on duration time (ls)
electron Microscopy (SEM) then measuring residual stresses presented in Fig. 2, then scanning the specimen with scanning
using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The machining conditions electron microscope (SEM) to study the effect of electrode
are presented in Fig. 2. material upon the test material to avoid the surface roughness
and cracks, then residual stress measurement using x-ray
2. Experimental work diffraction.

2.1. Test electrodes 2.4. X-ray diffraction calculations

Two grades of electrode materials have been chosen; Dura The average size (L) of the DIN 1.2080 and DIN 1.2379
Graphite 11 is widely used in the Egyptian market because nanocrystallites and the lattice strain (f) of the film were calcu-
lated using Eq. (1)
kk
b cos h ¼ 4f sin h þ ð1Þ
L
where k is X-ray wavelength of the Cu Ka1 radiation, h is the
Bragg angle, K is the shape factor which is almost unity, and b

Table 1 Physical characteristics of Dura graphite 11 graphite.

Average particle size (lm) 10
Compressive strength (MPa) 83.4
Electrical resistivity (lX m) 11
Melting point (C) 3000
Thermal conductivity (W/m K) 120
Figure 2 Machining conditions.
Effect of electrode material on electrical discharge machining 979

floating metal are suspended in the gap between tool and

Table 2 Physical characteristics of POCO graphite EDMC-3.
work-pieces resulting increase the surface roughness. Also it
Average particle size (lm) <5 is clear that Dura graphite exhibits higher surface roughness
Compressive strength (MPa) 206 upon DIN 1.2080 surface during all machining conditions
Electrical resistivity (lX m) 3.2 and this is due to Dura graphite 11 composition, it is a com-
Melting point (C) 1100
pressed graphite powder which erodes easily during machin-
Thermal conductivity (W/m K) 135
ing, and also due to the higher carbon content in DIN
1.2080 ‘‘Table 3’’ which solidifies upon the surface during
is the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peak solidification and not flushed away.
appearing at the diffraction angle h.
The b parameter in the above equation must be corrected 3.1.1. Cracks observations
with the instrumental width through using of the geometric Observations of the EDMed surface show that the surface
mean, cracks are often micro-cracks in both test material and elec-
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi trodes. The scanning electron microscope shows that cracks
  occur in the white layer surface; as shown in Figs. 11–18. It
2 2
b ¼ ðbexp  binst Þ bexp  binst ð2Þ
is found that microcracks decrease as pulse current decrease.
This effect can be explained that high energy causes a sharp
where bexp and binst parameters are the experimental and the thermal gradient below the melting zone. The machined layer
instrumental linear widths in radians, respectively. The value generated by the EDM process produces a destructive effect
of binst was determined to be 2.58 · 103 rad. by using a stan- decreasing the service strength and life of the parent material.
dard silicon powder. Thus from Fig. 3, it is clear that when This damaged layer should be removed before being to use. It
bcos h is plotted against sin h a straight line with slope 4f is therefore recommended that the EDM specimen should be
and intercept Kk/L is obtained. From the slope of this straight polished down to at least the maximum depth of the micro-
line the strain of the lattice can be calculated [25]. cracks in order to improve its service life.

3. Results and discussion 3.2. Residual stresses observations

After the EDM process the test materials were examined using A new mathematical model was designed using DESIGN
scanning electron microscope to observe the surface cracks, EXPERT software to analyze the results, full factorial design
roughness, and then X-ray diffraction to examine the residual was selected and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized
stresses generated after the three machining conditions using to evaluate the results. Table 5 shows obtained residual stresses
the test electrodes. of DIN1.2080 and DIN 1.2379 specimens using XRD analysis.
Table 6 shows the selected factors operated for this study
3.1. SEM observation within working levels. Three factors and three levels were used
in this experiment. There are 12 running processes were per-
The characteristic morphology of a surface which has experi- formed from the equation of full factorial design. The equation
enced EDM machining, is due to the extensive amount of heat of full factorial design is stated in equation
generated by the discharge current, which causes melting and
Full factorial equation ¼ 2k ð3Þ
evaporation of the material, then fast cooling. It is seen after
rough machining, the surface is rougher and the machined sur- where k denotes as the number of factors, i.e., machining con-
face contains lots of globules, melted drops and craters, and ditions, test material, and electrode material, being examined
reduces with medium and soft machining. This is due to very in this experiment and three levels of experiment are employed,
high temperature gradient produced due to the thermal energy i.e., low (1), med. (0), and high (+1).
in the work-piece erosion happens from the surface and the The analysis of ANOVA is utilized to specify the EDM
debris particles remain on the work-piece surface. Surface machining characteristics mathematical model using
morphology observations using Dura Graphite 11 and DESIGN EXPERT software version 9. Table 6 shows the
POCO graphite EDMC-3 electrodes have been presented as design model used in ANOVA analysis.
follows in Figs. 4–9. Based on ANOVA analysis of Residual Stress in Table 7, it
Fig. 10 shows the surface roughness observations. It was can be seen that the model is significant with probability,
found that it is approximately the same for DIN 1.2080 and Prob > F value between 0.0001 and 0.0478 less than 0.05. It
DIN 1.2379, in both electrodes, the surface roughness increase shows that Factor A electrode material, and Factor C machin-
as the pulse current increase. This is because at rough machin- ing conditions are significant (see Table 8).
ing whenever peak current increases more intensely discharges Fig. 19 displays the normal probability plot of residuals are
which effect on the surfaces, more quantity of molten and presented on a straight line; this means that the errors are

Table 3 DIN 1.2080 typical analysis. Table 4 DIN 1.2379 typical analyses.
C Si Cr Mn C Si Cr Mo V
2.10% 0.30% 12.50% 0.30% 1.50% 0.30% 12.0% 0.80% 0.80%
980 M.A. Younis et al.

Figure 3 Plot of bcos h vs. sin h.

Figure 4 Dura graphite 11 rough machining DIN 1.2379. Figure 6 Dura graphite 11 soft machining DIN 1.2379.

Figure 7 POCO graphite EDMC-3 rough machining DIN

Figure 5 Dura graphite 11 medium machining DIN 1.2379.
1.2379.
Effect of electrode material on electrical discharge machining 981

Figure 8 POCO graphite EDMC-3 medium machining DIN Figure 11 Surface cracks of DIN 1.2379 rough machining using
1.2379. Dura graphite 11 electrode.

Figure 12 Surface cracks of DIN 1.2080 rough machining using

Figure 9 POCO graphite EDMC-3 soft machining DIN 1.2379.
POCO graphite EDMC-3 electrode.

Figure 10 Surface roughness observations.

normally distributed. Further, each observed value is com-

pared with the predicted value calculated from the model in
Fig. 20. It can be seen that the regression model is fairly well
fitted with the observed values.
The response ranges from 26.25 MPa to 1239 MPa and the Figure 13 Surface cracks of DIN 1.2080 rough machining using
ratio of maximum to minimum is 47.2. After eliminating the Dura graphite 11 electrode.
982 M.A. Younis et al.

Figure 14 Surface cracks of DIN 1.2080 medium machining Figure 17 Surface cracks of DIN 1.2379 soft machining using
using POCO graphite EDMC-3 electrode. POCO graphite EDMC-3 electrode.

Figure 15 Surface cracks of DIN 1.2379 rough machining using Figure 18 Surface cracks of DIN 1.2080 soft machining using
POCO graphite EDMC-3 electrode. POCO graphite EDMC-3.

Normal Plot of Residuals

99
Normal % Probability

95
90
80
70
50
30
20
10
5

-2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00

Internally Studentized Residuals
Figure 16 Surface cracks of DIN 1.2080 soft machining using
Dura graphite 11 electrode. Figure 19 Displays the normal probability plot of residuals.
Effect of electrode material on electrical discharge machining 983

Predicted vs. Actual

1400

1200

1000
Predicted

800

600

400

200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Actual
Figure 23 Average residual stresses for DIN 1.2379.

Figure 20 Predicted vs. Actual values of Residual stress.

1400

1200

1000
Residual Stress MPa

800

600

400

200

Figure 24 Average residual stresses for DIN 1.2080.

1 1

C: Machining A: Electrode Material

-1 -1 Table 5 Obtained stress of DIN1.2080 and DIN 1.2379
specimens.
Figure 21 The estimated response 3D surface for Residual Stress
Material Av. Residual Stress
in relation to the design parameters of Electrode Material and
(MPa)
Machining.
DIN 1.2379 rough machined by Dura 26.25
graphite 11
Residual Stress MPa DIN 1.2080 rough machined by Dura 73.5
1
graphite 11
1000 DIN 1.2379 medium machined by Dura 341.25
graphite 11
874.651
DIN 1.2080 medium machined by Dura 299.25
graphite 11
800 DIN 1.2379 soft machined by Dura graphite 519.75
C: Machining

600 691.8
11
0 DIN 1.2080 soft machined by Dura graphite 609
467.454
11
400 DIN 1.2379 rough machined by POCO 808.5
graphite EDM-C 3
294.125 DIN 1.2080 rough machined by POCO 981.75
graphite EDM-C 3
200
DIN 1.2379 medium machined by POCO 892.5
graphite EDM-C 3
-1 DIN 1.2080 medium machined by POCO 855.75
-1 1 graphite EDM-C 3
A: Electrode Material DIN 1.2379 soft machined by POCO 1102.5
graphite EDM-C 3
Figure 22 The estimated response Contour for Residual Stress DIN 1.2080 soft machined by POCO 1239
in relation to the design parameters of Electrode Material and graphite EDM-C 3
Machining.
984 M.A. Younis et al.

Residual Stress ¼ 597:19 þ 276:94  A  19:69  B

Table 6 The selected parameters performed for this study
with working levels. þ 197:53  C þ 1:31  AB  59:72
Coded 1 0 1  AC þ 0:66  BC þ 72:84  C2
levels
 9:84  ABC þ 85:97  AC2 þ 75:47
Electrode POCO Graphite EDM- – Dura Graphite
C3 11  BC2 þ 20:34  ABC2 ð5Þ
Material DIN 1.2080 – DIN 1.2379 Eqs. (4) and (5) are multiple regression model based on the
Machining Soft Medium Rough
data collected during the course of the experiment ‘‘Table 5’’.
Figs. 21 and 22 show the estimated response in 3D surface
and contour respectively for Residual Stresses in relation to the
design parameters of Electrode Material and Machining. The
Table 7 Design model used in ANOVA analysis. Residual Stress tends to increase considerably with soft
machining using Poco graphite electrode. It is clear from the
Run Factor 1 Factor Factor 3 Response
A: Electrode B: C: Residual Stress figure that the lower residual Stress can be obtained using
Material Material Machining (MPa) rough machining with Dura graphite electrode.
Residual Stresses Observations found that soft machining
1 1 1 0 892.5
in both electrode and materials results higher residual stresses
2 1 1 0 341.25
3 1 1 1 981.75 compared with medium and rough machining and this is due
4 1 1 1 808.5 to higher pulse on duration time in soft machining, and
5 1 1 1 1239 POCO Graphite EDMC-3 electrode exhibited higher residual
6 1 1 1 1102.5 stresses compared with Dura Graphite 11 electrode. As a result
7 1 1 1 26.25 that POCO graphite EDMC-3 composition which is high qual-
8 1 1 1 519.75 ity graphite infiltrated with copper as shown in Figs. 23 and 24.
9 1 1 1 73.5
10 1 1 0 855.75
4. Conclusions
11 1 1 0 299.25
12 1 1 1 609
1. It was found that Dura graphite exhibited higher surface
roughness upon DIN 1.2080 surface during all machining
conditions and this is due to its composition, it is a com-
non-significant terms, the final response equation for residual
pressed graphite powder which erodes easily during
stress is given as follows:
machining, and also due to the higher carbon content in
Residual Stress ¼ 645:75 þ 334:25  A þ 197:53  C ð4Þ DIN 1.2080 which solidifies upon the surface during solid-
ification and not flushed away.
where A is the Electrode Material and C is the Machining
2. Rough EDM machining exhibited more micro-cracks as a
Conditions.
result of higher pulse current.
Equation in terms of all coded factors:

Table 8 ANOVA analysis of Residual Stress.

Response: Residual Stress
ANOVA for response surface cubic model
Analysis of variance table [Partial sum of squares – Type II]
Source Sum of squares df Mean square F value P-value Prob. > F
Model 1,745,091 10 174509.0977 158.12 0.06182 Not significant
A-Electrode Material 306,778 1 306777.5156 277.967 0.03814
B-Material 1550.39 1 1550.390625 1.40479 044616
C-Machining 312,149 1 312148.7578 282.834 0.03781
AB 2655.19 1 2655.1875 2.40583 0.36456
AC 28530.6 1 28530.63281 25.8512 0.12363
BC 3.44531 1 3.4453125 0.00312 0.96447
C^2 14149.9 1 14149.89844 12.821 0.17338
ABC 775.195 1 775.1953125 0.70239 0.55593
AC^2 19708.3 1 19708.33594 17.8574 0.14793
BC^2 15188.1 1 15188.08594 13.7617 0.16763
Residual 1103.65 1 1103.648438
Pure error 0 0
Cor total 1,746,195 11
Effect of electrode material on electrical discharge machining 985

3. Soft machining in both electrodes and materials exhibited [17] Janmanee P, Muttamara A. Performance of difference electrode
higher residual stresses compared with medium and rough materials in electrical discharge machining of tungsten carbide.
machining and this is due to higher pulse on duration time Energy Res J 2010:87–90.
in soft machining. [18] Muthuramalingam T, Mohan B. Influence of tool electrode
properties on machinability in spark erosion machining. Mater
4. POCO Graphite EDMC-3 electrode exhibited higher resid-
Manuf Process 2013;28(8):939–43.
ual stresses compared with Dura Graphite 11 electrode. As [19] Muthuramalingam T, Mohan B, Jothilingam A. Effect of tool
a result that POCO graphite EDMC-3 composition which electrode resolidification on surface hardness in electrical dis-
is a high quality graphite infiltrated with copper. charge machining. Mater Manuf Process 2014;29(11–12):1374–80.
5. According to ANOVA used the most significant parameter [20] Amorim FL, Weingaertner WL. The behavior of graphite and
affecting residual stresses occurred during EDM machining copper electrodes on the finish die-sinking electrical discharge
were the Electrode Material and Machining condition machining (Edm) of Aisi P20 tool steel. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng
‘‘rough, medium or soft’’. 2007;Xxix(4/367).
[21] Kumar N, Kumar L, Tewatia H, Yadav R. Comparative study for
Mrr on die-sinking EDM using electrode of copper & graphite. Int J
References
Adv Technol Eng Res (IJATER) 2012;2(2):170–4, ISSN 2250-3536.
[22] Janmanee P, Muttamara A. Performance of difference electrode
[1] Darji Y, Koradiya PL, Shah JR. Experiment investigation of materials in electrical discharge machining of tungsten carbide.
EDM parameter MRR and TWR with multi wall carbon nano Energy Res J 2010;1(2):87–90, ISSN 1949-015.
tubes. Int J Mech Eng Technol (IJMET) 2014;5(7):84–192. [23] Jha B, Ram K, Rao M. An overview of technology and research
[2] Cullity BD. Elements of X-ray diffraction. 2nd ed. Addison in electrode design and manufacturing in sinking electrical
Wesley; 1978, p. 470. discharge machining. J Eng Sci Technol Rev 2011;4(2):118–30.
[3] Hilley ME, editor. Residual stress measurement by XRay [24] Kern Roger. Sinker electrode material selection. EDM Today;
diffraction. SAE J784a. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive July/August 2008 Issue.
Engineers; 1971. p. 19. [25] Lifshin E. X-ray characterization of materials. New York: Wiley-
[4] Chen PW. Size effect on the surface roughness and surface crack VCH; 1999.
of EDMed surface. Master thesis, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;
2003. Mona Ahmed Sayed Younis completed her
[5] El-Hofy H. Advanced machining processes, nontraditional and bachelor’s in Mechanical Engineering from
hybrid machining processes. McGraw-Hill; 2005. Higher Technological Institute in 2003. She
[6] Kumar Sh. Experimental investigation of machining parameters has master’s and doctoral degrees in Science
for EDM using U-shaped electrode of AISI P20 tool steel. MTech of Mechanical Engineering from Shoubra
thesis, National Institute of Technology Rourkela India; 2010. Faculty of Engineering, Banha University
[7] Arikatla SP, Krishnaiah A, Mannan KT. Optimization of electric completed in 2009 and 2015 respectively. She
discharge machining response variables using design of experi- has teaching experience as Assistant in Higher
ments. Int J Mech Prod Eng (IJMPE) 2013;2(1). Technological Institute, tenth of Ramadan
[8] Khundrakpam NS, Singh H, Kumar S, Brar GS. Investigation city, Egypt, since 2003.
and modeling of silicon powder mixed EDM using response
surface method. Int J Curr Eng Technol 2014.
[9] Kuriachen B, Paul J, Mathew J. Modeling of wire electrical
discharge machining parameters using titanium alloy (Ti–6AL– Mohamed S. Abbas is a Professor in Mecha-
4V). Int J Emerg Technol Adv Eng 2012;2(4). nical Engineering Department, Shoubra
[10] Anayet Md, Patwari U, Chowdhury NA, Arif MD, Chowdhury Faculty of Engineering, Banha University,
MdSI. Surface roughness optimization in EDM for circular Egypt also he is the Vice President of Modern
copper electrode by RSM-Ga approach. Int J Eng 2012. University for Technology and Information,
[11] Lee HT, Ehbach WP, et al. Relationship between electrode size Egypt.
and surface cracking in the EDM machining process. J Mater Sci
2004;39(23):6981–6.
[12] Shabgard MR, zavvar MS, Bavil SN. Influence of input param-
eters on the characteristics of the EDM process. J Mech Eng
2011:689–96.
[13] Lauwers B, Kruth JP, Liu W, Eeraerts W, Schacht B, Bleys P.
Investigation of material removal mechanisms in EDM of
composite ceramic materials. J Mater Process Technol 2004: Mostafa A. Gouda is an active member in the
347–52. national organizations and committees which
[14] Dasa MK, Kumarb K, Barmana TK, Sahoo P. Application of advocate the progress of advanced materials
artificial bee colony algorithm for optimization of MRR and in Egypt. He is a member of the committee of
surface roughness in EDM of EN31 tool steel. Proc Mater Sci promoting research professors and associate
2014:741–51. research professors in Mubarak City for
[15] Vikas, Roy AK, Kumar K. Effect and optimization of various Scientific Research and Technology applica-
machine process parameters on the surface roughness in EDM tions. He is also a member in the National
for an EN41 material using Grey Taguchi. Proc Mater Sci 2014: Committee of New Materials in the Egyptian
383–90. Academy of Science and Technology. Prof.
[16] Moudood* MA, Sabur A, Lutfi A, Ali MY, Jaafar IH. Gouda edited a book about the rare early
Investigation of the machinability of non-conductive Zro2 with works of Naguib Mahfous, the Egyptian Nobel prize winner in liter-
different tool electrodes in EDM. Int J Autom Mech Eng ature. Reuters published a report in Arabic about that book on March
2014;10:1866–76. 8-2007.
986 M.A. Younis et al.

Sayed A. Abd Allah is a Lecturer in Mechanical

Engineering Department, Shoubra Faculty of
Fouad H. Mahmoud is an Ass. Professor in Engineering, Banha University, Egypt.
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Banha
University, Egypt.