Power System
Protection
[Link]
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current Power System Protection
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation [Link]
CT Oversizing
Factor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Cautions in
CT Selection IIT Bombay
Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
1 Origin of DC Offset Current
Origin of DC
Offset Current Peak Value of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
2 CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Consequences of CT Saturation
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor 3 CT Oversizing Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
4 Cautions in CT Selection
5 Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
Origin of DC Offset Current
[Link] Fault current consists of
Origin of DC
Symmetrical AC component.
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
DC offset current.
Offset Current
If Rline + jωLline models the line impedance, then for a fault
CT Saturation
due to DC at t = t0 , the fault current will be,
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Vm sin(ωt + φ − θ) t−t0
Saturation
i(t) = + I0 e ( τ )
CT Oversizing |Zline |
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
[Link]
1 Origin of DC Offset Current
Origin of DC
Offset Current Peak Value of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
2 CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Consequences of CT Saturation
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor 3 CT Oversizing Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
4 Cautions in CT Selection
5 Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
Peak Value of DC Offset Current
Origin of DC The peak value of DC offset current is obtained by setting
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
the current at t0 to zero. It is given by,
CT Saturation
due to DC Vm
Offset Current I0 = sin(ωt0 + φ − θ)
Consequences of CT |Zline |
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor The peak value of DC offset current depends upon the
Cautions in following parameters:
CT Selection
Summary
Time at which fault strikes.
Phase angle φ of AC voltage.
|Zline | and θ of transmission line.
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
The severity of DC offset current is maximum when,
Origin of DC
Offset Current φ = θ
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
ωt0 = ± π2
CT Saturation
due to DC It can be also concluded that,
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation Peak value of DC offset current can be as high as the
CT Oversizing symmetrical AC peak.
Factor
Cautions in DC offset current can be positive or negative.
CT Selection
Summary
If φ = θ and t0 = 0, DC offset current may be totally
absent.
It has adverse impact on CT performance.
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current
Origin of DC
Offset Current
When a CT core is saturated due to DC offset current, it
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
cannot faithfully replicate the primary current waveform. The
CT Saturation secondary current is given by,
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT N1 I0 −t
Saturation
i2 = eτ
CT Oversizing N2
Factor
Cautions in The voltage developed across CT secondary would be,
CT Selection
Summary
N1 RI0 −t
v2dc (t) = eτ
N2
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection Assume that initial flux in the transformer core at t = 0 is
[Link] φ(0) = 0.
Origin of DC
Using Faraday’s law,
Offset Current v2 = N2 dφdt
Peak Value of DC Rt −t
φ(t) − φ(0) = N12 0 v2 dt = NN 1 RI0
Offset Current
2 τ (1 − e
τ )
CT Saturation 2
due to DC Vm
Offset Current Since,maximum value of I0 = |Zline | ,
Consequences of CT
N1 RVm
Saturation
φmax
dc = N22 |Zline |
τ
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
It can be seen that
[Link] AC voltage induced flux is sinusoidal in nature and it
has zero average value.
Origin of DC
Offset Current DC offset induced flux is unidirectional and its average
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current value is not zero.
CT Saturation
due to DC
The peak value of instantaneous flux in the core is
Offset Current
Consequences of CT RVm N1 N1 RVm τ
Saturation
2
+ 2
CT Oversizing
ω|Zline | N2 N2 |Zline |
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
[Link]
1 Origin of DC Offset Current
Origin of DC
Offset Current Peak Value of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
2 CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Consequences of CT Saturation
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor 3 CT Oversizing Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
4 Cautions in CT Selection
5 Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
Consequences of CT Saturation
[Link]
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
The secondary current
Offset Current
will not faithfully replicate
CT Saturation
due to DC the primary current.
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
Secondary current is
CT Oversizing clipped.
Factor
Cautions in
This clipping of CT
CT Selection current leads to blinding
Summary
of the relay.
The relay should be fast
enough to take decision
before CT saturation.
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
CT Oversizing Factor
Origin of DC
Offset Current The way to avoid CT saturation on DC flux is by oversizing
the core so that for flux, φmax max
Peak Value of DC
ac + φdc , corresponding B is
Offset Current
CT Saturation φmax
ac +φdc
max
due to DC below knee [Link] factor max
φac is known as core
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
oversizing factor.
φmax
CT Oversizing Core oversizing factor = 1 + dc
φmax
Factor ac
Cautions in = 1 + ωτ = 1 + ωL line
Rline
CT Selection
Summary
= 1 + XR
It is to be noted that high amount of oversizing is not
practical.
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
Cautions in CT Selection
Origin of DC
Offset Current The following precautions have to be taken while selecting a
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current CT for a particular application.
CT Saturation
due to DC The CT rating and continuous load current should
Offset Current
Consequences of CT match.
Saturation
CT Oversizing The maximum load current should be less than 20
Factor
times the CT rated current.
Cautions in
CT Selection The voltage rating of CT should be compatible.
Summary
It should be ascertained that magnetizing current is
kept much below the pick up value.
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
[Link]
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
Summary
CT Saturation Origin of DC offset current.
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Range and peak value of DC offset current.
Saturation
CT saturation due to DC offset current.
CT Oversizing
Factor
CT oversizing factor.
Cautions in
CT Selection Precautions to be taken while selecting a CT.
Summary
