 Question 1

Needs Grading

For Problem 12.51 emission and absorption, explain why we used the temperatures we did for part b.

Selected In evaluating the total emissivity and absorptivity, remember that ε = ε (ελ ,Ts) and α = α(αλ,
Answer: Gλ) where Ts is the temperature of the surface and Gλ is the spectral irradiation, which if
the surroundings are large and isothermal, Gλ = Eb,λ(Tsur). Hence, α = α(αλ ,Tsur ). For the
opaque, diffuse that's why we use temperature.
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 Question 2
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Problem 3.129 used a long fin model for rods attached to a heated wall at steady state. We looked at
aluminum and copper rods. If we knew the conduction of either one, why could we deduce the
average convection coefficient?

Selected (1) Because fin effectiveness is enhanced by maximizing P/Ac = 4/D, the use of
Answer: a larger number of small diameter fins is preferred to a single large diameter fin.
(2) From the standpoint of cost, weight and machinability, aluminum is
preferred over copper.

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 Question 3
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The thermal resistance inside a 10mm tube is 1K/W. Outside the tube, the thermal resistance is
0.1K/W. The conduction resistance is negligible. Write down the value of UA.

Selected Answer: UA = 0.9091 W/k

Response Feedback: [None Given]
 Question 4
Needs Grading

In Chapter 7, the solution for the flat plate laminar momentum equation yielded Equation 7.19 and
the dimensionless shear of 0.332 at the wall. There was an expectation that dimensionless velocity at
 infinity from the wall would be 1. How is the parameter "eta" valued to indicate the result of Equation
7.19?

Selected From the equation it is clear that parameter "eta" increases with increasing x and v but
Answer: decreases with increas uinfinity ( the larger the free steam velocity, the thinner the boundary
layer).
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 Question 5
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In Prob. 2.33 part d, what in the picture indicated that uniform heat generation and 2nd boundary
convection were present?

Selected Answer: For case (d), the steady-state temperature distribution is not linear and appears to be
parabolic,
therefore there is thermal energy generation. The heat equation is
d2T/dx2+q/k =(1/alpha)*(dT/dt)

Since the temperature is increasing with time and it is not due to heat conduction due
to a high surface
temperature, the energy generation must be positive.
The initial temperature is uniform and the temperature gradient at x = 0 is zero. The
boundary
condition at x = L is convection. The temperature gradient and heat flux at the surface
are increasing
with time as the thermal energy generation causes the temperature to rise further and
further above the
fluid temperature. The initial and boundary conditions are:
(Equation given in written work)
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 Question 6
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For a tube in tube heat exchanger, used to condense methane, the Number of Transfer Units is 2.
Determine the exchanger effectiveness.

Selected Answer: We know that

Effectiveness = 1- exp^(-NTU)
Effectiveness = 1- e(-2)
Effectiveness = 0.86466
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 Question 7
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 For a counter flow heat exchanger, the ∆Tinlet=10K and the ∆Texit=10K. What is the resultant LMTD?

Selected In this case if you go through LMTD calculation then you will get zero
Answer:
which is not possible.For, this you have to divide it by simply subtracting
the temp. difference between both inlet and outlet.
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 Question 8
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Recall that Equation 6.28 in your text represents the boundary layer Momentum Equation resulting
from Newton's 2nd Law. Identify each of the 3 terms as (1) sum of the forces and (2) rate of change of
momentum.

Selected This equation results from application of Newton’s second law of motion in the x-direction
Answer: to the dx *dy*1 differential control volume in the fluid. The left-hand side represents the net
rate at which x-momentum leaves the control volume due to fluid motion across its
boundaries. The first term on the right-hand side represents the net pressure force, and the
second term represents the net force due to viscous shear stresses.
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 Question 9
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In Problem 1.20 in your homework, how did you determine whether the system was at steady state?

Selected Since dEst/dt = 0, the wall could be at steady-state and the spatially-averaged wall
Answer: temperature is not changing. However, it is possible that stored energy is increasing in one
part of the wall and decreasing in another, therefore we cannot tell if the wall is at steady-
state or not. If we found dEst/dt ≠ 0, we would know the wall was not at steady-state.
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 Question 10
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We noted that Dittus-Boelter (or Sieder-Tate) were commonly used for turbulent internal flow. How
do these differ if viscosity is constant?

Selected For full developed turbulent flow in a smooth circular tube the local Nusselt No. may be
Answer: obtained from the well-known Dittus-Boelter equation. Thie Dittus-Boelter equation is easy
 to solve but is less accurate when there is a large temperature difference across the fluid and
is less accurate for rough tubes, since it is tailored to smooth pipes.
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 Question 11
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What is the basis of Reynolds Analogy? (what is analogous to what?)

Selected Reynolds analogy is popularly known to relate laminar momentum and heat
Answer: transfer.The main assumption is that heat flux q/A in a turbulent system is
analogous to momentum flux τ, which suggests that the ratio τ/(q/A) must be
constant for all radial positions.
The complete Reynolds analogy is,
f/2 = (h/(Cp x G))= k'c/Vav

The complete Reynolds analogy* is:

The complete Reynolds analogy* is:

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 Question 12
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For a particular laminar flow over a flat plate 4m long, the local Nusselt Number is 50. If the speed of
flow in the parallel free steam doubles (and is still laminar) what is the local Nusselt Number for the
same plate? What is the average Nusselt Number of the new situation?

Selected Answer: For double speed steam, Nu = 50.

New situation, Nu = 100
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 Question 13
Needs Grading

Problem 3.142 had a system of plate fins attached to 2 walls. In words, walk me through the process
of solving for the heat transfer rate from the system to the air.

Selected Answer: Include in written work.

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  Question 14
Needs Grading

In words, explain the Heisler problem. Particularly, how does the Heisler solution relate to the exact
solution?

Selected Heisler problem is basically a set of charts which are a graphical analysis tool for finding
Answer: heat transfer. The problem consist of two charts suplemented by third chart. (The
remaining details in written work).
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 Question 15
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In Prob. 2.69, why would we know that thermal conductivity in slab B was small compared to slab A?

Selected Answer: since q"2,A =q"2,B and dT/dx)A > dT/dx)B

So, we can conlude that
KA <KB
While ,if q"2,A =q"2,B and dT/dx)B > dT/dx)A
So, we can conlude that

KB <KA

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 Question 16
Needs Grading

In Chapter 8, in the entry region for internal laminar flow, the Boundary Layers converge to
accelerate the mean flow. For a Reynolds Number based on diameter of 1000, and a tube diameter of
0.1m, what is the hydrodynamic entry length?

Selected Answer: For 1000m:

Xfd,h =50ReD
For 0.1m:

Xfd,h =0.005ReD

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 Question 17
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 What shaky basic assumption is used at interfaces between layers to set up the parallel resistance
concept in steady conduction? What simple example did we use to illustrate why that model may not
be so good conceptually?

Selected Answer: Include in written work.

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 Question 18
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For Problem 13.88, J1=11572W/m2, J2=6031W/m2, J3=6088W/m2, and J4=7897W/m2. Determine the
net rate of radiative heat transfer for surface 4.

Selected Answer: See written solution

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 Question 19
Needs Grading

Explain in words only, the terms necessary to model the First Law for the plate temperature in
Problem 1.45.

Selected Answer: (1) Negligible end effects,

(2) Uniform plate temperature at any instant,
(3)Constant properties,
(4) Adiabatic bottom surface,
(5) Negligible radiation from surroundings,
(6) No internal heat generation
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 Question 20
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What basic assumption regarding the rate of heat transfers is fundamental to the series model for
steady conduction?

Selected Answer: 1. Negligible radiation.

2. Constant properties
3. Negligible heat loss
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 Question 21
Needs Grading

For heat exchanger Problem 11.20, explain the process in solving for part a and c.
Selected Answer:

1. From overall energy balances on the hot and cold fluids, find the hot fluid
outlet
temperature. (Part a)
For part (b)

2. Then we determine the heat exchanger is operating counter flow or parallel flow.
3. Then from the rate equation we determine U
q = UA (detlta Tlm)
4. we find log mean temp. difference.
5. Put q from Part (a) and A = 50 m^2 and solve for U.
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 Question 22
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Figure 10.4 pertains to Pool Boiling. What exactly is Nucleate Pool Boiling?

Selected Region A-B of the figure 10.4, most of the heat exchange is due to direct heat transfer
Answer: from the heated to the liquid, this region is called Nucleate Pool Biling.
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 Question 23
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Figure 8.7 in your text has both the constant heat flux (a) and constant surface temperature (b)
models illustrated. Which model gives rise to log mean temperature difference?

Selected Answer: Constant surface temperature gives rise to log mean temperature diffrence.
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 Question 24
Needs Grading

For the steady conduction take home problem 2, node 10 finite difference model, write down in
words each term of the nodal energy balance.

Selected Answer: See written work for this.

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 Question 25
Needs Grading
 For Turbulent Free Convection on a vertical flat plate, the convection coefficient is 10 W/m^2K.
According to Eqn. 9.24, what would the convection coefficient be for a wall twice as tall?

Selected Answer: h(bar) = Nu*k/2L = 10/2 =2

h(bar) = 5 W/m2K
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 Question 26
Needs Grading

A cube, with all sides equal, has the top as surface 1, the bottom as surface 2, and the 4 sides together
are surface 3. If the view (configuration) factor F12 is 0.2, what are F13 and F31?

Selected Answer: F13 = 0.8

F31 = 0.2
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 Question 27
Needs Grading

The semi-infinite solution for transient heat conduction has 2 real physical situations where it is
commonly applied. One was noted was large geometries, like geophysical problems. What was the
other?

Selected Answer: Nano-structured Material.

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 Question 28
Needs Grading

In Problem 2.17, the thermal conductivity of a sample was determined. Why were two identical
samples used?

Selected Answer: 1) For steady-state conditions

2) Negligible contact resistance

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 Question 29
Needs Grading

Problem 6.29 represents a similarity relation. Explain how we got the value for m.
Selected Answer: Using the experimental results , which is put in equation
h1L1/h2L2= (V1L1/V2L2)m
All othe values are known . We take log on both sides and find m from the results
obtained.
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 Question 30
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Figure 7.4b is given for the thermal boundary layer analogous to Eqn. 7.23. There is no figure for the
mass transfer analogous to Equation 7.26. If the slope of the dimensionless temperature is 0.332 for a
Prandtl Number of 1, what would the expected slope be for a Prandtl Number of 7?(do not carry out
the math)

Selected Answer: Temperature gradient and Pr correlation

dT/dn|n=0 = 0.332Pr 1/3
dT/dn|n=0 = 0.332(7) 1/3
dT/dn|n=0 = 0.635
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 Question 31
Needs Grading

Figure 8.3 is termed a Moody Diagram. If the Reynolds Number is 106 and the relative roughness is
0.006, what is the friction factor? Even though this was not used directly for heat transfer, it helps to
determine the pressure drop and pumping power. In words, how do we calculate the pumping power
for a piping pressure drop of 10psi and 20 gallons per minute flow?

Selected friction factor = f = 0.032

Answer: Pump power required to overcome the resistance, which can be obtained by multiplying
pressure drop and volumetric flowrate.
Power = Deta(P) * Q
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 Question 32
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In transient conduction we described the lumped model as the simplest model. We implied (before
we had an exact solution for such a problem) that the Biot Number needed to be small, why? If the
Biot Number is not small, what does the resultant temperature for the solid represent?

Selected For uniform temperature distribution,then Bi<<1, which show the resistance to
Answer: conduction within solid is much less than the resistance to convection across the fluid
boundary layer.
 (Ts1 - Ts2)/(Ts2 -Tinfinity) = hL/k =Bi
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 Question 33
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The cylindrical shell conduction thermal resistance has a natural log term. Is the rate of heat transfer
different at different radii, why or why not?

Selected Answer: Thermal resistance for shell cylinder = R= ln(r2/r1)/(2*pi*L*k)

By equation , when we change radius thermal resistance also change. Rate of heat
transfer also changes with radii.
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Thursday, December 6, 2018 3:09:19 PM EST
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