Problem and Solution You should also be sensitive enough to use unbiased language so 2.

sensitive enough to use unbiased language so 2.4 Kinship names used in place of personal names and are
that you will not offend any individual or any particular group of followed by personal names
Problem in general is an unsatisfactory situation that causes people. Unbiased language is language that is free of racial bias, Grandma, Dad, Aunt Paz, Uncle Alvin
troubles or difficulties. Therefore, it needs a solution, a way to free of religious bias, and free of gender bias. 2.5 adjectives, verbs, adverbs, nouns, and pronouns in a title and
deal with the situation so that the troubles or difficulties are the first and last word in a title
removed. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There
Mechanics (literature)
Persuasion And I Am Telling You I’m Not Going (song)
Mechanics are conventions that have to be considered in writing. 2.6 Historical periods, events, documents
A persuasive paragraph intends to convince readers to do or Some of these conventions are spelling, punctuation, Great Depression, the Renaissance, the Constitution
believe in something. Many writing genres such as critiques or and capitalization. It is important to know and observe these
reviews, reaction papers, editorials, proposals, advertisements, conventions in writing to avoid confusion. KEY POINTS
and brochures make strong use of persuasive paragraphs to state
opinions and to influence others. Punctuation Informal language is used in writing for oneself and to family,
friends, and colleagues, while formal language is used in writing
Properties of a well-written text Punctuation is the act of using a system of symbols such as the academic, business, and official texts.
comma, period, quotation marks, question marks, etc. That are Using simple, direct, and familiar language rather than choosing
Coherence & Cohesion used to give structure to and organize a text. The use of complicated words would make a text easier to understand.
punctuation guides the reader regarding how the text should be Using unbiased language could prevent offending any individual
Cohesion is the connection of ideas to the central concept of a read. or any particular group of people.
text while coherence is the relationship of ideas between Mechanics are conventions that have to be considered in writing.
sentences. Capitalization Some of these conventions are punctuation, capitalization,
Both should be present in your text because having one without and spelling.
the other will still create confusion for readers. Capitalization is the act of writing the first letter of a word in
uppercase while the rest of the letters are in lowercase. There are
Both derive from the Latin word cohaerere which means “to rules in capitalization that one has to remember. Below are a few Techniques in selecting and organizing information
connect”. examples of words that require capitalization:
Cohesion refers to connections at the clause and sentence levels. 1. Brainstorming
Coherence is connections at the paragraph and argument levels. When do we capitalize? Brainstorming helps you generate topics and narrow them down
to one. It improves your creative thinking skills and deepens your
Language Use 1. Proper nouns understanding of a possible topic. On a brainstorming list you
alex, manila simply jot down all the words or ideas that come to mind about a
Determine when it is appropriate to use formal language or when 2. Proper adjectives topic.
informal language is acceptable. Canadian
Informal language is usually used in writing for oneself or in 2.1 days of the week Below are the benefits of making or having a brainstorming list.
writing to family, friends, and colleagues. On the other Sunday • It allows you to generate ideas quickly.
hand, formal language is used in writing academic, business, and 2.2 months of the year • It helps you recall information about a topic.
official texts. January
2.3 specific course titles
Theater 101
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 2. Graphic Organizer A topic outline is divided into three levels: the headings, the
subheadings, and the sub-subheadings.
Organizing information is especially helpful in taking notes, solving Headings - Roman numerals (e.G., I, II, III…)
problems, summarizing information, and writing compositions. Subheadings - Use capital letters (e.G., A, B, C….
One way to do this is through a graphic organizer, a tool that uses Sub-subheadings - the specific details or concrete examples of the
visual displays to express relationships between or among ideas. supporting ideas. Arabic numbers (e.G., 1, 2, 3…) are used for sub-
In this lesson, you will learn about the following graphic organizers subheadings.
and their uses:
• Mind map Example:
• Venn diagram
• Flowchart Chocolate hills
I. General description
A mind map is used to represent knowledge of a concept or idea. A flowchart is used to show the different steps in a process. It A. Total number (count)
To create it, you begin with an image or a word that represents contains information on stages of a process that must be B. Color
the central idea. Then you add branches of major ideas related to completed in order. 1. Brown in sunny days
the central idea. You can further expand those ideas by adding 2. Leaf green in rainy days
more branches. C. Height
II. Origin stories
A. Two giants hurling rocks
B. Love story of Arogo and Aloya

4. Sentence Outline

A sentence outline presents the main ideas and minor details of a

Example:

3. Topic Outline
A venn diagram is used to show the similarities and differences
between two or more objects or ideas. It uses overlapping circles An outline is the skeleton of any written text. It serves as a guide
to represent different objects or ideas that share similar in organizing your ideas. Usually, it is done before you write your
characteristics in some way. The intersection or the area where piece. It is a tool for reading, too. You can outline the ideas of a
the circles overlap shows the characteristic that is common piece of work to better understand it.
between or among the objects or ideas. The two basic types of outline are the topic outline and the
sentence outline. A topic outline uses words and phrases to list
ideas, while a sentence outline uses complete sentences to define
the subject matter.
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