S.No.
Technology Opportunities driven by internal Opportunities compromised by Threats minimized on the Threats aggravated due to
strengths internal weaknesses basis of internal strengths internal weaknesses
++ +- -+ --
1 Mass Burn No segregation at source or Incineration of mixed waste leads Putrification of wet waste Poor management leading
segregated transportation require to wastage of energy on account and odour problems get to foul odour and
of moisture content in the waste minimized due to environmental pollution
Storage for longer duration not and thus results into lower net possibility of charging the
needed energy production. mixed waste into Waste of energy on
incinerator relatively account of charging wet
Can be located relatively closer to Mixed waste has low calorific sooner. non-homogenized wastes
the city, minimizing the cost of value. Therefore, W to E is not
waste transport. economically feasible Transmission of disease Seasonal variability of
is minimized as no pre- waste composition and
Auxiliary heat (fuel) may be processing and direct moisture will lead to poor
required to sustain the process contact with waste is performance of the
required. incinerator
Consistency in temperature need
to be maintained during the
operations
Air emissions include acid gases,
dioxins and furans, nitrogen
oxides, sulphur dioxide,
particulates, cadmium, mercury,
lead and hydrogen sulphide
2 Pyrolysis an Production of fuel gas / oil, which Segregation of MSW is High energy recovery due Excessive moisture in
Gasification can be used for a variety of necessary. This necessitates to use of well-segregated wastes leads to waste of
applications additional land, Infrastructure and and controlled feedstock energy as well as air
O & M cost pollution control
Gasification and pyrolysis technology requirement
technologies are able to recover Consistency in temperature need add-up to increase in
S.No. Technology Opportunities driven by internal Opportunities compromised by Threats minimized on the Threats aggravated due to
strengths internal weaknesses basis of internal strengths internal weaknesses
much more value from waste to be maintained during the installation cost of this
compared to mass burn operation technology
incineration
Net energy recovery may suffer in Carbon monoxide (CO)
Syngas generated in the process case of wastes with excessive and molecular hydrogen
can be converted into energy moisture leading to corrosion (H2) are toxic and
through use of a gas engine, hazardous gases. Further
whereas incineration can only High viscosity of fuel oil through threat is compounded by
generate energy through use of pyrolysis may be require further the fact that the syngas
steam turbines which are less processing to meet the standards needs to be cleaned
efficient. before used as fuel
Additional investment for filtration
Compared to incineration, control of fuel oil to remove particulate
of atmospheric pollution can be manner
dealt with in a superior way, in
techno-economic sense This Technology has much highe
capital and operational cost
Use of dry waste and RDF compared to mass burn
enhances the energy efficiency of incineration.
the plant
Higher technical expertise is
required to operate this plant
compared to mass incineration
Enhanced safety requirements
3 Bio- High energy recovery (60-90 Nm3 Segregated wet waste if not used The variability in daily Technology has limited
methanation biogas per 1 TPD segregated wet as a feedstock will adversely composition of application as it can
wastes) with production of high impact the performance of the feedstock does not handle only biodegrade
grade (60-80 kg per TPD) manure plant. Hence, there is a need for typically affect the wastes and thus can only
slurry which can be used as a obtaining waste with desired composition of gas be a part of an integrated
fertilizer in city gardens and in composition (wet waste from produced from the plant facility for waste
farm. kitchen, vegetable markets, by the virtue of longer processing.
S.No. Technology Opportunities driven by internal Opportunities compromised by Threats minimized on the Threats aggravated due to
strengths internal weaknesses basis of internal strengths internal weaknesses
institutions', canteens, hotels, retention times of
The biogas typically contains v/v slaughter house waste, etc.) reactor.
65 to 75% methane and v/v 35 to
25 % CO2. Efficiency of plant is directly Can accept a variety of
dependent on the degree of biodegradable waste
Returns the nutrients back to the segregation and quality of ranging from kitchen
farm ecosystem biodegradable wet waste as the wastes, market wastes,
feedstock garden wastes to
Suitable for application in small slaughter house wastes
towns and as decentralized Water / sewage is required to run
facilities in larger urban the process There is no need of
settlements (1 to 20 TPD of adding any external
segregated wet waste) Biological processes are time chemical or culture as a
consuming hence energy catalyst to maintain the
Enclosed system enables all the generation rates are low process
gas produced to be collected for
use either for public utilities such Uncertainty in marketing the slurr Does not require skilled
as street lights or for domestic / utilization man power to operate
fuel-gas as well as controls GHG-
emissions and helps in following
Kyoto protocol.
This technology is more suitable
for handling segregated
biodegradable (wet) waste as
compared to any
Minimum waste transportation cos
as it can be potentially located
within the city limits
S.No. Technology Opportunities driven by internal Opportunities compromised by Threats minimized on the Threats aggravated due to
strengths internal weaknesses basis of internal strengths internal weaknesses
4 Refuse RDF is a segregated dry waste If MSW is not adequately Setting up of small power MSW if not segregated
Derived Fue having high calorific value (2500- segregated into wet and dry plants is economically into dry and wet wastes, it
(RDF) 3500 Kcal/Kg on dry basis) wastes it will adversely impact the viable. Therefore, small can adversely impact the
performance of the plant. Hence, cities generating less tha performance of the W to E
This can be easily produced in the there is a need for obtaining dry 500 TPD wastes can set plant.
form of fluff, pallets or briquetts waste with desired composition up RDF plants only for
and can be profitably used as a and higher calorific value utilization of high volume Efficiency of W to E plant
feedstock for power plants, dry wastes as a feedstoc is directly dependent on
cement plants or steel plants. Efficiency of plant is directly for W to E plants the degree of segregation
dependent on the degree of and quality of RDF
Suitable for processing dry wastes segregation and quality of non- Can handle and convert
in towns and cities having biodegradable dry waste as the high volume dry waste Uncertainty in marketing o
population range of 50,000 to 1 feedstock into feedstock to W to E RDF
Million or in cities where MSW plants
generation is below 500 TPD Can be a feedstock only for powe
plant, cement or steel plant and RDF and biomethanation
cannot be used in furnaces / composting technology
operating at less than 850o C can be adopted in an
integrated waste
management system by
gainfully utilizing all
components of MSW.
5 Plastic wast Direct and high rate (97%) of Currently, no system exists to Separate collection Special catalyst is require
to Fuel Oil conversion of plastic waste to fuel collect the plastic waste discarde system can be which is prohibitively
by kabadiwalas and rag-pickers established to collect expensive and
This technology will enable the and is disposed off at dump-sites. plastic wastes as per theregeneration is limited to
conversion of plastic wastes not Plastic Waste Handling few cycles.
otherwise considered suitable by Plastic wastes, if not properly Rules and use as a Catalytic conversion is
recycling industry. segregated, will adversely impact feedstock exothermic in nature and
on the production and quality of therefore run away
Small and large plants can be set the fuel oil. Plant can be set up both reaction, local
up to process plastic wastes as decentralized and overheating, reactor
S.No. Technology Opportunities driven by internal Opportunities compromised by Threats minimized on the Threats aggravated due to
strengths internal weaknesses basis of internal strengths internal weaknesses
ranging from 50 kg to 1000 TPD Conversion rate is low for centralized manner melting and potential
metalized plastic wastes hazard cannot be ruled
Readily available marker for use o It is possible to operate out.
the fuel produced the plants with the help
of trained man power
6 Vermi Biodegradable matter and plant segregated biodegradable wet Low cost soil conditioner
Composting matter is processed to produce a waste as feedstock is required
and rich plant nutrient / soil enricher Minimizes high volume
Conventiona and improves the soil health, The feedstock for the vermin pits biodegradable wet
Windrow porosity of soil and moisture must be free from toxic materials wastes disposal into
Composting retaining capacity. for the survival of earthworms sewage / landfill
Technology is simple, proven and
does not require highly skilled ma Requires large area of land (5
power acres per 100 TPD)
Cost of treatment is relatively low The process cycle is long (45-60
as compared to thermal days)
technologies
Open compost plant pose a
Carbon footprint is low in case of problem during mansoon
composting technology including odour
Vermi composting requires
constant monitoring of moisture
and temperature levels to support
earthworm life including regular
harvesting of vermin-castings
7 Plasma This technology not yet proven for No information was found on This technology not yet This technology not yet
pyrolysis an handling MSW. It is very industrial plasma proven for handling MSW proven for handling MSW.
gasification expensive and unaffordable for pyrolysis facilities processing It is very expensive and It is very expensive and
treatment of MSW MSW or RDF. unaffordable for treatmen unaffordable for treatment
of MSW of MSW
S.No. Technology Opportunities driven by internal Opportunities compromised by Threats minimized on the Threats aggravated due to
strengths internal weaknesses basis of internal strengths internal weaknesses
Different kinds of organic wastes, Technique is very much scientific
varying from plastic and used tires
to agricultural residue and medica It is costlier than conventional
waste, can be subjected to plasm pyrolysis.
pyrolysis. plasma pyrolysis
produces a combustible gas and a Mixture of
carbonaceous residue (char). hydrogen, oxygen and hydroxide
plasma pyrolysis offers potential radicals leads to strong electrode
for carbon black recovery from erosion
used tyres (material recovery)
Gas plasma technologies for
The high temperature conditions waste treatment use
in plasma gasification result in the electricity as energy source
decomposition of organic
compounds into their elemental
constituents, forming a high-
energy synthesis gas,
In contrast to conventional
gasification processes tar, char
and dioxins are broken down,
resulting in a synthesis gas
The inorganic fraction (glass,
metals, silicates, heavy metals) is
melted and converted into a
dense, inert, non-leaching vitrified
slag
The synthesis gas can be used fo
efficient production of
electricity and/or heat, or second
generation liquid (bio)fuels
