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Surge Impedance Loading Assignment

One of the important terms in electrical field is SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING. In this document you will get a clear concept of it.

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Madiha Ch
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164 views

Surge Impedance Loading Assignment

One of the important terms in electrical field is SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING. In this document you will get a clear concept of it.

Uploaded by

Madiha Ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 Table of Contents

1. SURGE IMPEDANCE: ........................................................................................................................... 2


2. SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING ......................................................................................................... 2
2.1. MATHEMATICAL EXPLAINATION .......................................................................................... 2
2.2. BENEFITS OF SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING ....................................................................... 4
3. TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE SURGE IMPEDANCE........................................................................... 4
4. GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION ....................................................................................................... 5
5. ISSUES OF SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING .................................................................................... 5
6. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 5
7. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 6

1
SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING

1. SURGE IMPEDANCE:
It is the ratio of amplitudes of voltage and current of a single wave propagating along an infinitely
long line i.e. Transmission line. [1]

2. SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING


Surge impedance loading of a transmission line is a MW loading of that transmission line at which
balancing of natural reactive power occurs. [2] Reactive power is produced by the line depending
on its capacitance and voltage level and consumed in the line to support the magnetic field. The
magnetic field strength is dependent on the magnitude of the current flow in the line and the line’s
natural inductive reactance. The amount of reactive power (MVAR) consumed by a transmission
line is a function of current flow (line loading) and inductive reactance.

SIL level of a typical uncompensated 400kV line is in the range of 550-625 MW depending upon
number of sub conductors, bundle conductor configuration, tower structure etc. [3]

2.1. MATHEMATICAL EXPLAINATION


It is a well-known fact that a long transmission lines (> 250 km) have
distributed inductance and capacitance as its inherent property. When the line is charged, the
capacitance component feeds reactive power to the line while the inductance component absorbs
the reactive power.

Mathematically, Surge Impedance of a line is expressed as

Reactive Power Produced = Reactive Power consumed

i.e.,

V2 ωC = I2 ωL ……………. (1)

2
It can also be written as:

𝑉 √𝐿
= =𝑍 ………… (2)
𝐼 √𝐶
Where,

V: Terminal voltage

I: Line current

L: Line inductance

C: Line capacitance

Z: Surge Impedance

From equation 2 Surge impedance loading can be written as:

𝑉2 𝑉2
SIL= = ………….. (3)
𝑍 √𝐿⁄√𝐶

So, Surge Impedance of a line is directly proportional to its inductance and inversely proportional
to its capacitance. Therefore, to increase the Surge Impedance loading level, line inductance is to be
reduced and or capacitance is to be increased.

Or it can also be written in terms of surge impedance

Note in this formula that SIL is dependent only on the kV the line is energized at and the line’s surge
impedance. The line length is not a factor in the SIL or surge impedance calculations. Therefore,
the SIL is not a measure of a transmission line’s power transfer capability as it does not take into
account the line’s length nor does it consider the strength of the local power system.
The value of SIL to a System Operator is realizing that when a line is loaded above its SIL it acts
like a shunt reactor – absorbing MVAR from the system – and when a line is loaded below its SIL
it acts like a shunt capacitor – supplying MVAR to the system.[3, 4]

3
2.2. BENEFITS OF SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING
SIL lines having expanded bundle geometry optimizes the electric field at the surface of all sub-
conductors which reduces the inductance. Therefore, they offer advantages like enhanced Power
transfer capacity, improved stability limit, better voltage regulation and reduced transmission losses
etc. Additionally, these new types of lines provide significant benefits in comparison with
conventional lines due to optimal utilization of Right-of-way, inter-phase dimensions, reduced
environmental impact and optimization of transmission cost. Such lines also reduce corona loss
significantly which in turn helps in reducing audible noise and radio interference. As no additional
equipment is connected in series with the line, maintenance is less and availability of line shall be
high.

3. TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE SURGE IMPEDANCE


The inductance of a line is expressed as

LP = LS – LM
Where,

LS: Self Inductance

LM: Mutual Inductance

From above equation, it is observed that inductance of a line can be reduced by reducing the self-
inductance and by increasing the mutual inductance.

Self-inductance can be reduced by increasing number of sub-conductors in a bundle and/or


increasing spacing of sub conductors. Further, non-symmetrical disposition of sub conductors
reduces the self-inductance. These arrangements also provide a dual benefit in terms of increased
capacitance. Mutual inductance can be increased by reducing phase to phase separation. However,
from view point of system security, minimum electrical clearance requirement places limit on the
degree of phase compaction. In this paper, effect of non-symmetrical disposition of sub-conductors
in a bundle, modification of tower configuration etc on surge impedance and SIL level has been
studied.

4
4. GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION

Fig. 1 SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING CURVE

5. ISSUES OF SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING


SIL lines generate more capacitive MVAR as compared to conventional line. This necessitates
reactive power management studies. Further following issues also need to be addressed before
implementing a HSIL line

➢ Electrical Fields
➢ Special types of hardware and accessories to take care of expanded non-symmetrical bundle
configuration

6. CONCLUSION
The HSIL line offers other benefits like improved voltage regulation, stability, optimal utilization
of Right-of-way, reduced corona loss etc. However, some of the issues like reactive power

5
management, electric field intensity, hardware and accessories need to be investigated before its
application.

7. REFERENCES
1. Gutman, R., P. Marchenko, and R. Dunlop, Analytical development of loadability
characteristics for EHV and UHV transmission lines. IEEE Transactions on Power
Apparatus and Systems, 1979(2): p. 606-617.
2. Kawai, M., Studies of the surge response on a transmission line tower. IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1964. 83(1): p. 30-34.
3. Nayak, R., Y. Sehgal, and S. Sen. EHV transmission line capacity enhancement
through increase in surge impedance loading level. in Power India Conference, 2006
IEEE. 2006. IEEE.
4. Hingorani, N.G. FACTS-flexible AC transmission system. in AC and DC Power
Transmission, 1991., International Conference on. 1991. IET.

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