Module:6
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:33 Silicon carbide
Module: 6
Lecture: 33
SILICON CARBIDE
INTRODUCTION
Silicon carbide known as carborundum, it is a compound of silicon and
carbon with chemical formula SiC. It occurs in nature as the rare mineral
moissanite. Silicon carbide powder has been mass-produced since 1893.
Silicon carbide is the most important abrasive and was first discovered
by Acheson in 1891 while he was attempting to harden clay in a homemade
electric furnace. When carbon was dissolved in molten clay, it was assumed
to be mixture of carbon and fused alumina called corundum and hence the
name carborundum comes.
Silicon carbide powder has been mass-produced since 1893 for use as
an abrasive. Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded together by sintering to
form very hard ceramics
The first LED action was demonstrated in 1907 using SiC and also first
commercial LEDs were based on SiC, yellow LEDs made from 3C-SiC were
manufactured in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and blue ones from 6H-SiC in
the 1980s.
Large single crystals of silicon carbide can be grown by the Lely
method; they can be cut into gems known as synthetic moissanite. Silicon
carbide with high surface area can be produced from SiO2 contained in
plant material.
MANUFACTURE
Raw material
Basis: 1000kg of Silicon carbide
Silica 1500kg
Carbon 900kg
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Module:6
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:33 Silicon carbide
Reaction
The various reactions involved in the manufacture of silicon carbide are
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The temperature was maintained at 20000C. Higher temperature was
prevented as Sic was decomposed into graphite at high temperature.
Manufacture process
Silicon carbide (SiC) is now manufactured from silica and carbon. The
sources of carbon are coke, pitch, petroleum cokes and anthracite. The sand
contains pure silica (98 – 99.5%).
1. The Acheson process
Stationary end wall SiC finely SiC finely coarsely
crystalline outer crystalline inner zone
Furnace gases zone Heating resistor
Electrode Heating resistor (core)
(core) Movable side wall
with opening for
Movable side wall furnace gases
with opening for Graphite from
furnace gases decomposition of SiC
Reaction Graphite from
Electric supply mixture decomposition of SiC
Silicon SiC finely
SiC finely coarsely
carbide roll crystalline outer
crystalline inner zone
zone
Figure: Manufacture of Silicon carbide using Acheson furnace
Animation
Special type of open top indirect heating resistance furnace is used for
manufacture of SiC. The furnace was consisting of a movable side wall with
opening for gases, electrode, heating core and permanent bed of cast iron
pieces lined with fire brick on which the charge was placed. The charge was
built up in the furnace around a heating core of granular carbon. The
30 – 50ft long furnace was provided with about 60 carbon electrodes which
were 1metre long and 8cm. in diameter and the central core of iron
connects these electrodes. The ends of the furnace were permanent and the
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Module:6
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:33 Silicon carbide
sides were built up every time with the charge. The outside unreacted charge
acts as an insulator. There so, excessive heat loss cannot occured.
The mixture of 53.5% SiO2, 40% coke, 5% saw dust and 1.5% salt was
charged to furnace until the furnace is fully charged. Saw dusts were added
because it increases the porosity of the charge to permit the circulation of
vapours. A typical initial current was passed between the two electrodes
which were initially 6000amp at 250volts, but its resistance gradually
decreased as the reaction proceeds and the final current becomes
20000amp at 75volts. After about 2hr, the current increased rapidly from 6000
to 20000amps and remains steady during the whole run of 36hr. The
temperatures at the core are 22000C and remain steady for the whole 36hr
until the reaction was completed. During the reaction CO was generated
which was burned at the top of the furnace and escape through a movable
side walls.
The product was then cooled for 24hr. The side walls were pulled down
after as the process was completed. Crystals of silicon were removed from
the furnace. The yield is about 6000 – 8000kg per furnace.
The black crystals were broken and then treated successively with
sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. It was dried in a kiln and graded
through a screening or sieving system into, the powders of various degrees of
fitness. The graphite formed in this manner is called artificial graphite. The
outer unreacted part of the charge was combined with the next charge for
the furnace and next to the core some graphite formed as a result of
decomposition of SiC was obtained. After complete run, which taken about
36+24=60hrs, the graphite can be separated as a by-product from silicon
carbide and converted to desired shapes.
Engineering aspects
Effect of temperature
It should be noted that the temperature of the core should not exceed
22000C otherwise silicon carbide was decomposed into graphite with the
volatilization of silicon.
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Module:6
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:33 Silicon carbide
2. The ESK process
A major disadvantage of the Acheson furnace is loss of by-product CO
and even SO2 and dust contains in the waste gases leads to pollution. These
disadvantages of Acheson process leads to the development of ESK process.
The ESK furnace consists of floor electrode, gas-permeable furnace
bed, gas collector, plastic sheet and heating core. Heating core used for this
ESK furnace was horizontal as same in case of Acheson furnace. The mixture
of coke and sand was charged by wheel loaders into reaction zone, until the
zone was full of raw material or charge reached the top of the graphite
columns. Graphite was placed on each electrode of furnace. ESK furnace is
considerably larger than Acheson furnace.
SiC coarsely crystalline
inner zone
Furnace
gases Graphite from Heating resistor
SiC finely crystalline decomposition of SiC SiC finely crystalline (core)
outer zone outer zone
Furnace
Heating resistor gases
(core) Plastic sheet
Graphite from
Plastic sheet SiC coarsely decomposition of SiC
crystalline inner zone
Reaction Floor
electrode Gas
mixture
collection
Electric
supply
Floor Gas SiC finely
Gas Gas
electrode permeable crystalline outer
collection permeable
furnace bed zone furnace bed
Silicon
carbide
Figure: Manufacture of Silicon carbide using ESK furnace
Animation
As the reaction mixture was reached to top of the column level,
horizontal heating core which is linear or U shaped, put in the position and
connected to a graphite column. Then heating core was covered with
remaining reaction mixture from wheel loaders, so it forms a mound shape.
Further this mound has to be covered with plastic sheet to trap the evolved
gases. Furnace has no walls while electrodes are located in floor.
The initial current was passed, which was initially 6000amp at 250volts,
after that was increased to 20000amp. The CO evolved as by-product which
was trapped through plastic sheet and collected in gas collection tube
continuously. After completion of reaction, switch off the power and then
plastic sheet was pulled off. Unconverted or remaining reaction mixture was
removed first and lumps of silicon carbide were taken out of the furnace and
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Module:6
Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:33 Silicon carbide
broken down with hydraulic equipment. Finally, the crystalline outer zone was
further size reduction was carried out in jaw crusher and recycled to the
process. The coarsely crystalline from the inner zone of the SiC roll were
sorted. The top-grade material formed the largest fraction of silicon carbide
yield.
Engineering aspects
Steps for improvement in yield
Silica or sand should be of 98% pure
The carbon used may be petroleum coke, metallurgical coke,
anthracite etc. having low ash and sulfur contents
Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in silica should be as low as possible as they catalyzed
the decomposition of SiC. The carbide undergoes decomposition at
2830°C
The temperature of formation of silicon carbide is about 18400C ± 300C
100 parts by weight of finest grade sand, 60parts by weight of coke
and 19parts by weight of saw dust is the charge composition for a
good yield of SiC
Saw dust increases the porosity of the charge or escape of CO and
other volatile matter during SiC formation
Purity
The impurities from the reaction zone were removed by introducing
chlorine gas. Depending on the amount of impurities colour of product
crystals varies from pale yellow or green to black. Addition of boron, titanium
or zircon in small amount to the furnace charge reduces the product
sensitivity to oxidation at 900 – 11000C. As described earlier in Acheson
process, the reduction of silica was carried out at temperature in excess of
21000C resulting in SiC grains.
PROPERTIES
Molecular formula : SiC
Molecular weight : 40.10gm/mole
Appearance : Colourless crystals
Odour : Odourless
Boiling point : 28150C dissociates
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Dr. N. K. Patel
Lecture:33 Silicon carbide
Melting point : 27300C (decomposes)
Density : 3.21gm/cm3 (all polytypes)
Refractive index : 2.55 (infrared, all polytypes)
USES
Silicon carbide is a popular abrasive in modern lapidary due to the
durability and low cost of the material
In composite armour
As a support and shelving material in high temperature kilns such as for
firing ceramics, glass fusing or casting
In automobile industry
In a sintered form for diesel particulate filters
Used in LED
Low thermal expansion coefficient, rigidity, high hardness and thermal
conductivity make silicon carbide a desirable mirror material for
astronomical telescopes
Silicon carbide fibres are used to measure gas temperatures in an
optical technique called thin filament pyrometry
Important material in TRISO-coated fuel particles, which is found in high
temperature gas cooled reactors and layer of silicon carbide gives
structural support and is the main diffusion barrier to the release of
fission products
Used to produce epitaxial graphene by graphitization at high
temperatures
In steel manufacturing
Used in applications requiring high endurance, such as car brakes, car
clutches and ceramic plates in bulletproof vests
Used in high-temperature and high-voltage semiconductor electronics
equipments
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