INPLANT TRAINING REPORT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The industrial exposure that I have experienced as a trainee in “ASHOKA IRON

WORKS” under “Cylinder Head and Block Machining Division -Navage’ has
helped me a lot not only in improving my theoretical knowledge but also made to
understand the working of the division.

I am sincerely grateful to the management of “ASHOKA IRON WORKS” for

giving an opportunity to undergo two weeks internship in their industry and for
providing homely atmosphere in their organization. I would like to express my
gratitude towards Mr. M A BAGALI(General Manager)for associating me in this
internship for making timely guidance and encouraging me at various stages during
my internship. My experience with him as his subordinate is memorable.

I would like to extend my cordial regards and thanks to our Principal Dr. Vijay H
Kalmani, for providing a healthy learning environment in this college, which helped
us in developing our skills and concentrating on our internship.

Next, I take this momentous opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. Yuvaraj Patil,
Head of Department for providing me an opportunity to undergo the internship. And
last but not the least I thank all the staff of the department, for their kind co-operation
and support.

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ABOUT THE INDUSTRY

Ashoka Iron Group was incorporated in 1974 with a foundry to make iron castings.
ASHOKA IRON GROUP has grown strength to strength owing to technology,
innovation, quality of its products & customer service. It is one of the largest foundry
groups which produces a wide range of machined iron castings like engine blocks,
engine heads, it is also involved in machining of crankshafts, assemblies, engine
cooling systems, & sheet metal parts. Ashok Iron Group is the largest producer and
market leader of heavy duty engine blocks and heads. Our products have a wide range
of application like industrial engines for power generation, mining, construction,
marine, locomotive. The products find place in automotive, farm equipments,
compressions etc.

In the ASHOKA IRON WORKS under the plant ‘Cylinder Head and Block
Machining Division-Navage’ we studied the following 1500KVA transformer,
500KVA, 1000KVA generator, Induction motor, servo motor, MCCB(1000HP),
Proximatory sensor, Air circuit breaker, Compressor with 30hp motor, 16 cylinder V
type diesel engine, CNC machine, motor control panel wiring, crane, CNC beat.

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1. Transformer
1.1 Introduction

Generator step-up (GSU) transformers represent the second largest capital investment
in Reclamation power production—second only to generators. Reclamation has
hundreds, perhaps thousands, of transformers, in addition to hundreds of large GSU
transformers. Reclamation has transformers as small as a camera battery charger,
about one-half the size of a coffee cup, to huge generator step-up transformers near
the size of a small house. The total investment in transformers may well exceed
generator investment. Transformers are extremely important to Reclamation, and it is
necessary to understand their basic functions. Transformers: Basics, Maintenance, and
Diagnostics 2 A transformer has no internal moving parts, and it transfers energy from
one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction. External cooling may include
heat exchangers, radiators, fans, and oil pumps. Radiators and fans are evident in
figure 1. The large horizontal tank at the top is a conservator. Transformers are
typically used because a change in voltage is needed. Power transformers are defined
as transformers rated 500 kVA and larger. Larger transformers are oil-filled for
insulation and cooling; a typical GSU transformer may contain several thousand
gallons of oil. One must always be aware of the possibility of spills, leaks, fires, and
environmental risks this oil poses. Transformers smaller than 500 kVA are generally
called distribution transformers. Pole-top and small, pad-mounted transformers that
serve residences and small businesses are typically distribution transformers.
Generator step-up transformers, used in Reclamation powerplants, receive electrical
energy at generator voltage and increase it to a higher voltage for transmission lines.
Conversely, a step-down transformer receives energy at a higher voltage and delivers
it at a lower voltage for distribution to various loads. All electrical devices using coils
(in this case, transformers) are constant wattage devices. This means voltage
multiplied by current must remain constant; therefore, when voltage is “stepped-up,”
the current is “stepped-down” (and vice versa).

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1.1 What is a Transformer ?

Transformer is a device which:

 Transfer electrical power from one electrical circuit to another circuit.

 Its working without changing the frequency.
 Work through on electrical induction.
 When, both circuits take effect of mutual induction.
 Can’t step up or step down the level of DC voltage or DC current.
 Can step up or step down the level of AC voltage or DC voltage or AC
current.

(Figure 1)

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Transformer Rating
11/1500 KVR Star-Delta

Without transformer the electrical energy generated at a generating station

won’t probably the sufficient enough to power up a city. Just imagine that
there are no transformers. How many power plants do you think have to be set
up in order to power up a city? Its not easy to set up power plant. It is
expensive.
Numerous power plant have to be set up in order to have sufficient power.
Transformers helps by amplifying the transformer output (stepping up or down
the level of voltage or current).

When the number of turns of coil of primary coil is greater than of secondary
transformer, such a transformer is known as step down transformer.

When the number of turns of the secondary coil is greater than of primary coil,
such a transformer is known as step up transformer.

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1.3. Construction of Transformer-

(Figure 1.1)

Parts of the transformer-

1. Oil filter vavle 17. Oil drain velve

2. Conservator 18. Jacking boss
3. Buchholz Relay 19. Stopper
4. Oil filter valve 20. Foundation box
5. Presser-relief vent 21. Grounding
6. High voltage bushing 22. Skid base
7. Low voltage bushing 23. Coil
8. Suspension lug 24. Coil pressure
9. B C T Terminal 25. Core
10. Tank 26. Terminal box
11. De-energized tap changer 27. Rating plate
12. Tap changer handle 28. Dial thermom
13. Faster for core and coil 29. Radiator
14. Lifting hook for core and coil 30. Manhole
15. End frame 31. Lifting hook
16. Coil pressure bolt 32. Dial type oil level

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1.4 Operating and Working Principle of a Transformer-

Transformer is a static device (and doesn’t contain on rating parts, hence no

friction losses ), which convert electrical power from one circuit to another
without changing its frequency. I step up (or step down) the level of AC voltage
and current.

Transformer works-

On the principle of mutual induction of two coil or Faraday lows of

electromagnetic induction. When current in the primary coil is changed the flux
liked to the secondary coil also changes. Consequently an EMF is induced in the
secondary coil due to Faraday lows of electromagnetic induction.

The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and, second that a changing
magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil change the
magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in
the secondary coil.

(Figure 1.2)

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A simple transformer has a soft iron or silicon steel core and winding placed on it
(iron core). Both the core and the windings are insulated from each other. The
winding connected to the main supply is called the primary and the winding
connected to the load circuit is called the secondary.

Winding (coil) connected to the higher voltage is known as high voltage winding
while the winding connected to low voltage is known as low voltage winding. In case
of a step up transformer, the primary coil (winding) is the low voltage winding, the
number of turns of the winding of the secondary is more than that of the primary,
Vice versa for step down transformer.

Good to know:

Transformer Always rated in KVA instead of KW.

As explained earlier, EMF is induced only by variation of the magnitude of the flux.

When the primary winding is connected to the AC main supply, a current flow
through it. Since the winding links with the core, current glowing through the winding
will produce an alternating flux in the core, EMF is induced in the secondary coil
since the alternating flux links the two winding. The frequency of the induced EMF is
the same as that of the fu or the supplied voltage.

By so doing (variation of flux) energy is transferred from the primary coil to the
secondary coil by means electromagnetic induction without change in the frequency
of the voltage supplied to the transformer. During the process, a self induced in the
primary coil which opposes the applied voltage. The self induced EMF is known as
back EMF.

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2.0 Generator –

(Figure 2.0)

2.1 Working, Types and Advantages-

Generator is a machine that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works
based on principle of Faraday law of electromagnetic induction. The Faraday law
states that whenever a conductor is a placed in a varying magnetic field, EMF is
induced and this induced EMF is equal to the rate of change of flux linkage. This
EMF can be generated when there is either relative space or relative time variation
between the conductor and magnetic field. So the important elements of a generator
are:

 Magnetic Field .
 Motion of Conductor in magnetic field.

 Working of Generator-
Generator are basically coil of electric conductors, normally copper wire, that
are tightly wound into a metal core and are mounted turn around inside an
exhibit of large magnets. An electric conductor moves through a magnetic
field, the magnetism will interface with the electrons in the conductor to
induce a flow of electrical current inside it.

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the shaft of a mechanical power source, for example an motor, the copper conductor
can turn at exceptionally increased speed over the magnetic field.

Drivers for DC brush motors-

Smart motor devices-

Design, manufacturing and sale. 12/24 VDC, 16 A. Technical support, fast shipping.

(Figure 2.1)

The point when the generator armature first starts to turn, then there is a weak
magnetic field in the iron pole shoes. As the armature turns, it starts to raise voltage.
Some of this voltage is making on the field winding through the generator regulator.
This impressed voltage builds up stronger winding current, raises the strength of the
turn, make more current in the field winding, with a resultant higher armature voltage.
At this time the sings of the shoes depended on the direction of flow of current in the
field winding. The opposite signs will give current to flow in wrong direction.

DC Generators- DC generator is typically found in off-grid applications. This

generator give a seamless power supply directly into electric storage devices and DC
power grid without novel equipment. The stored power is carries to loads through dc-

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ac converters. The DC generators could be controlled back to an unmoving to recover

considerable more fuel.

2.2 Classification of DC Generators-

D.C Generator are classified according to the way their magnetic field is developed in
the stator of the machine.

 Permanent-magnet DC generators
 Separately-excite DC generator and
 Self-excited DC generators.

Permanent magnet DC generator do not require external field excitation because it has
permanent magnet to produce the flux. These are used for low power application like
dynamos. Separately-excite DC generators requires external field excitation to
produce the magnet flux. We can also very the excitation to get variable output power.
These are used in electro plating and electro refining applications. Due to residual
magnetism present in the poles of the stator self-excited DC generator can able to
produce their own magnetic field ones it is started. These are simple in design and no
need to have the external circuit to vary the field excitation. Again these self-excited
DC generators are classified into shunt, series, and compound generators.

These are used in application like battery charging, welding, ordinary lightening
applications etc.

Advantages of DC Generator-

 Mainly DC machines have the wide variety of operating characteristics which

can be obtained by selection of the method of excitation of field windings.
 The output voltage can be smoothed by regularly arranging the coils around
the armature. These leads to less fluctuations which is desirable for some
steady state applications.
 No shielding need for radiation so cable cost will be less as compared to AC.
Two generators are used
1. 1000- KVA
2. 5000-KVA

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3.0 Optical Isolator-

 An optical isolator is essentially passive device which allows the flow of

optical signal power (for a particular wave length or a wave length band) in
only one direction preventing reflection in the backward direction.
 Ideally, an optical isolator should transmit all the signal power in desired
forward direction.
 The wavelength blocking feature makes the optical isolator a very attractive
device for use with optical amplifiers in order to protect them from backward
reflections. In addition, magneto optic devices can be function as isolators.
 It is also possible to develop optical waveguide isolators using either the TE or
TM modes for the propagation of an optical signal.
 Optical isolator works by rotating the plane of polarization of incoming light
ray.
 Consider that, incoming light has vertical polarization (vertical SOP) as shown
in below.
 This light allowed to pass through first polarized; whose function is to pass the
light is the light having only vertical SOP. The light is then passed through
Faraday rotor. It rotates the polarization by 45* as shown in below figure.
 The polarizer 2 is designed in such a way that it passes the light ray having
SOP rotated by 45*. Thus the light get propagated in the forward direction
without any loss.
 Now the reflected light with 45* orientation gets passed through the polarizer
2. The Faraday rotor again provides orientation by 45*. Thus the original
vertical SOP becomes horizontal SOP.
 Polarizer 1 is designed to pass the light having vertical SOP only. Thus the
reflected light, having horizontal SOP will be blocked. Thus the optical
isolation is provided.

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Isolator 250 Amps

3.1 Circulators:

 Isolators can be connected together to from multiport devices where,

depending upon their isolation characteristics, an optical signal can leave the
device at an and terminal or it can continue to flow towards the next connected
isolator.
 The resulting device is generally known as a circulator, talking its name from
the path of the optical signal which follows a closed loop or a circle.
 Optical isolation and circulation:(a) functional schematic of a optical fiber
isolator; (b) three-port optical circulator.
 A four-port optical circulator which operates I a similar manner to the three-
port device but incorporates an additional isolator is displayed.
 Although it is also possible to produce circulator with a larger number of parts,
the device complexity increases with increasing number of ports and therefore
in practice only three- or four-port circulators have proved useful for optical
interconnection.

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4.0 MCB`s

4.1 Introduction to miniature circuit breakers(MCB)-

All fuses need to be replaced with MCB for batter safety and control when they have
done their job in the past. Unlike a fuse, an MCB operates as automatic switch that
opens in the event of excessive current flowing through the circuit and once the circuit
returns to normal, it can be reclosed without any manual replacement. MCBs are used
primarily as an alternative to the fuse switch in most of the circuit. A wide variety of
MCBs have been in use nowadays with breaking capacity of 10KA to 16KA, in all
areas of domestics, commercial and industrial application MCBs are of the time delay
tripping devices, to which the magnitude of over current controls the operating time.
This means, these get operated whenever overload exist long enough to create a
danger to the circuit being protected. Therefore, MCBs doesn’t respond to transient
loads such as switches surges and motor starting currents. Generally, these are
designed to operate at less than 2.5 milli seconds during short circuit faults and 2
second to 2 minutes in case of overload (depending on the level of current).

(Figure 4.0)

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4.2 Working and Operation of MCBs-

Under normal working conditions, MCB operates as a switch to make the circuit ON
or OFF. Under overload to short circuit condition, it automatically operates or trips so
that current interruption takes place in the load circuit. The visual indication of this
trip can be observed by automatic movement of the operating knob to OFF position.
This automatic operation MCB can be obtained in two ways as we have seen in MCB
construction; those are magnetic tripping and thermal tripping.

Under overload condition, the current through the bimetal cause to raise the
temperature of it. The heat generated within the bimetal itself enough to cause
deflection due to thermal expansion of metals. This deflection further releases the trip
latch and hence contacts get separated. In some MCBs, magnetic field generated by
the coil causes develop pull on bimetal such that it deflection activates the tripping
mechanism.

Under short circuit or heavy over load condition, magnetic tripping arrangement
comes into the pitcher. Under normal working condition, the slug is held in a position
by light spring because magnetic field generated by the coil is not sufficient to attract
the latch When a fault current flows, the magnetic field generated by the coil is
sufficient to over come the spring force holding slug in position. And hence slug
moves and then actuate the tripping mechanism.

(Figure 4.1)

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5.0 Chain Hoist

Inspecting And Servicing Of Chain Hoist

5.1 Maintenance Interview

(Figure 5.0)

The maintenance interview given are suited to a chain hoist used in mechanism group
1 Am. If the hoist is classified in a different mechanism group according to FEM 9511

 Daily Maintenance-
Check break function-
Attach safe working load. List load approx. 20cm and stop chain hoist. The
load must not move downward. Then brief downward run, stop load by
releasing switch. Slippage of load-up to 10 cm are normal.
Check load chain -
If wear is visible at joints, see chapter checking load chain.
Check slipping clutch-
Run chain hoist into top and bottom final position. The chain stops, the motor
continue to turn giving some slipping noise from gear box. Allow the clutch to
slip for max 3 second only (see chapter Adjusting slipping clutch).
 Every Three Months maintenance-
Check chain anchorage -
The chain stopper is screwed tight.
Bottom hook block-

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Check load hook, casing and chain pulley for wear, damage deformation. See
hoist data sheet for permissible hook opening.
Load chain-
Clean and oil.
 Annually maintenance-
Check oil level.
Check bolt connection.

See checking bolt connection.

Check trolley-
Running surface and flanges are free of dirt, oil and paint.
Buffers and end stops are undamaged.
Wheel gearing-
Grease.
Check load hook, suspension bracket-
If deformation or cracks are visible, replace load hook or suspension eye
immediately.
Check slipping clutch-
Attach nominal load and lift approx. 20cm. The slipping clutch must not be
activated. If necessary, set slipping clutch to 1.25 times load.

5.2 Fault Finding-

What is to be done if…..?

 Chain hoist does not work –

Chain hoist is switched off. Switch on.
Temperature control (If exist) has reacted. Allow to cool off.
Emergency stop activated. Release emergency stop.
Fuse triggered. Fit new fuse or switch on automatic circuit breaker.
Power supply interrupted.
Reconnect power supply.
 Heavy loads can no longer be lifted-
Overload. Reduce load.

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Slipping clutch is incorrectly set or worm. Adjust slipping clutch if nominal

load is no longer lifted. (see adjusting slipping clutch).
 Slippage of load more than 10 cm-
Break lining worm. Adjust break, if necessary replace break disc.
 Direction of motion does not correspond to symbols on control pendant-
Power supply wrongly connected. Interchange two phase of power supply.
 Loud noise when load are lifted or lowered-
Chain worm. Replace load chain (see replacing load chain).
Load chain wheel or chain guide worm.
Replace load chain wheel or chain guide (connect after-sales services).
Chain drive elements not lubricated.
Lubricate chain drive elements.
Oil level too low. Refill with oil.

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6.0 Motors

6.1 Introduction-

What is Induction Motor?

A motor with only armortisseur windings is called in induction motor. An induction

motor is the most modest electrical machine from construction point of view, in the
majority of the cases. Induction motor works on the principle of induction where
electro-magnetic field is induced into the rotor when rotating magnetic field of stator
cuts the stationary rotor. Induction machines are by far the most common type of
motor used in industrial, commercial or residential settings. It is three phase AC
motor.

Its Characteristics features are-

 Simple and rugged construction.

 Low cost and minimum maintenance.
 High dependability and sufficiently high proficiency.
 Needs no additional starting motor and necessity not be synchronized.

(Figure 6.0)

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6.2 What are the basic parts of an Induction Motor?

An induction motor has basically two parts:

Stator and Rotor.

Stator-

The stator is made up of various stamping with slots to carry three phase winding. It is
wound for a distinct of poles. The winding are geometrically divided 120 degrees
separated. Two sorts of rotors are used in induction motors: Squirrel cage rotor and
wound rotor. No DC field current is required to run the machine. Rotor voltage is
induced in the rotor winding rather than being physically connected by wires.

Rotor-

The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic circuit. The most common type of
rotor is the squirrel cage rotor. The rotor comprises of a cylindrical laminated core
with axially placed parallel slots for carrying the conductors. Each slots carries a
copper, aluminum, or alloy bar. The rotor of three-phase induction motors frequently
is likewise implied as an anchor. The purpose behind this name is the anchor shape of
the rotors used within quite early electrical devices. In electrical equipment the
anchors winding would be induced by the magnetic field, although the rotor takes this
part in three-phase induction motors.

Induction motor has same physical rotor as a synchronous machine with a alternate
rotor development. Induction motor might be worked as either motors or generator.
On the other hand, they are fundamentally used as induction motors.

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6.3Two types of Induction Motors-

1. Single Phase Induction Motor-

2. Three Phase Induction Motor-

1. Single Phase Induction Motor-

(Figure 6.1)

The single phase induction motor is not self stating. When the motor is
connected to the single phase power supply, the main winding carries an
alternating current. It is logical that the least expensive, most reduced upkeep
sort engine ought to be utilized most regularly. These are of different types
based on their way of starting since these are of not self starting. Those are
split phase, shaded pole and capacitor motors. Again capacitor motors are
capacitor start, capacitor run and permanent capacitor motors,

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6.4 Applications of single phase induction motor-

This are used in low power applications and widely and used in domestic
applications as well as industrial. And some of those are mentioned below-
 Pumps
 Compressors
 Small fan
 Mixers
 Toys
 Drilling machines
2. Three Phase Induction Motor-

(Figure 6.2)
These motors are self-starting and use no capacitor, start winding, centrifugal
switch or other starting device. Three phase AC induction motors are widely
used in industrial and commercial applications. These are of two types,
squirrel cage and slip ring motors required external resistors to have high
starting torque.

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Induction motors are used in industry and domestic appliances these are
rugged I construction requiring hardly any maintenance, that they are
comparatively cheap and require supply only to the stator.

Applications of Three Phase Induction Motor-

 Lifts
 Cranes
 Hoists
 Large capacity exhaust fans
 Driving lathe machine
 Crushers
 Oil extracting mills

3 Phase Induction Motor

Ratio 1/100
0.4 kw ½ HP 220 V
Insulation E
50 Hz 1400 r/min
60 Hz 1680 r/min

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7.0Air Break Circuit Breaker-

7.1Introduction-

In air break circuit breaker the arc is initiated and extinguish in substantially static air
in which the arc moves. Such breakers are used for low voltages, generally up to
15KV and rupturing capacities of 500MVA. Air circuit breaker has several
advantages over the oil, as an arc quenching medium. These are-

 Elimination of risk and maintenance associated with the use of oil.

 The absence of mechanical stress that is set up by gas pressure and oil
movement.
 Elimination of the cost of regular oil replacement that arises due to
deterioration of oil with the successive breaking operation.

In the air break, circuit breaker the contact separation and arc extinction take place in
air at atmospheric pressure. In air break circuit breaker high resistance principle is
employed. In this circuit breaker arc is expanded by the mean of arc runners, arc
chutes, and arc resistance is increased by splitting, cooing , and lengthening.

(Figure 7.0)

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7.2Working principle of Air Break Circuit Breaker-

When the fault occur, the main contact are separated first, and a current shifted to
arcing contacts. Now the arcing contact are separate, and the arc is drown between
them. This arc is forced upward by the electromagnetic force and thermal action. The
arc ends travel along the arc runner. The arc moves upward and is split by the arc
splitter plates. The arc is extinguished by lengthening, cooling, splitting etc.

7.3Applications of Air Break Circuit Breaker-

Air break circuit breaker is suitable auxiliaries and industrial plants. They do not
require any additional equipment such as hazards. Air break principle of lengthening
of the arc, arc runners magnetic blow-up is employed for DC circuit breakers up to 15
KV.

Air Circuit Breaker 3200 Amps 440 V

Cable Size 3X3.5 e X 300 Sq. mm

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8.0Panel Board-

Electrical distribution systems, whether simple or complex, typically includes panel

boards, the focus of this course, even the load center is used in a home is a type of
panel board. However, the focus of this course is on panel boards used in commercial
and industrial facilities.

(Figure 8.0)

Panel Board Definition-

A panel board is a type of enclosure for over current protection devices and the busses
and connections that provide power to these devices and their associated circuits.
According to the “NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE” (NEC), a panel board is:

 Used to control light, heat, or power circuits.

 Placed in a cabinet or cutout box.
 Mounted in or against a wall.
 Accessible only from the front.

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Main L.T. Panel

Voltage 415 Volts
PF 0.8
Current 800/ 1600 A
Type Indoor
Phase 3 Ph

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9.0 Air Compressor-

9.1Introduction to Industrial Air Compressor-

Industrial air compressors are heavy duty devices used to compress or squeeze
components like air, gas and oil. Generally large in size, they are capable of
producing great levels of pressure to power large-scale, complex systems. Considered
an essential component among different industries, they are highly used to run major
industrial and manufacturing equipment, including those that incorporate hydraulic or
pneumatic operating components.

(Figure 9.0)

When developing industrial air compressors, manufactures usually rely on three basic
types of operating systems. Basic centrifugal units includes a cylinder or a drum that
rotates very fast when the device is turned on. This will produce a centrifugal force
which will further be applied to compress air or any other element for use in other
equipment. But, if the application requires extreme rate of compression, then a
reciprocating compressor model is recommended. This model features a series of
interconnected cylinders that compress and release pressure in controlled stages.
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However the most used type of industrial air compressors is the rotary screw model.
Featuring a large metal screw enclosed within a larger metal tube or cylinder, when it
is turned on, if forces air or fluid through its length, resulting a power and
compression. This model of industrial air compressor is commonly found in industrial
cooling system.

Industrial air compressors are commonly seen in different types of commercial and
industrial buildings. And while a structure with a large cooling system requires just
one of these units, a structure with special refrigeration often needs a series of air
compressors. Other applications of industrial air compressors include: to power
industrial equipment such as machines used in power production and basic
manufacturing equipment; to power hydraulic or pneumatic drilling equipment, etc.

Although industrial air compressor share many features with smaller air compressor,
they typically offer greater capacity and reliability than basic air compressors used in
domestic operations. Furthermore, thanks to their size they are able to produce much
higher rates of pressure.

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10.0Proximity Sensor-

10.1Definition-

A proximity sensor is a electronic sensor that can detect the presence of objects within
its vicinity without any actual physical contact, In order to sense objects, the
proximity sensor radiates or emits of electromagnetic radiation, usually in the form of
infrared light, the objects proximity or distance from the sensor.

(Figure 10.0)

These days we are hearing of and using various kinds of sensors in your life. I’m here
not talking about Humans five sense organs, here we are talking about sensors.
Sensors are also known as detectors which converts physical quantity and converts
into a signal. There are many types of sensors invented for different type of particular
work. Today our subject is proximity sensors, we gonna talk here about what actually
it is, how it works and its types. So without any time lets checkout.

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(Figure 10.1)

Work? –

When anything come in the range of proximity sensor it flash out infrared beam and
monitors reflections. When sensors senses reflections it confirms that there an object
nearby.

10.2Working-

An inductive proximity sensor consist of an oscillator, a ferrite core with coil, a

detector circuit, an output circuit, housing, and a cable or connector. The oscillator
generates a sine wave of a fixed frequency. This signal is used to drive the coil. The
coil in conjunction with ferrite core induces a electromagnetic field. When field lines
are interrupted by a metal object, the oscillator voltage is reduced, proportional to the
size and distance of the object from the coil. The reduction in the oscillator voltage is
caused by eddy currents induced in the metal interrupting the field lines. This
reduction in voltage of the oscillator is detected by the detecting circuit.

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