Module 2

Rational Algebraic Expressions

What this module is about

This module is about addition and subtraction of rational expressions. As you go
over the exercises, you will develop skills in finding the LCD of rational expressions, and
finding the sum and difference of the given rational expressions. You will also recall
some concepts on how to find the least common denominator, add and subtract
fractions. Treat the lessons with fun and take time to go back and review if you think
you are at a loss.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. Recall LCM, addition and subtraction of rational numbers

2. Recall how to simplify rational expression
3. Find LCD of rational expressions
4. Add rational expressions having the same denominator
5. Add rational expressions having different denominators
6. Subtract rational expressions having the same denominator
7. Subtract rational expressions having different denominators

How much do you know

1. Give the least common denominator of _3_ and _5_ .

15y2 36y4

a. 36y2 b. 36y4 c. 90y2 d. 180y4

2. Give the least common denominator of __7_ and __2_ .

8–a a–8

a. (8 – a) b. (a – 8) c. a and b d. a or b

3. Give the least common denominator of ___3____ and _____2_____ .

1
 x2 – 9x x(x – 9)(x – 5)

a. x2 – 9xb. x(x – 9)(x – 5) c. (x – 9)(x – 5) d. x2 + 14x + 45

4. Rewrite 17 ____ with indicated denominator.

9r 36r2

5. Rewrite _12__ __________ with indicated denominator.

r2 – 7r r(r – 7)(r + 7)

6. Add __a___ and ___b _ .

2(a2 – b2) 2(a2 – b2)

7. Add _p_ and __q _ .

p–q q–p

8. Add r – 3s_ and ____r – s__ .

r2 – 4s2 r2 – 4rs + 4s2

9. Find the difference between ____2_____ and ______m_ _ .

(m + 3)(2 – m) (m + 3)(2 – m)

10. Subtract ____3x___ from _____x_ _ .

x – 3xy + 2y2
2
x2 + xy – 2y2

What you will do

Review 1

Finding Least Common Multiples

Let’s recall LCM (Least Common Multiple) by solving mathematical problems.

As marketing strategy, Jack, the owner of JACKASS Snack Bar decided to give
free sandwich to every 6th customer and every 8th customer will get a free
fruit shake. Suppose 64 customers come into the store. Which ones will
win both a free fruit shake and a free sandwich?

To solve this problem you need to find the LCM of 6 and 8.

The least common multiple (LCM) of two numbers is the smallest nonzero
multiple which the numbers have in common.

2
1st Method: List the nonzero multiples of 6 and 8 until you reach a common multiple.
Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66 . . .
Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, . . .
The LCM of 6 and 8 is 24.

2nd Method: List the prime factors of each number.

6=23
8=2 2 2
2  3  2  2 = 24
The LCM of 6 and 8 is 24.

Before you answer the problem, answer these questions first.

1. Which three customers were first to get free sandwiches? Free fruit shakes?
2. Which customer was first to get both a free fruit shake drink and a free sandwich?

In question #1, you’re correct if your answers are: the 6 th, 12th, and 18th
customers were the first three to get free sandwiches and the 8 th, 16th, and 24th
customers were the first three to get free fruit shakes.

The 24th customer was the first to get both a free fruit shake drink and a free
sandwich.

Who will win both a free fruit shake and a free sandwich? The 24 th and the 48th
customers.

Try this out

Find the LCM of each pair of numbers. Use mental math.

1. 4, 8 2. 6, 5 3. 9, 7 4. 12, 60
5. 9, 27 6. 45, 18 7. 35, 28 8. 14, 26

Review 2

Adding and Subtracting Fractions

You already studied that you can use this LCM when you add and subtract
fractions with unlike denominators. The least common denominator (LCD) of two or
more fractions is the least common multiple (LCM) of the denominator.

A least common denominator (LCD) is the least number that all denominators
divide into without a remainder.

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Example: Add 1 and 2 .
6 5
The denominators are 6 and 5 and they are not the same. You need to find the LCD.

1 2 5 + 12 The LCD is 30.

6 5 30 30

Add the numerators and write the same denominator.

5 + 12 17
30 30

Try this out

Add. Express each sum in lowest term.

1. 7 8 6. 5 11
6 6 12 18

2. _9_ 13 7. 9 3
16 16 11 4

3. _3_ 7 8. 11 3
16 8 16 4

4. 4 2 9. 7 13
5 7 9 54

5. 5 9 10. 8 10
6 8 49 14

Take a break and solve this magic square.

The sum in each row, column, and diagonal must be 1.

_1_
15
_1_ _1_
5 3
_2_
15

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 You can also use LCD in subtracting fractions with unlike denominators.

Example: Subtract 1 from 5 .

3 12
The denominators are 3 and 12 and they are not the same. You need to find the LCD.

_5 1 _5 _4_ The LCD is 12.

12 3 12 12

Subtract the numerators and write the same denominator.

5 – 4 _1_
12 12

Try this out

Subtract. Express each difference in lowest term.

1. 12 7 6. 3 11
6 6 12 48

2. _5_ 2 7. 4 14
10 9 7 49

3. 7 10 8. 13 1
8 12 20 4

4. 5 6 9. 3 12
12 15 9 36

5. 5 9 10. 9 13
6 8 10 15

Take a break and solve.

Place the digits 2, 4, 6 and 8 in the boxes at the right to make

1. The smallest possible sum.
2. The largest possible sum.
3. The smallest possible difference.
4. The largest possible difference.

Lesson 1

Finding LCD of Rational Expressions

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 A least common denominator (LCD) of rational expressions is the least
expression that all denominators divide into without a remainder. It is found by
multiplying together each different factor the greatest number of times it appears in any
denominator.

Examples

1. Find the least common denominator for _5_ and _3_ .

6p2 4p3

In finding LCD of rational expressions, you follow the following steps.

Step 1. Completely factors all the denominators.

6p2 = 2  3  p  p
4p3 = 2  ppp2

Step 2. Take each different factor the greatest number of times that it appears as a
factor in any of the denominators.

The greatest number of times 2 appears is two, the greatest number of times 3
appears is one, and the greatest number of times p appears is three.

Step 3. The least common denominator is the product of all factors found in step #2.

LCD = 2  2  3  p  p  p = 12p3

Here is another way of finding LCD.

6p2 = 2  3  p  p
4p3 = 2  ppp2
LCD = 2  3  p  p  p  2 = 12p3

2. Find the least common denominator for _12_ and ___5__ .

5a a2 – 3a
Factor each denominator.
5a = 5a
a2 – 3a = a  (a – 3)
LCD = 5  a  (a – 3) = 5a(a – 3)

3. Find the least common denominator for _____1____ and ____4_+__ .

b2 – 4b – 5 b2 – b – 20
Factor each denominator.
b2 – 4b – 5 = ( b – 5) ( b + 1)
b2 – b – 20 = ( b – 5 ) (b + 4)
LCD = ( b – 5 ) ( b + 1) (b + 4)

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4. Find the least common denominator for __1__ and ___3___ .
m–5 5–m
The expression 5 – m can be written as – 1(m – 5), because of this, either m – 5
or 5 – m can be used as the LCD.

Once the least common denominator has been found, you can use the
fundamental property to rewrite rational expressions with the LCD.

4. Rewrite 9x ___ with the indicated denominator.

25 50x

9x 9x(2x) To get a denominator of 50x, multiply both

25 25(2x) numerator and denominator by 2x.

18x2
50x
5. Rewrite _12y__ ___________ with the indicated denominator.
y2 + 8y y(y + 8)(y – 4)

_12y__ __12y_  y – 4 y(y-8) is a factor of y2 + 8y. You still

y2 + 8y y(y + 8) y–4 need to multiply by (y – 4).

__12y(y – 4)__
y(y + 8)(y – 4)

Try this out

A. Find the least common denominator of the following rational expressions.

1. _2_ , _8_ 6. _ 2 , __3__

15k 4k 18x3 9x – 36

2. _5_ , _2_ 7. _ 7 , __1___

5y3 15y5 5y – 30 6y – 36

3. _ 1__ , __7_ 8. _ 6 , __ 3__

25m3 10m7 8n 12n – 24

4. __1__ , _3_ 9. _ 5 , __3___

5a2b3 15a5 12p + 60 p2 + 5p

5. _ 7___ , ___9___ 10. _ 1 , __10__

6w – 12 9w – 18 d 2 + 7d 5d + 35

B. Find the least common denominator of the following rational expressions.

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1. _ 3__ , ____2____ 6. _ _ 2_ , ____7_____
8y + 16 y2 + 3y + 2 9a – 18 a2 – 7a + 10

2. __3_ , __5__ 7. _ 2 , ____7___

2
p–3 3–p r + 6r r2 + 3r –18
3. _ _2__ , ____5_____ 8. _ ___7__ , _____3____
k2 – 5k k2 – 2k – 15 2y2 + 7y – 4 2y2 – 7y + 3

4. ____4_____ , ____7_____ 9. _ _1___ , _____3____

x2 + 2x – 35 x2 + 3x – 40 2
5q + 13q – 6 5q2 – 22q + 8

5. _ __1____ , ____9____ 10. _ 8 ___ , ____10____

z2 + 4z – 12 z2 + z – 30 2d2 – 11d + 14 2d2 – d – 21

C. Rewrite each rational expression with the given denominator.

1. _–11 _ ____ 6. _ –5p_ _______

k 8k 6p + 18 24p + 72

2. _12_ ___ 7. _ 6 _____________

35y 70y3 m2 – 4m m(m – 4)(m + 1)

3. 15m2 ____ 8. __15_ ___________

8k 32k4 a2 – 9a a(a – 9)(a + 8)

4. _19z_ ______ 9. _ _36r ______________

2x – 6 6x – 18 r2 – r – 6 (r – 3)(r + 2)(r + 1)

5. _ –2a__ _______ 10. _ 4m ___ _________________

2
9a – 18 18a – 36 m – 8m + 15 (m – 5)(m – 3)(m + 2)

Review 3

Simplifying Rational Expressions

The fundamental property of rational expressions permits us to write a

rational expression in lowest terms, in which numerator and denominator have no
common factor other than 1.

Examples:

1. Write the rational expression 3x – 12 in lowest terms.

5x – 20

8
 3x – 12 3 (x – 4) Begin by factoring both numerator and denominator.
5x – 20 5 (x – 4)
3 (x – 4) Then use the fundamental property.
5 (x – 4)
3
5
2. Write the rational expression x2 + 2x – 8 in lowest terms.
2x2 – x – 6

x2 + 2x – 8 _(x + 4)(x – 2)_ Factor both numerator and denominator.

2x2 – x – 6 (2x + 3)(x – 2) Then, use the fundamental property.

_x + 4_
2x + 3

3. Write a – b in lowest terms.

b–a

The denominator b – a is also equal to –1(– b + a) or –1(a – b). With these,

a–b _1(a – b) _1_ –1

b–a –1(a – b) –1

4. Express 8m2 + 6m – 9 in lowest terms.

16m2 – 9

8m2 + 6m – 9 (2m + 3)(4m – 3) 2m + 3

16m2 – 9 (4m + 3)(4m – 3) 4m + 3

5. Write p3 + q3 in lowest terms.

p2 – q2

p3 + q3 (p + q)(p2 – pq + q2) p2 – pq + q2
p2 – q 2 (p + q) (p – q) p–q

Lesson 2

Adding Rational Expressions

To find the sum of two rational expressions, use a procedure similar to that of
adding two fractions.

Adding Rational Expressions

If _P_ and _R_ are rational expressions, then

9
 Q Q
_P_ _R_ _P + R_
Q Q Q
The first example below shows how addition of rational expressions compares
with that of rational numbers.

Examples:

1. Addition of rational numbers and expressions having common denominators

Rational Numbers Rational Expressions

a. _5 _ _ 8_ b. __3x__ __4x___
11 11 x–5 x–5

Since the denominators are the same, the sum is found by adding the
numerators and using the common denominator.

a. _5 _ _8_ _5 + 8_ b. _3x_ _4x_ 3x + 4x_

11 11 11 x–5 x–5 x–5
_13_ or 1 _2_ _7x_
11 11 x–5

2. Addition of rational numbers and expressions having different denominators

To add two rational numbers or expressions with different denominators, use the
steps given in examples a and b below. These are the same steps that are used to add
fractions with different denominators.

a. _1 _ _ 7_ b. _3_ _2_
12 15 3y 4y

First find the least common denominator.

a. 12 = 2  2  3 b. 3y = 3  y
15 = 35 4y = y22

LCD =2  2  3  5 = 60 LCD =3  y  2  2 = 12y

Now rewrite each rational number and expression as a fraction with the least
common denominator, with 60 and 21y, as the denominators of a and b respectively.

a. _1 _ _ 7_ _1(5)_ _7(4)_ b. _3_ _2_ _3(4)_ 2(3)_

12 15 12(5) 15(4) 3y 4y 3y(4) 4y(3)

10
 5_ 28 _12_ _6_
60 60 12y 12y

Since the rational numbers and expressions are now having common
denominators, add the numerators. Copy the same denominator and write in lowest
terms if necessary.

a. 5 + 28 b. 12_+ 6
60 12y

33 11 18_ 3_
60 20 12y 2y

3. Add _m_ and ___n .

m2 – n2 m2 – n2

_m_ ___n m + n_
m2 – n2 m2 – n2 m2 – n2

____m + n___
(m + n)(m – n)

__1__
m–n

4. Add __ 4___ and ____b__ .

b2 + 2b – 8 b2 + 2b – 8

__ 4___ ____b____ ___4 + b__

b2 + 2b – 8 b2 + 2b – 8 b2 + 2b – 8

___4 + b___ __1__

(b – 2)(b + 4) b–2

5. Add _x_ and _x .

x2 – 1 x+1

_ x _ __x__ Factor x2 – 1 and find the LCD

(x – 1)(x + 1) (x + 1) The LCD is (x + 1)(x – 1).

_ x _ __x (x – 1)__ Multiply the numerator and denominator

(x – 1)(x + 1) (x + 1)(x – 1) of the second fraction by (x – 1).

x + x (x – 1)_ Add the numerators

(x – 1)(x + 1)

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 _x + x2 – x_ ____x2 ____
(x – 1)(x + 1) (x – 1)(x + 1)

6. Add _1_ and __1 .

m+n m–n

_1_ __1 _1(m – n)__ ___1(m + n) _

m+n m–n (m + n)(m – n) (m + n)(m – n)

___m – n__ ___m + n_ _

(m + n)(m – n) (m + n)(m – n)

_m – n_ _m + n_
m2 – n 2 m2 – n2

_m – n_+_m + n_
m2 – n 2

2m _
m2 – n 2

7. Add _ 2x _ and ___x + 1 .

x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 2x – 3

To begin, factor the denominator completely.

_ 2x _ ___x + 1____
(x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 3)(x – 1)

The LCD is (x + 2)(x + 3)(x – 1). By the fundamental property of rational

expressions,

_ 2x _ ___x + 1____ _ 2x(x – 1) _ ___(x + 1)(x + 2)__

(x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 3)(x – 1) (x + 2)(x + 3)(x – 1) (x + 3)(x – 1)(x + 2)

Since the two rational expressions have the same denominator, add their
numerators.

_ 2x(x – 1) _ ___(x + 1)(x + 2)__

(x + 2)(x + 3)(x – 1) (x + 3)(x – 1)(x + 2)

2x(x – 1) + (x + 1)(x + 2)_

(x + 2)(x + 3)(x – 1)

2x2 – 2x + x2 + 3x + 2_
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x – 1)

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 ___ 3x2 + x + 2___ It is convenient to leave the denominator in factored from.
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x – 1)
Try this out

A. Add and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. 3 _2_ 6. _ _3s_ __5s__

p p 9s – 8 9s – 8

2. _8_ _5_ 7. _ r _ ___6_ __

r2 r2 r2 + 3r –18 r2 + 3r –18

3. _ y__ _2y_ 8. _ 2y__ ____1____

k–5 k–5 2y2 + 7y + 3 2y2 + 7y + 3

4. __z__ _ 1__ 9. _ _6__ ____b____

z+1 z+1 b2 + 5b – 6 b2 + 5b – 6

5. _ a – b _a + b_ 10. _ 2d ___ ____– 7 ____

2
7 7 2d – 11d + 14 2d2 – 11d + 14

B. Add and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. 1 _2_ 6. _ _1_ _1_

2y y m–8 m

2. _3_ _5_ 7. _ 2 _ 5_
3c 4c p–3 p2

3. _4_ _1_ 8. _ 2x __3x__

3y y2 x+y 2x + 2y

4. _ 2_ _ 3_ 9. _ 5 __4__
10x 5x2 b–6 b+6

5. _2xb _a – b _ 10. t – 1 t+1

4x2 2x t+1 t–1

C. Add and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. _ _ 3 _ __– 2 _
b2 – 5b + 6 b2 – b – 2

2. 2m + 3_ __m – 4 __
m2 – 4m + 4 m2 + m – 6

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3. _r – 3s_ ____r – s__ _
r2 – 4s2 r2 – 4rs + 4s2

4. _ 3p + 2q__ ____3p – 2q___

3p2 + pq – 2q2 3p2 + 5pq + 2q2

5. _ 3m ___ _4m_– 1_
m + mn – 2n2
2
m 2 – n2

6. 2x + y_ ___x – 2y_ __
2x2 + xy – y2 x2 + 3xy + 2y2

7. _ __x + 3y__ ____x – y__ _

x2 + 2xy + y2 x2 + 4xy + 3y2

8. _ _r + 1_ ___r – 1__
r2 – 3r – 10 r2 + r – 30

9. _ m ___m_– 1__
m2 – 1 m2 + 2m + 1

10. _ 2w + 1_ ___3w + 5___

3w2 +10w – 8 2w2 + 5w – 12

Lesson 3

Subtracting Rational Expressions

To find the difference of two rational expressions, use the following rule.

Subtracting Rational Expressions

If _P_ and _R_ are rational expressions, then
Q Q
_P_ _R_ _P – R_
Q Q Q

Examples:

1. Subtract.
a. _22 _ _ 8_ b. __10c__ __5c___
30 30 c2 – 12 c2 – 12

14
 Since the denominators are the same, the difference is found by subtracting the
numerators and using the common denominator.
a. _22 _ _ 8_ b. __10c__ __5c___
30 30 c2 – 12 c2 – 12

_14_ or _7_ _5c__

30 15 c2 – 12

Subtraction of rational expressions with different denominators uses the same

steps used to subtract fractions with different denominators.

2. Subtract.

a. _11 7_ b. _2_ _2_

12 15 3y 7y

First find the least common denominator.

Least common denominator Least common denominator

12 = 2  2  3 3y = 3  y
15 = 3 5 7y = y7

LCD =2  2  3  5 = 60 LCD =3  y  7 = 21y

Now rewrite each rational expression as a fraction with the least common
denominator, with 60 and 12y, as the denominator.

_11 _ _ 7_ 11(5) _7(4)_ _2_ _2 _2(7) 2(3)_

12 15 12(5) 15(4) 3y 7y 3y(7) 7y(3)

55 28 _14_ _6_
60 60 21y 21y

Since the fractions are now having common denominator, subtract the
numerators, copy the same denominator and write in lowest terms if necessary.

55 – 28 14_– 6
60 21y

27 _9_ _8_
60 20 21y

3. Find 12 _8_ .
m2 m2

15
 12 _8_ _4_ By the definition of subtraction.
m2 m2 m2

4. Find __9__ _3
x–2 x

The least common denominator is x(x – 2).

__9__ _3_ __9x__ _3(x – 2)_

x–2 x x(x – 2) x(x – 2)

__9x_– 3x + 6_
x(x – 2)

_6x + 6_
x(x – 2)

4. Find __1__ __1__

m–1 m+1

Here the least common denominator is (m – 1)(m + 1). Hence,

__1_ __1__ _ 1__ + _–1__

m–1 m+1 m–1 m+1

_(m +1) + (–1)(m – 1)_

(m – 1)(m + 1)

_m + 1 + –m + 1_
(m – 1)(m + 1)

___ 1 + 1____
(m – 1)(m + 1)

___ __2______
(m – 1)(m + 1)

5. Find ____q_____ ______3_____.

q2 – 4q – 5 2q2 – 13q + 15

Start factoring each denominator.

____q____ ______3_____ _____q_____ _____3______
q2 – 4q – 5 2q2 – 13q + 15 (q + 1)(q – 5) (q – 5 )(2q – 3)

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 Now, rewrite each of the two rational expressions with the least common
denominator, which is (q + 1)(q – 5)(2q – 3). Then subtract numerators.

_____q_____ _____3______
(q + 1)(q – 5) (q – 5 )(2q – 3)

_ ___q(2q – 3)____ ______3(q + 1)_____

(q + 1)(q – 5)(2q – 3) (q + 1)(q – 5 )(2q – 3)

_ ___2q2 – 3q_____ _____3q + 3______

(q + 1)(q – 5 )(2q – 3) (q + 1)(q – 5 )(2q – 3)

_ 2q2 – 3q_– 3q – 3_
(q + 1)(q – 5 )(2q – 3)

_ _2q2 – 6q_– 3_ __
(q + 1)(q – 5 )(2q – 3)

6. Find ____4_____ ___ m2 – 1__ .

m2 – 2m – 3 m2 – 5m + 6

Start factoring each denominator.

____4_____ ___m2 – 1__ ____4_____ __ m2 – 1____

m2 – 2m – 3 m2 – 5m + 6 (m + 1)(m – 3) (m – 2 )(m – 3)

Now, rewrite each of the two rational expressions with the least common
denominator, which is (m + 1)(m – 2)(2m – 3). Then subtract numerators.

___ 4(m – 2)_____ ___(m2 – 1)(m + 1)___

(m + 1)(m – 2)(2m – 3) (m + 1)(m – 2)(2m – 3)

___ 4m – 8_______ __m3 + m2 – m – 1___

(m + 1)(m – 2)(2m – 3) (m + 1)(m – 2)(2m – 3)

4m – 8 – m3 – m2 + m + 1_
(m + 1)(m – 2)(2m – 3)

– m3 – m2 + 5m – 7 _
(m + 1)(m – 2)(2m – 3)

The denominator is usually left in factored form in a problem of this type.

Try this out

A. Subtract and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

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1. 3 _2_ 6. _ _3s_ __5s__
p p 9s – 8 9s – 8

2. _8_ _5_ 7. _ r _ ___3_ __

r2 r2 r2 + 3r –18 r2 + 3r –18

3. _ y__ _2y_ 8. _ 2y__ ____1____

k–5 k–5 2y2 – 7y + 3 2y2 – 7y + 3

4. __z__ _ 1__ 9. _ _b__ ____1____

z+1 z+1 b2 + 5b – 6 b2 + 5b – 6

5. _ a – b _a + b_ 10. _ 2d ___ ____ 7 ____

2
7 7 2d – 11d + 14 2d2 – 11d + 14

B. Subtract and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. 9 _r_ 6. _ _1_ ___a__

10 2 a–b 4a – 4b

2. _8_ _2_ 7. __–6 __3 _

5 4c p2 – 4 2p + 4

3. _4m + 5 _m + 2_ 8. _ _1_ ___1__

3 6 x2 – 9 3x + 9

4. _5r + 4_ _2r – 3 _ 9. _ 15 __3__

10x 5x2 4k2 k+2

5. __2x _ _ 3x _ 10. _ 2t – 1 _2t + 1_

x+y 2x + 2y t+1 t–1

C. Subtract and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. _ 1 __ 1 _
b2 – 1 2
b + 3b + 2

2. 8 __ 2 __
3 – 7y 7y – 3

3. _ ___– 4____ ____1____ _

a2 – ab – 6b2 a2 + ab – 2b2

4. _ x _ _____3x____
x + xy – 2y2
2
x2 – 3xy + 2y2

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5. _ – 1___ _ 3 _
m2 + mn – 2n2 m2 – 3mn + 2n2

6. 4m – 3n _____4m – n_ __
16m2 – n2 16m2 + 8mn + n2

7. _ _ 3a – b __ ___ – 2a + b__ _
6a – 13ab – 5b2
2
6a2 – 19ab + 10b2

8. _ _ p + q ____q – p___
3p2 + 2pq – q2 6p2 – 5pq + q2

9. _ m–n __ _m_+ n_ _
m + 2mn + n2
2
m2 – mn – 2n2

10. _ 2x + y_ ___x – 2y__ _

2x2 + xy – y2 x2 + 3xy + 2y2

D. Find the sums or differences.

1. 8 _3_ 7 __
m–2 5m 5m(m – 2)

2. –1 __3__ __ 4 __
7z x+2 7z(x + 3)

3. 4 __6__ __ 1 __
2
r –r r2 + 2r r2 + r – 2

4. 6 __1__ __ __2_ __
k2 + 3k k2 – k k2 + 2k – 3

5. _ x _ ______3x___ __2x___
x + xy – 2y2
2
x2 – 3xy + 2y2 x2 – 4y2

Let’s Summarize

Rational expression is the quotient of two polynomials with denominator not

equal to zero.

19
 The fundamental property of rational expressions permits us to write a
rational expression in lowest terms, in which numerator and denominator have no
common factor other than 1.

A least common denominator (LCD) of rational expressions is the least

expression that all denominators divide into without a remainder. It is found by
multiplying together each different factor the greatest number of times it appears in any
denominator.

Adding Rational Expressions

If _P_ and _R_ are rational expressions, then _P_ _R_ _P + R_
Q Q Q Q Q

Subtracting Rational Expressions

If _P_ and _R_ are rational expressions, then _P_ _R_ _P – R_
Q Q Q Q Q

What have you learned

1. Give the least common denominator of __a__ , _b_ and _c_ .

36y2 12y5 6y4

2. Give the least common denominator of ___4__ and __10b_ .

b4 – 16 b–2

3. Give the least common denominator of ___9 + x___ and _____y_____ .

36x2 – y4 (6x – y2)(x – y)

4. Rewrite _ w4_ ____ with indicated denominator.

2d2 64d4

5. Rewrite __4m__ _____________ with indicated denominator.

m2 – 4m m(m – 4)(m + 4)

6. Add __ x___ and ____y _ .

x(x2 – y2) x(x2 – y2)

7. Add a and __b _ .

x x+y

8. Add __ x + 4_ and _ x – 5__ .

(2 – x )(x + 3) (x – 2 )2

9. Find the difference between ____4k_____ and __ 7__ _ .

(2k + 1)(3 – k) (2k + 1)(3 – k)

20
10. Subtract 5a + 1 from ____4a_ _ .
2 – 3a 6a2 – a – 2

21
 Key to correction

How much do you know?

1. d. 180y4

2. d. a or b since (8 – a) is the same as – (a – 8)

3. b. x(x – 9)(x – 5) since x2 – 9x = x( x – 9)

4. 17 17(4r) 68r
9r 36r2 36r2

5. _12__ _12( r + 7)__ _12r + 84__ since r2 – 7r = r(r – 7)

r2 – 7r r(r – 7)(r + 7) r(r – 7)(r + 7)

6. __a___ __ _b _ ___ a + b___ ___1___

2(a2 – b2) 2(a2 – b2) 2(a – b)(a + b) 2(a – b)

7. _p_ __q _ _p(q – p) + q (p –q) _qp – p2 + qp – q2_

p–q q–p (p – q)(q – p) qp – p2 – q2 + qp

– p2 + 2qp – q2 1 or just take any of (p – q) or (q – p) since (p – q) = – (q – p)

– p2 + 2qp – q2

_p + –(1)(q) p–q 1
(p – q) p-q

8. r – 3s_ ____r – s__ ___r – 3s___ ____r – s_ _

r2 – 4s2 r2 – 4rs + 4s2 (r – 2s)(r + 2s) (r – 2s)(r – 2s)

(r – 3s)(r – 2s)__ _ (r – s)(r + 2s) __

(r – 2s)(r – 2s)(r + 2s) (r – 2s)(r – 2s)(r + 2s)

r2 – 5rs + 6s2__ r2 +rs – 2s2 __

(r – 2s)(r – 2s)(r + 2s) (r – 2s)(r – 2s)(r + 2s)

2r2 – 4rs + 4s2__ or 2(r2 – 2rs + 2s2) __

(r – 2s)(r – 2s)(r + 2s) (r – 2s)(r – 2s)(r + 2s)

9. ____2_____ ______m_ _ ____2 – m___ ___1___

(m + 3)(2 – m) (m + 3)(2 – m) (m + 3)(2 – m) (m + 3)

10. ____3x___ _____x_ _ ____3x___ ____x____ _

x2 – 3xy + 2y2 x2 + xy – 2y2 (x – 2y)(x – y) (x + 2y)(x – y)

22
 _ _ 3x(x + 2y)___ __ _ x(x – 2y) _ _
(x + 2y)(x – 2y)(x – y) (x + 2y)(x – 2y)(x – y)

____3x2 + 6xy______ __ _ x2 – 2xy _ _

(x + 2y)(x – 2y)(x – y) (x + 2y)(x – 2y)(x – y)

3x2 + 6xy – x2 + 2xy_ ____2x2 + 8 xy_____ or _ 2( x2 + 4xy)____

(x + 2y)(x – 2y)(x – y) (x + 2y)(x – 2y)(x – y) (x + 2y)(x – 2y)(x – y)

Try this out

Review 1

1. 4, 8  8 2. 6, 5  30 3. 9, 7  63 4. 12, 60  60
5. 9, 27 27 6. 45, 18  90 7. 35, 28 140 8. 14, 26  182

Review 2

Add: Express each sum in lowest term.

1. 15 or 2 1 6. 15 + 22 37 or 1 _1_
6 2 36 36 36

2. 13 7. 36 + 33 69 1 25
8 44 44 44

3. _3 + 14_ 17 1 1_ 8. _11 + 12 23 1 _7_

16 16 16 16 16 16

4. 28 + 10 38 1_3_ 9. 42 + 13 55 1 1_
35 35 35 54 54 54

5. 20 + 27 47 1 23 10. 16 + 70 86 43
24 24 24 98 98 49

_8_ _1_ _2_

15 15 5
_1_ _1_ _7_
5 3 15
_4_ _3_ _2_
15 5 15

23
Subtract. Express each difference in lowest term.

1. 5 6. 12 – 11 1_
6 48 48

2. 45 – 20 25 5_ 7. 28 – 14 14 2
90 90 18 49 49 7

3. 21 – 20 1 8. 13 1 2
24 24 20 4

4. 25 – 24 _1_ 9. 12 – 12 = 0
60 60 36

5. _20 – 27 –7 10. 27 – 39 –12 –2

24 24 30 30 5

Take a break and solve.

Place the digits 2, 4, 6 and 8 in the boxes at the right to make

1. The smallest possible sum. 2 4 5
6 8 6

2. The largest possible sum. 8 6 51

2 4 2

3. The smallest possible difference. 4 2 1

8 6 6

4. The largest possible difference. 8 6 21

2 4 2

Lesson 1

A. Find the least common denominator for the following rational expressions.

1. _2_ , _8_ LCD = 60k

15k 4k

2. _5_ , _2_ LCD = 15y5

5y3 15y5

3. _ 1__ , __7_ LCD = 50m7

25m3 10m7

4. __1__ , _3_ LCD = 5a2b5

24
 5a2b3 15a5

5. _ 7___ , ___9___ LCD = 6(w – 2), 9(w – 2) = 54(w – 2)

6w – 12 9w – 18

6. _ 2 , __3__ LCD = 9(2x3), 9(x – 4) = 18x3 (x – 4)

18x3 9x – 36

7. _ 7 , __1___ LCD = 5(y – 6), 6(y – 6) = 30(y – 6)

5y – 30 6y – 36

8. _ 6 , __3__ LCD = 2(4n), 12(n – 2) = 24(n – 2)

8n 12n – 24

9. _ 5 , __3___ LCD = 12( p + 5), p(p + 5) = 12p(p + 5)

12p + 60 p2 + 5p

10. _ 1 , __10__ LCD = d( d + 7), 5(d + 7) = 5d(d + 7)

d2 + 7d 5d + 35

B. Find the least common denominator for the following rational expressions.

1. _ 3__ , ____2____ LCD = 8(y + 2), (y + 2)(y + !) = 8(y + 2)(y + 1)

8y + 16 y2 + 3y + 2

2. __3_ , __5__ LCD = p – 3 or 3 – p

p–3 3–p

3. _ _2__ , ____5_____ LCD = k(k – 5), (k – 5)(k + 3) = k(k – 5)(k + 3)

k2 – 5k k2 – 2k – 15

4. ____4_____ , ____7_____ LCD = (x + 7)(x – 5), (x – 5)(x + 8) = (x + 7)(x – 5)(x + 8)

x2 + 2x – 35 x2 + 3x – 40

5. _ __1____ , ____9____ LCD = (z + 6)(z – 2), (z – 5)(z + 6) = (z – 2)(z – 5)(z + 6)

z2 + 4z – 12 z2 + z – 30

6. _ _ 2_ , ____7_____ LCD = 9(a – 2), (a – 5)(a – 2) = 9(a – 2)(a – 5)

9a – 18 a2 – 7a + 10

7. _ 2 , ____7___ LCD = r(r + 6), (r – 3)(r + 6) = r(r + 6)(r – 3)

2
r + 6r r2 + 3r –18

8. _ ___7__ , _____3__ LCD = (2y – 1)(y + 4), (2y – 1)(y – 3)

2y2 + 7y – 4 2y2 – 7y + 3 = (y + 4)(2y – 1)(y – 3)

25
9. _ _1___ , _____3____ LCD = (5q – 2)(q + 3), (5q – 2)(q – 4)
2
5q + 13q – 6 5q2 – 22q + 8 = (q + 3)(5q – 2)(q – 4)

10. _ 8 ___ , ____10____ LCD = (2d – 7)(d – 2), (2d – 7)(d + 3)

2d2 – 11d + 14 2d2 – d – 21 = (d – 2)(2d – 7)(d + 3)

C. Rewrite each rational expression with the given denominator.

1. _–11 _ – 88_ 6. _ –5p_ _– 20p__

k 8k 6p + 18 24p + 72

2. _12_ _24y2 7. _ 6 6m + 6____

35y 70y3 m2 – 4m m(m – 4)(m + 1)

3. 15m2 _60m2k3 8. __15_ __15a + 40___

8k 32k4 a2 – 9a a(a – 9)(a + 8)

4. _19z_ _27z__ 9. _ _36r __36r2 + 36r____

2x – 6 6x – 18 r2 – r – 6 (r – 3)(r + 2)(r + 1)

5. _ –2a__ _– 4a__ 10. _ 4m ___ ____4m2 + 8m______

2
9a – 18 18a – 36 m – 8m + 15 (m – 5)(m – 3)(m + 2)

Lesson 2

A. Add and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. 3 _2_ 5 6. _ _3s_ __5s__ 8s___

p p p 9s – 8 9s – 8 9s – 8

2. _8_ _5_ 13 7. _ r _ ___6_ ___ r + 6__ 1__

r2 r2 r2 r2 + 3r –18 r2 + 3r –18 (r + 6)(r – 3) r–3

3. _ y__ _2y_ 3y 8. _ 2y__ ____1____ 2y + 1___

k–5 k–5 k–5 2y2 + 7y + 3 2y2 + 7y + 3 (2y + 1)(y + 3)
__1__
y+3

4. __z__ _ 1__ z+1 1 9. _ _6__ ____b____ 6+b 1__

z+1 z+1 z+1 b2 + 5b – 6 b2 + 5b – 6 (b + 6)(b – 1) b–1

5. a – b _a + b_ 2a 10. _ 2d ___ ____– 7 ___ __ 2d____

7 7 7 2d2 – 11d + 14 2d2 – 11d + 14 (2d – 7)(d – 2)
1___
d–2
B. Add and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

26
1. 1 _2 1 + 2(2) 5_
2y y 2y 2y

2. _3_ _5_ 3(4) + 5(3) _27_

3c 4c 12c 12c

3. _4_ _1_ 4y + 3
3y y2 3y2

4. _ 2_ _ 3_ 2x + 3(2) 2x + 6
10x 5x2 10x2 10x2

5. _2xb _a – b 2xb + 2x(a – b) 2xb + 2xa – 2xb _2xa_ _a_

4x2 2x 4x2 4x2 4x2 2x

6. _ _1_ _1_ m+m–8 _ 2m – 8_

m–8 m m(m – 8) m(m – 8)

7. _ 2 5_ 2(p2) + 5(p – 3) 2p2 + 5p – 15

p–3 p2 p2(p – 3) p2(p – 3)

8. _ 2x __3x__ 2(2x) + 3x 7x___

x+y 2x + 2y 2(x + y) 2(x + y)

9. _ 5 __4__ 5(b + 6) + 4(b – 6) 5b + 30 + 4b – 24 __9b + 6___

b–6 b+6 (b – 6)(b + 6) (b – 6)(b + 6) (b – 6)(b + 6)

10. t – 1 t+1 (t – 1)(t – 1) + (t + 1)(t + 1) t2 – 2t + 1 + t2 + 2t + 1 2t2 + 2__

t+1 t–1 (t + 1)(t – 1) (t + 1)(t – 1) (t + 1)(t – 1)

C. Add and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. _ _ 3 _ __– 2 __ 3(b + 1) _ _–2(b – 3)__ 3b + 3 – 2b +6__

b2 – 5b + 6 b2 – b – 2 (b – 3)(b – 2) (b – 2)(b + 1) (b – 3)(b – 2)(b + 1)

__ b+9 __
(b – 3)(b – 2)(b + 1)

2. 2m + 3_ __m – 4 _ 2m + 3 m – 4_ _
2
m – 4m + 4 m2 + m – 6 (m – 2)(m – 2) (m + 3)(m – 2)

(2m + 3)(m + 3) + (m – 4)(m – 2)

(m + 3)(m – 2)(m – 2)
2m + 9m + 9 + m2 – 6m + 8
2
3m2 + 3m + 17___

27
 (m + 3)(m – 2)(m – 2) (m + 3)(m – 2)(m – 2)

3. _r – 3s_ + ____r – s__ _ r – 3s____ + ____r – s____

r2 – 4s2 r2 – 4rs + 4s2 (r – 2s)(r + 2s) (r – 2s)(r – 2s)

(r – 3s)(r – 2s) +(r – s)(r + 2s)

(r + 2s)(r – 2s)(r – 2s)

r2 – 5rs + 6s2 + r2 + rs – 2s2 2r2 – 4rs + 4s2 __

(r + 2s)(r – 2s)(r – 2s) (r + 2s)(r – 2s)(r – 2s)

4. _ 3p + 2q__ + ____3p – 2q___ _ 3p + 2q__ + ____3p – 2q___

2 2
3p + pq – 2q 3p2 + 5pq + 2q2 (3p – 2q)(q + 1) (3p + 2q)(q + 1)

(3p + 2q)(3p + 2q) + (3p – 2q)(3p – 2q)

(3p – 2q)(3p + 2q)(q + 1)

9p2 + 12pq + 4q2 + 9p2 – 12pq + 4q2

(3p – 2q)(3p + 2q)(q + 1)

18p2 + 8q2 _____

(3p – 2q)(3p + 2q)(q + 1)

5. _ 3m ___ + _4m_– 1_ 3m ___ + _ 4m_– 1 _

m2 + mn – 2n2 m2 – n2 (m + 2n)(m – n) (m + n)(m – n)

3m(m + n) + (4m_– 1)(m + 2n)_

(m + 2n)(m – n)(m + n)

3m2 + 3mn + 4m2_– m + 8mn – 2n_

(m + 2n)(m – n)(m + n)

7m2 + 11mn – m – 2n_

(m + 2n)(m – n)(m + n)

6. 2x + y_ + ___x – 2y_ __ 2x + y_ + ___x – 2y_ __

2 2
2x + xy – y x2 + 3xy + 2y2 (2x – y)(x + y) (x + 2y)(x +y)

(2x + y)(x + 2y) + (x – 2y)(2x – y) 2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 + 2x2 – 5xy + 2y2
(2x – y)(x + 2y)(x +y) (2x – y)(x + 2y)(x +y)

4x2 + 4y2 _____ or ___4(x2 + y2)_____

(2x – y)(x + 2y)(x +y) (2x – y)(x + 2y)(x +y)

28
7. _ __x + 3y__ ___x – y__ _ _ __x + 3y__ ___x – y__
x2 + 2xy + y2 x2 + 4xy + 3y2 (x + y)(x + y) (x + 3y)(x + y)

_ (x + 3y)(x + 3y) + (x – y)(x + y)

(x + y)(x + y)(x + 3y)

_x2+ 6xy+ 9y2 + x2 – y2

(x + y)(x + y)(x + 3y)

___2x2+ 6xy+ 8y2 __ or 2(x2 + 3xy + 4y2)_

(x + y)(x + y)(x + 3y) (x + y)(x + y)(x + 3y)

8. _ _r + 1_ ___r – 1__ _r + 1_ ___r – 1__

r2 – 3r – 10 r2 + r – 30 (r – 5)(r + 2) (r + 6)(r – 5)

_(r + 1)(r + 6) + (r – 1)(r + 2)_

(r – 5)(r + 2)(r + 6)

_(r + 1)(r + 6) + (r – 1)(r + 2)_

(r – 5)(r + 2)(r + 6)

_r2 + 7r + 6+ r2+r – 2 _
(r – 5)(r + 2)(r + 6)

2r2 + 8r + 4 _ or 2(r2 + 4r + 2) _
(r – 5)(r + 2)(r + 6) (r – 5)(r + 2)(r + 6)

9. _ m __m_– 1__ m _ _m_– 1_ _

m2 – 1 m2 + 2m + 1 (m + 1)(m – 1) (m + 1)(m + 1)

m(m + 1) + (m_– 1)(m – 1)

(m – 1)(m + 1)(m + 1)

m2 + m + m2 – 2m + 1_
(m – 1)(m + 1)(m + 1)

_ 2m2 – m + 1 _
(m – 1)(m + 1)(m + 1)

10. _ 2w + 1_ ___3w + 5___ _ 2w + 1_ ___3w + 5___

3w2 +10w – 8 2w2 + 5w – 12 (3w – 2)(w + 4) (2w – 3)(w + 4)

(2w + 1)(2w – 3) + (3w + 5)(3w – 2)

(3w – 2)(w + 4)(2w – 3)

29
 (2w + 1)(2w – 3) + (3w + 5)(3w – 2)
(3w – 2)(w + 4)(2w – 3)

4w2 – 4w – 3 + 9w2 + 9w – 10
(3w – 2)(w + 4)(2w – 3)

13w2 + 5w – 13 _
(3w – 2)(w + 4)(2w – 3)
Lesson 3

A. Subtract and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. 3 _2_= 1 6. _ _3s_ __5s__ _– 2s_

p p p 9s – 8 9s – 8 9s - 8

2. _8_ _5 3_ 7. _ r _ _ __3_ __ ___r – 3___ __1___

r2 r2 r2 r2 + 3r –18 r2 + 3r –18 (r + 6)(r – 3) r+6

3. _ y__ _2y_ _– y_ 8. _ 2y__ ___1_____ ___2y – 1___ _1_

k–5 k–5 k–5 2y – 7y + 3 2y2 – 7y + 3
2
(2y – 1)(y – 3) y–3

4. __z__ _ 1__ z–1 9. _ _b__ ____1___ __ b – 1___ _ 1__

z+1 z+1 z+1 b2 + 5b – 6 b2 + 5b – 6 (b – 1)(b + 6) b+6

5. _ a – b _a + b_ –b2
7 7 7

10. _ 2d ___ ___ 7 __ 2d – 7___ 1__

2 2
2d – 11d + 14 2d – 11d + 14 (2d – 7)(d – 2) d–2

B. Subtract and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. 9 _r 9 – 5r
10 2 10

2. _8_ _2_ 32c – 10

5 4c 20c

3. _4m + 5 _m + 2_ 2(4m + 5) – m – 2 8m + 10 – m – 2 7m + 8
3 6 6 6 6

4. _5r + 4_ _2r – 3 x(5r + 4) – 2(2r – 3) 5rx + 20 – 4r + 6 5rx – 4r + 26

10x 5x2 10x2 10x2 10x2

5. __2x _ _ _3x __ 2(2x) – 3x __ x_ _

x+y 2x + 2y 2(x + y) 2(x + y)

30
6. _ _1_ ___a__ 4 – a__
a–b 4a – 4b 4(a – b)

7. __–6 __3 _ _– 12 – 3(p – 2)_ __– 6 + 3p___

p2 – 4 2p + 4 2(p + 2)(p – 2) 2(p + 2)(p – 2)

__3(–2 + p)___ ___ 3___

2(p + 2)(p – 2) 2(p + 2)

8. _ _1_ ___1__ _____1____ ___1___ _3_– (x – 3)_ ____6 – x_ __

x2 – 9 3x + 9 (x + 3)(x – 3) 3(x + 3) 3(x + 3)(x – 3) 3(x + 3)(x – 3)

9. _ 15 __3__ 15(k + 2) – 3(4k2) 15k + 30 – 12k2

4k2 k+2 4k2(k + 2) 4k2(k + 2)

10. 2t – 1 2t + 1 (2t – 1)(t – 1) – (2t + 1)(t + 1) (2t2 – 3t + 1) – (2t2 + 3t + 1)

t+1 t–1 (t + 1)(t – 1) (t + 1)(t – 1)

2t2 – 3t + 1 –2t2 – 3t – 1 – 6t____

(t + 1)(t – 1) (t + 1)(t – 1)

C. Subtract and express your answer in lowest term if necessary.

1. _ 1 __ 1 _ _____1____ _____1_____
b2 – 1 b2 + 3b + 2 (b – 1)(b + 1) (b + 2)(b + 1)

_(b + 2) – ( b – 1) _ b + 2 – b + 1___
(b – 1)(b + 1)(b + 2) (b – 1)(b + 1)(b + 2)

3 _____
(b – 1)(b + 1)(b + 2)

2. 8 __ 2 __ 8 __ 2 __ 8 – ( – 2) 10__
3 – 7y 7y – 3 – (7y – 3) 7y – 3 – (7y – 3) – (7y – 3)

3. _ ___– 4____ ____1____ _ _ ___– 4__ __ _____1____ _

a2 – ab – 6b2 a2 + ab – 2b2 (a – 3b)(a + 2b) (a – b)(a + 2b)

_– 4(a – b) – (a – 3b)__
(a – 3b)(a + 2b)(a – b)

_– 4a + 4b – a + 3b_ ____– 5a + 7b_ ____

(a – 3b)(a + 2b)(a – b) (a – 3b)(a + 2b)(a – b)

4. _ x _ ______3x___ _ x _ ______3x___
x + xy – 2y2
2
x2 – 3xy + 2y2 (x + 2y)(x – y) (x – 2y)(x – y)

31
 _x(x – 2y) – 3x(x + 2y)_ _x2 – 2xy – 3x2 – 6xy_
(x + 2y)(x – y)(x – 2y) (x + 2y)(x – y)(x – 2y)

____ – 2x2 – 8xy____

(x + 2y)(x – y)(x – 2y)

5. _ – 1___ _ 3 _ – 1 ___ _ 3 _
m + mn – 2n2
2 2
m – 3mn + 2n 2
(m + 2n)(m – n) (m – 2n)(m – n)

– (m – 2n) – 3(m + 2n) _– m + 2n – 3m – 6n__

(m + 2n)(m – n)(m – 2n) (m + 2n)(m – n)(m – 2n)

_– 4m – 4n _
(m + 2n)(m – n)(m – 2n)

6. 4m – 3n _____4m – n_ __ ____ 4m – 3n__ _____4m – n_ __

16m2 – n2 16m2 + 8mn + n2 (4m + n)(4m – n) (4m + n)(4m + n)

(4m – 3n)(4m + n) – (4m – n)(4m – n)

(4m + n)(4m + n)(4m – n)

16m2 – 8mn – 3n2 – (16m2 – 8mn + n2)

(4m + n)(4m + n)(4m – n)

16m2 – 8mn – 3n2 –16m2 + 8mn – n2

(4m + n)(4m + n)(4m – n)

________– n2_________
(4m + n)(4m + n)(4m – n)

7. _ _ 3a – b __ ___ – 2a + b__ _ __ 3a – b __ ___ – 2a + b_ _

6a – 13ab – 5b2
2
6a2 – 19ab + 10b2 (3a + b)(2a – 5b) (3a – 2b)(2a – 5b)

_(3a – b)(3a – 2b) – (– 2a + b)(3a + b)_

(3a + b)(2a – 5b)(3a – 2b)

_9a2 – 9ab + 2b2 – (– 6a2 + ab + b2)_

(3a + b)(2a – 5b)(3a – 2b)

_9a2 – 9ab + 2b2 + 6a2 – ab – b2)_

(3a + b)(2a – 5b)(3a – 2b)

_ 15a2 – 10ab + b2 _
(3a + b)(2a – 5b)(3a – 2b)

32
8. _ _ p + q ____q – p___ _ _ p+q ____q – p_ __
3p2 + 2pq – q2 6p2 – 5pq + q2 (3p – q)(p + q) (2p – q)(3p – q)

_ (p + q)(2p – q) – (q – p)(p + q)_

(3p – q)(p + q)(2p – q)

_ 2p2 + pq – q2 – (q2 – p2)_ _ 2p2 + pq – q2 – q2 + p2_

(3p – q)(p + q)(2p – q) (3p – q)(p + q)(2p – q)

_ ___3p2 + pq – 2q2 _____

(3p – q)(p + q)(2p – q)

9. _ m–n __ _m_+ n_ _ _ m–n __ _m_+ n _ _

m2 + 2mn + n2 m2 – mn – 2n2 (m + n)(m + n) (m – 2n)(m + n)

(m – n)(m – 2n) – (m_+ n)(m + n)_

(m + n)(m + n)(m – 2n)

m2 – 3mn + 2n2 – (m2_+ 2mn + n2)_

(m + n)(m + n)(m – 2n)

m2 – 3mn + 2n2 – m2_– 2mn – n2_

(m + n)(m + n)(m – 2n)

– 5mn + n2_____
(m + n)(m + n)(m – 2n)

10. _ 2x + y_ ___x – 2y__ _ _ 2x + y_ ____x – 2y__ _

2x2 + xy – y2 x2 + 3xy + 2y2 (2x – y)(x + y) (x + 2y)(x + y)

_(2x + y)(x + 2y) – (x – 2y)(2x – y)

(2x – y)(x + y)(x + 2y)

_2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 – (2x2 – 5xy + 2y2)

(2x – y)(x + y)(x + 2y)

_2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 – 2x2 + 5xy – 2y2)

(2x – y)(x + y)(x + 2y)

_______10xy_ _
(2x – y)(x + y)(x + 2y)

D. Find the sums or differences.

1. 8 _3_ 7 __ 8(5m) + 3(m – 2) + 7

m–2 5m 5m(m – 2) 5m(m – 2)

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 40m + 3m – 6 + 7 43m + 1_
5m(m – 2) 5m(m – 2)

2. –1 __3__ __ 4 __ –(x + 2)(x + 3) + 3(7z)(x + 3) + 4(x + 2)_

7z x+2 7z(x + 3) 7z(x + 2)(x + 3)

–(x2 + 5x + 6) + 21xz + 63z + 4x + 8_

7z(x + 2)(x + 3)

–x2 – 5x – 6 + 21xz + 63z + 4x + 8_

7z(x + 2)(x + 3)

–x2 – x + 2 + 21xz + 63z_

7z(x + 2)(x + 3)

3. 4 __6__ __ 1 __ 4 ___6__ __ 1 __
r2 – r r2 + 2r r2 + r – 2 r(r – 1) r(r + 2) (r + 2)(r – 1)

4(r + 2) + 6(r – 1) + r_
r(r – 1)(r + 2)

4r + 8 + 6r – 6 + r __11r + 2___
r(r – 1)(r + 2) r(r – 1)(r + 2)

4. 6 __1__ _ __2_ __ 6 ____1___ __ __2_ __

k2 + 3k k2 – k k2 + 2k – 3 k(k + 3) k(k – 1) (k + 3)(k – 1)

6 ____1___ __ __2_ __
k(k + 3) k(k – 1) (k + 3)(k – 1)

6(k – 1) –_(k + 3)_ + 2k__

k(k + 3)(k – 1)

6k – 6 – k – 3 + 2k_ ___7k – 9___

k(k + 3)(k – 1) k(k + 3)(k – 1)

5. _ x _ ____3x_____ __2x___
x2 + xy – 2y2 x2 – 3xy + 2y2 x2 – 4y2

_ x _ ______3x___ _____2x_____
(x – y)(x + 2y) (x – y)(x – 2y) (x + 2y)(x – 2y)

_x(x – 2y) – 3x(x + 2y) + 2x(x – y)_

(x – y)(x + 2y)(x – 2y)

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 _x2 – 2xy – 3x2 – 6xy + 2x2 – 2xy_
(x – y)(x + 2y)(x – 2y)

_ – 10xy _
(x – y)(x + 2y)(x – 2y)

What have you learned

1. 36y5 2. b4 – 16 or (b2 + 4)(b + 2)(b – 2)

3. (6x – y2)(6x + y2)(x – y) 4. _w4 _32d2w4

2
2d 64d4
5. __4m__ ___4m2 + 16m__ 6. __ x + y __ ___1___
m2 – 4m m(m – 4)(m + 4) x(x + y)(x – y) x(x – y)

7. a _b _ a(x+ y) + bx ax + ay + bx
x x+y x (x + y) x (x + y)

8. _ x + 4 _ _ __x – 5___ _ x+4 _ _ __x – 5___

-(x – 2)(x + 3) (x – 2)(x – 2 ) -(x – 2)(x + 3) (x – 2)(x – 2)

(x + 4)(x – 2) + –(x – 5)(x+ 3)

-(x – 2)(x – 2)(x + 3)

x2 + 2x – 8 + – (x2 – 2x – 15)
-(x – 2)(x – 2)(x + 3)

_____4x + 7__ _
-(x – 2)(x – 2)(x + 3)

9. ____4k_____ __ 7__ _ __ __ 4k – 7 __
(2k + 1)(3 – k) (2k + 1)(3 – k) (2k + 1)(3 – k)

10. – 4a_– (5a + 1)(2a + 1) – 4a_– (10a2 + 7a + 1)

– (3a – 2)(2a + 1) – (3a – 2)(2a + 1)

– 4a_–10a2 – 7a – 1_
– (3a – 2)(2a + 1)

–10a2 – 11a – 1__

– (3a – 2)(2a + 1)

10a2 + 11a + 1_
(3a – 2)(2a + 1)

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