WR_BT04_E1_1

WCDMA Key Technologies

ZTE University

WCDMA BSS Course

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Course Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Ø Master key technologies of WCDMA

Ø Master characteristic of WCDMA system capacity

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Contents

WCDMA Key Technologies

» Power Control
» Handover Control
» Admission Control
» Load Control
» Code Resource Allocation
» RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

Power Control

n CDMA is not a new technology

n Power control is a key technology of CDMA system

n Power control is the key path for launching the large

scale CDMA commercial network

CDMA
CDMA isis aa typical
typical self-interference system,
self-interference system, thus
thus the
the chief
chief
principle
principle is
is that
that any
any potential
potential surplus
surplus transmitted
transmitted power
power for
for
service
service must
must be
be controlled.
controlled.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

Why Power Control?

n All CDMA users occupy the same frequency

spectrum at the same time! Frequency and
time are not used as discriminators.
n CDMA operates by using codes to
discriminate between users.
n CDMA interference comes mainly from
nearby users
n Each user is a small voice in a roaring
crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable
code.

To achieve acceptable service quality, the transmit power of all users must be
tightly controlled so that their signals reach the base station with the same
signal strength and the absolute minimum power level demanded to avoid the
Near-Far Effect.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 Power Control

Near-Far Effect

Block the whole cell

Overpowered by strong signals

Power

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

Power control

Power
Power

f f

Each
Each terminal
terminal is is an
an interference
interference Power
Power control
control will
will reduce
reduce the
the
source
source to
to the
the others.
others. The
The Near -far
Near-far cross
cross interference
interference significantly
significantly
effect
effect will
will impact
impact the
the capacity
capacity and
and improve
improve the
the total
total capacity
capacity
tremendously
tremendously

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

Purpose of Power Control

Downlink Power Control Uplink Power Control

Cell transmitted power UE transmitted signal

Power control command (TPC) Power control command (TPC)

• Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading

• Reduce multi-access interference and guarantee cell capacity
• Extend battery life

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

Category of Power control

Open loop power control（no feedback）

RNC

UE Node B
Close loop power control（feedback）

RNC
Inner-loop
Outer-loop

UE Node B
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 Power Control

Category of Power Control

Open Loop
Measure the channel interference condition and adjust the initial transmitted
power

Close
CloseLoop－Inner
Loop－InnerLoop
Loop
Measure
Measurethe
theSIR
SIR(Signal
(Signalto
toInterference
InterferenceRatio),
Ratio),compare
comparewith withthe
thetarget
targetSIR
SIR
value,
value,and
andthen
thensend
sendpower
powercontrol
controlinstruction
instructiontotoUE.
UE.
The
Thefrequency
frequencyofofWCDMA
WCDMAinnerinnerloop
looppower
powercontrol
controlisis1500Hz.
1500Hz.
ØIf
ØIfmeasured
measuredSIR>target
SIR>targetSIR,
SIR,decrease
decreasethetheUE
UEtransmitted
transmittedpower.
power.
ØIf
ØIfmeasured
measuredSIR
SIR<target
<targetSIR,
SIR,increase
increasethetheUE
UEtransmitted
transmittedpower.
power.

Close
CloseLoop－Outer
Loop－OuterLoop
Loop
Measure
MeasurethetheBLER
BLER(Block
(BlockError
ErrorRate),
Rate),and
andadjust
adjustthe
thetarget
targetSIR.
SIR.
The
Thefrequency
frequencyofofWCDMA
WCDMAouter
outerloop
looppower
powercontrol
controlisis10~100Hz.
10~100Hz.
Ø
Ø IfIfmeasured
measuredBLER>target
BLER>targetBLER,
BLER,decrease
decreasethethetarget
targetSIR
SIRvalue.
value.
Ø
Ø IfIfmeasured
measuredBLER<target
BLER<targetBLER,
BLER,increase
increasethe
thetarget
targetSIR
SIRvalue.
value.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 Power Control

Open Loop Power Control

n General principals of open loop power control

„ Open loop power control is applied to estimate the initial

transmitted power for a new radio link.

„ P-CPICH signal is used in Downlink Open Loop Power Control,

which is measured by UE to estimate the initial transmitted power.

„ The following factors will also be considered, such as service QoS

and data rate, Eb/No requirements of establishing service, current

downlink total Transmitted Power and interference from neighbor cell

etc.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control

Measure receiving SIR and

compare to target SIR 1500Hz
1500Hz

Inner loop

TPC instruction
Set SIRtar
NodeB UE

Try
Try to
to get
get the
the equal
equal receiving
receiving Each
Each radio
radio link
link has
has
Eb
Eb (Energy
(Energy perper bit)
bit) of
of each
each its
its own
own control
control
UE
UE at
at Node
Node B B circle
circle

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control

n General principals of inner loop power control

„ The receiver compares the SIR value of received signal with target
SIR, and then sends back TPC instruction. According to the
instruction, the sender will decide to increase/decrease the
transmitted power.
„ The adjusted rang=TPC_cmd×TPC_STEP_SIZE

n Inner loop power control is required for the following channels：

„ DPCH, PDSCH, PCPCH

n Inner loop power control is not required for the following

channels ：
„ P-CPICH(S-CPICH), P-CCPCH(S-CCPCH), PRACH etc.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 Power Control

Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control

Measure
Measure BLER
BLER
of
of TRCH
TRCH

Measure receiving Measure receiving SIR

BLER and compare to and
Get
Get data
data flow
flow target BLER compare to target SIR
with
with stable
stable BLER
BLER

Outer Loop Inner loop

Set BLERtar
Set SIRtar TPC instruction

10-100Hz
RNC NodeB UE

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

Close Loop – Outer Loop Power Control

n Outer Loop Power Control algorithm

„ Employ the inner loop power control to keep SIR close to target

SIR.

„ Measure the quality of service, including target BLER, CRC

indicator and SIR Error, then set the value of SIR_Target.

„ Tune the target SIR with pre-defined step as the adjustment

parameter for inner loop power control to keep the service in good
quality in time-varying wireless propagation environment.

„ The uplink open loop power control algorithm is executed in the

RNC while the downlink one is executed in UE.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Power Control

The Effect of Power Control

n The purpose of DL power control:

„ Saving power resource of NodeB.

„ Reducing interference to other NodeB.

n The purpose of UL power control:

„ Overcoming Near-Far effect. Extending UE battery life.

WCDMA system capacity depends on the effect of power control

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 Contents

WCDMA Key Technologies

» Power Control
» Handover Control
» Admission Control
» Load Control
» Code Resource Allocation
» RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

What’s ？

n When UE is moving from the coverage area of one site to

another, or the quality of service is declined by external
interference during a service, the service must be handed over to
an idle channel for sustaining the service.
n Handover is used to guarantee the continuity of service

n Handover is a key technology for mobile networking

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Category of Handover

Soft handover (SHO)

n Intra-RNC, inter-Node B
n Inter-RNC
WCDMA system support
multiple handover technology Softer handover
n Same Node B, Inter-sector

Hard handover (HHO)

n Intra-frequency
n Inter-frequency
n Inter-system (3G&2G)
n Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Handover Demonstration

Soft
Handover

Hard Handover

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Soft Handover/Softer Handover

Soft Handover
C C

A A

B B

Soft-Softer Handover
C C
A A

B B

Softer Handover
C C
A A

B B

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Hard Handover

n During the hard handover procedure, all the Hard Handover

old radio links with the UE are abandoned

CN
before new ones are established, so there
RNC or
must be service interruption during the HHO. SRNC BSC

n Hard handover may occur in the following

Node B or
Node B
main cases BTS

„ When the UE is handed over to another

UTRAN carrier, or another technology mode.
„ When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M
constraint)

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Soft/Softer Handover

n The soft/softer handover allows to migrate from one cell to

another without service interruption or without deleting all old
radio links.
n UE can connecte to more than one cell simultaneously and take
benefit from the macro-diversity.
Soft
SoftHandover
SoftHandover
Handover Softer
SofterHandover
SofterHandover
Handover
The two Node
The Bs
two may
Node Bs CN CN
CN
CN CN
may belong
belong to the Same RNCto the
same RNC
SRNC DRNC SRNC
Iur
Node B Node B

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

WCDMA General Handover Procedures

---- “Handover Trilogy”

n Measurement Control
„ UTRAN demands the UE to start measurement through issuing a
measurement control message.

n Handover decision
„ UTRAN makes the decision based on the measurement reports
from UE. The implementation of handover decision is various for
different vendors. It impacts on the system performance critically.

n Handover execution
„ UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedure according to
the handover command .

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

General Procedure of Handover Control (I)

n Measuring

The measurement objects are decided by RNC. Usually, either

Ec/N0 or RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) of P-CPICH channel is
used for handover decision.
ZTE RNC adopts Ec/N0 measurement, because Ec/N0 embodies
both the received signal strength and the interference. The relation of
Ec/N0 and RSCP is shown as follows:
Ec/N0 ＝RSCP/RSSI
In the above equation，RSSI（Received Signal Strength Indicator）
is measured within the bandwidth of associated channels

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

General Procedure of Handover Control (II)

n Reporting
4Period report triggered handover
Base on the filtered measurement result

4Event report triggered handover

Base on the event

Measurement result filtered in UE

Soft Period Event decided in RNC
Handover Handover decided in RNC

Hard Measurement result filtered in UE

Handover Event decided in UE
Event
Handover decided in RNC

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

General Procedure of Handover Control (III)

n Handover algorithm
„ All the handover algorithms including soft handover, hard handover

and so on are implemented on the event decision made according

to the measurement reports.

n Events defined in 3GPP specifications

„ Intra-frequency events：1A~1F

„ Inter-frequency events：2A~2F

„ Inter-RAT events：3A~3D
Ÿ Note: RAT is short for “Radio Access Technology”, e.g. WCDMA&GSM

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Concepts Related to Handover

n Active Set:

„ A set of cells that have established radio links with a certain mobile station.

„ User information is sent from all these cells.

n Monitored Set:

„ A set of cells that are not in the active set but are monitored according to

the list of adjacent cells assigned by the UTRAN.

n Detected Set:
„ A set of cells that are neither in the active set nor in the monitor set.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Soft handover process

n Measurement
„ RNC sends a measurement control message to UE.

„ UE should perform measurement as required and report the measurement result.

„ Generally, the measured parameter is the common pilot’s Ec/No.

n Decision
„ RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement results.

„ RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision method.

e.g.

Ÿ When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an active set
update command to add/delete the cell into/from the active set.

n Execution
„ The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE starts handover.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Soft handover events

Event Description

Quality of target cell improves, entering a report

1A range of relatively activating set quality

Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a

1B report range of relatively activating set quality

The quality of a non-activated set cell is better than

1C that of a certain activated set cell

1D Best cell generates change

Quality of target cell improves, better than an

1E absolute threshold
Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an
1F absolute threshold

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

An Example of SHO Procedure

Pilot ⊿t
⊿t ⊿t
Ec/Io

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3 time

Connect to cell1 Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B

（add cell2）（replace cell1 with cell 3）（remove cell3）

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

Example of soft handover

UE T a rg et N o d e B S o u rc e N o d e B RNC

R R C : M e a su re m e n t R e p o rt(E v e n t 1 a ) (F ro m S o u rc e N o d e B to R N C )

E x e c u tin g h a n d o v e r
ju d g e m e n t a n d
a d d in g a r a d io lin k
in T a r g e t N o d e B

N B A P : R a d io L in k S e tu p R e q u e st

N B A P : R a d io L i n k S e tu p R e s p o n s e

S ta r t to re c e iv e

D is trib u tin g tra n sm is sio n re so u rc e s o n Iu b in te rfa c e

S ta rt to s e n d

R R C : A c t iv e S e t U p d a t e ( E 1 a ) ( F r o m S o u r c e N o d e B to U E )
R R C : A c t i v e S e t U p d a t e C o m p l e te ( F r o m S o u r c e & T a r g e t N o d e B t o R N C
s i m u t a n e o u s ly )

U E c o n n e c ts to S o u rc e N o d e B a n d T a r g e t N o d e B s im u ta n e o u s ly

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Handover Control

RNS Relocation

Core Network Core Network

Iu Iu
Serving Iur Target Serving Target
RNS RNS RNS RNS

RNS
Radio Network Sub-system

n RNS relocation can :

„ Reduce the Iur traffic significantly

„ Enhance the system adaptability

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 Handover Control

Hard Handover

n Hard handover measurement is much more complex for UE

than soft handover measurement.

n Inter-frequency hard handover requires UE to measure the

signal of other frequencies.

n WCDMA employs compressed mode technology to support

inter-frequency measurement.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Contents

WCDMA Key Technologies

» Power Control
» Handover Control
» Admission Control
» Load Control
» Code Resource Allocation
» RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Admission Control

Admission Control

n The admission control is employed to admit the access of

incoming call. Its general principal is based on the
availability and utilization of the system resources.

n If the system has enough resources such as load margin,

code, and channel element etc. the admission control will
accept the call and allocate resources to it.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Admission Control

Purpose of Admission Control

n When user initiates a call , the admission control should

implement admission or rejection for this service according to the
resource situation.

n The admission control will sustain the system stability firstly and
try the best to satisfy the new calling service’s QoS request, such
as service rate, quality (SIR or BER), and delay etc. basing on the
radio measurement.

n Admission control is the only access entry for the incoming

services, its strategy will directly effect the cell capacity and
stability, e.g. call loss rate, call drop rate.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Admission Control

Admission Control in Uplink

Itotal_old+ΔI >Ithreshold Interference capacity

Access Service priority
Threshold Reserved capacity for
handover

The forecasted interference including the delta

interference brought by the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment
Iown-cell
The current RTWP (Received Total
Wide Power) value of cell, which is Iother-cell
reported by Node B ~
N0

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Admission Control

Admission Control in Downlink

Ptotal_old+△P>=Pthreshold Max TCP of cell

Access Service priority
Threshold Reserved capacity for
handover

The forecasted TCP value including delta

power required for the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment.

The current TCP value of cell, which

is reported by Node B
（Transmitted Carrier Power*Pmax）

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Contents

WCDMA Key Technologies

» Power Control
» Handover Control
» Admission Control
» Load Control
» Code Resource Allocation
» RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Load Control

Purpose of Load Control

The speed and position

Increased transmitted
changing of UE may
power will increase the
worsen the wireless
system load.
environment.

The purpose of load control is to keep the

system load under a pre-planned threshold
through several means of decreasing it, so as to
improve the system stability. Load control

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Load Control

Load Control Flows

Start

Light loaded Over loaded

Decision

Normal loaded

1. Handover in and access 1. Handover in 1.Handover in and

are allowed and access are access are forbidden
2. Transmitted code power allowed 2. TCP increase is
(TCP) increase is allowed 2. TCP increase forbidden
3. RAB service rate is allowed 3. RAB service rate
upgrade is allowed degrade
4. Handover out
5. Release call (call drop)

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Load Control

Load Control in Uplink

n Triggers
„ RTWP (Received Total Wide-band Power) value from measurement report
exceeds the uplink overload threshold;
„ Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services with lower
priority due to insufficient load capacity in uplink.

n Methods for decreasing load

„ Decrease the target Eb/No of service in uplink;

„ Decrease the rate of none real time data service;

„ Handover to GSM system;

„ Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;

„ Release calls.

n Methods for increasing load

„ Increase the service rate.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Load Control

Load Control in Downlink

n Triggers
„ TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurement report exceeds the
downlink overload threshold;
„ Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services with lower
priority due to insufficient load capacity in downlink.
n Methods for decreasing load
„ Decrease the downlink target Eb/No of service in downlink;

„ Decrease the rate of none real time data service;

„ Handover to coverage-shared light loaded carrier;

„ Handover to GSM system;

„ Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;

„ Release calls.

n Methods for increasing load

„ Increase the service rate.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 Load Control

Cell Breathing Effect

Cell breathing is
one of the means
for load control

The
The purpose
purpose of of cell
cell breathing
breathing isis to
to share
share the
the load
load of
of hot
hot--
spot
spot cell
cell with
with the
the light
light loaded
loaded neighbor
neighbor cells,
cells, therefore
therefore to
to
improve
improve the
the utilization
utilization of
of system
system capacity.
capacity.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Load Control

Example for load control

Cell Breathing Effect

With the increase of activated terminals and
the increase of high speed services,
interference will increase.
The cell coverage area will shrink.
Coverage blind spot occurs
Coverage and
Drop of call will happen at the edge of cell
capacity are
interrelated

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Contents

WCDMA Key Technologies

» Power Control
» Handover Control
» Admission Control
» Load Control
» Code Resource Allocation
» RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

WCDMA Code Resource

n WCDMA code resource including

„ Channelized Code (OVSF code)

Ÿ Uplink Channelized Code

Ÿ Downlink Channelized Code

„ Scrambling Code (PN code)

Ÿ Uplink Scrambling Code

Ÿ Downlink Scrambling Code

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

Function of OVSF Code

Downlink: distinguish different radio channels from the same NodeB.

OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2

OC5, OC6, OC7

Uplink: distinguish different radio channels from the same UE.

OC1, OC2
OC1 , OC2, OC3

OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

Function of PN code
Downlink: distinguish different Cells

Uplink: distinguish different UEs

Cell Site “1” transmits using PN code 1

PN1 PN1

PN3 PN4

Cell Site “2” transmits using PN code 2

PN2 PN2

PN5 PN6

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

Why Code Resource Planning?

n The OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) code tree is a scarce

resource and only one code tree can be used in each cell. In order to
make full use of the capacity, and support as many connections as
possible, it is important to plan and control the usage of channel code
resource.

n Downlink PN code allocation should be planned to avoid the interference

between neighboring cells.

n The uplink PN codes are sufficient, but RNC should plan the codes to
use for avoiding allocating same code to different users in inter-RNC
handover scenario.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

Code Resource Planning

n The uplink and downlink scrambling code can be planned easily by computer.

n The uplink channelized code does not need planning, for every UE can use
the whole code tree alone.

n Therefore, only the downlink channelized code is planned with certain

algorithm in RNC.

n Each cell has one primary scrambling code, which correlates with a channel
code tree. All the users under this cell share this single code tree, so the
OVSF code resource is very limited.

n The downlink channelized code tree is a typical binary tree with each layer
corresponds to a certain SF ranging from SF4 to SF512.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 Code Resource Allocation

Generation of Channelized Code

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

OVSF Code Tree

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

Channelized Code Characters

n Code allocation restriction ：

„ The code to be allocated must fulfill the condition that its ancestor nodes

including from father node to root node and offspring nodes in the sub tree are
not allocated;

n Code allocation side effect：

„ The allocated node will block its ancestor nodes and offspring nodes, thus the

blocked nodes will not be available for allocation until being unblocked .

SF=8

SF=16

SF=32

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

Strategy of Channelized Code Allocation

n Full utilization
„ The fewer the blocked codes, the higher code tree utilization rate.

n Low Complexity

„ Short code first.

n Allocate codes for common channels and physical shared channels

prior to dedicated channels.
„ Guarantee the code allocation for common physical channels.

n Apply certain optimized strategy to allocate codes for downlink

dedicated physical channels.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

An Example of Code Allocation

SF = 4
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Choose one
code from
three
SF = 4
candidates
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Red spots represent the codes that have been allocated；

Green spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated offspring codes；
Blue spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated ancestor codes;
Black spots represent the codes that to be allocated;

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Code Resource Allocation

Planning of downlink PN code

PN2

PN7 PN3 PN2

PN7 PN3 PN2

PN1

PN6 PN4 PN1 PN7 PN3

PN2 PN5 PN6 PN4 PN1

PN7 PN3 PN2 PN5 PN6 PN4

PN7 PN3 PN2 PN5

PN1

PN6 PN4 PN1 PN7 PN3

PN5 PN6 PN4 PN1

PN5 PN6 PN4

PN5

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Contents

WCDMA Key Technologies

» Power Control
» Handover Control
» Admission Control
» Load Control
» Code Resource Allocation
» RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 RAKE Receiver

RAKE Receiver

n The multi-path signals contain some useful energy , therefore the

CDMA receiver can combine these energy of multi-path signals to
improve the received signal to noise ratio.

n RAKE receiver adopts several correlation detectors to receive the

multi-path signals, and then combines the received signal energy.

RAKE
RAKE Receiver
Receiver can
can effectively
effectively overcome
overcome thethe multi -path
multi-path
interference,
interference, consequently
consequently improve
improve the
the receiving
receiving performance.
performance.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 RAKE Receiver

RAKE Receiving

d1
d2

d3

transmitting Receiving
Rake
combination
noise

t t t

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 RAKE Receiver

Multi-finger receiver

n Traditional receiver

„ Multi-path signals are treated as interference.

„ The receiving performance will decline because of the Multi-address

Interference (MAI).

n Precondition of Multi-finger receiver

„ Multi-finger receiver utilizes the Multi-path Effect.

„ Multi-finger signals can be combined through relative process

„ Multi-finger time delay is larger than 1 chip interval, which is

0.26us=>78m.

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 RAKE Receiver

Multi-finger receiver
Direct signal
coding decoding

transmitter Reflected signal receiver

Dispersive time < 1 chip interval
Multi-finger receiver can’t supply multi-finger diversity

Direct signal
coding decoding

transmitter Reflected signal receiver

Dispersive time > 1 chip interval
Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity, signal gain is improved

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 RAKE Receiver

RAKE Receiving
Single
receiving
Single
receiving combining signal
receiver
Single
receiving

searcher calculate

s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE Receiving overcomes multi-finger interference, improves

receiving performance
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 RAKE Receiver

Combination of Multi-fingers

n Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

at each time delay phase shifting by adding

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Contents

WCDMA Key Technologies

» Power Control
» Handover Control
» Admission Control
» Load Control
» Code Resource Allocation
» RAKE Receiver
WCDMA Capacity Features

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Capacity of WCDMA

UL c
apac
ity is
inter restrain
feren ed b
ce y
DL c
apac
by th ity is
e po restr
wer a
of N ined
odeB

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Power Rising

n Power rising occurs because of the Multiple Access Interference

(MAI) resulting from the non-orthogonal code channels.

WCDMA network Meeting Room

„ Code channel transmit talk with dialects

„ Channel power voice tone
„ Promised channel quality listen clearly
„ Channel power rise voice tone rise
„ Power climb voice climb
„ Collapse over the range can not hear each other

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Power Rising
Quantity of Subscriber-- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B

Quantity of Subscriber

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Capacity of WCDMA System

Under the circumstance of single services:

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Capacity of WCDMA System

Under the circumstance of mixed services：

…...

X + Y + Z

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

WCDMA Capacity Features

n WCDMA capacity feature

„ WCDMA capacity is Soft Capacity.

n The Concept of Soft Capacity

„ The system capacity and communication quality are
interconvertible.
„ Different services have different capacity.

„ Different proportion of services have different capacity for

mixed services.
„ The capacity is also restricted to the allocation of code
resource.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 WCDMA Capacity Features

Concept of Soft Capacity

Different
service has
different
capacity

Different combination
of service has
different capacity

System
System capacity
capacity and
and QoS
QoS can
can be
be interconverted
interconverted

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Crucial Factors for WCDMA Network (CQC)

Capacity

e
r ag
Qu

ve
ali

Co
ty

All
All the
the key
key technologies
technologies adopted
adopted are
are used
used toto try
try to
to
achieve
achieve the
the optimal
optimal balance
balance of
of the
the three
three factors
factors
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
 WCDMA Capacity Features

Coverage and Capacity

n WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as：

„ Number of users
„ Transmission rate
„ Moving speed
„ Wireless environment
Ÿ indoors
Ÿ Outdoors
n The radius of cell depends on such factors as:
„ Local radio conditions (local interference)
„ Traffic in neighbouring cells (remote interference)

n Cell Radius decrease according to the Increase of user number

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Coverage/capacity VS Data Rate

n Higher data rate needs higher power

n High data rate transmission is only available nearby the station

Coverage decrease >384 kbps

>144 kbps
>64 kbps

Subscriber
num >12.2 kbps
increase

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Optimization methods

n To overcome Cell Breathing Effect caused by increased traffic

and meet different requirements for capacity and coverage in
different environment, following solutions can be applied:

tDL t DL/UL:
w transmission diversity (Tx Div) w Add carrier
w high power amplifier w six sectors

tUL
w Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) Add
Addbasestation
basestation
w 4 Rx Div
“last
“lastchoice”
choice”
w OTSR

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 WCDMA Capacity Features

Factors affects WCDMA Capacity

Factors Impact on WCDMA capacity

Power Control Reducing interference, saving power and Increasing capacity

Impacting the capacity through applying different proportion and

Handover Control
algorithm of soft handover
Admitting a connection base on the load and the admission
Admission Control
threshold of planned capacity
Monitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing services to avoid
Load Control
overload
The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of
OVSF Code
simultaneous connections.

The advanced receiving and baseband processing technology is

RAKE Receiver
introduced to overcome the fast fading

Wireless Wireless environment such as interferences, UE position and

Environment mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com