ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express a deep sense of

thanks and gratitude to my chemistry
teachers Mrs.Ratna Gavashinde and
Nandita mam for guiding me immensely
through the course of my project. Their
constructive advice and constant motivation
have been responsible for the successful
completion of my project.
My sincere thanks to my parents for their
motivation and support. I must thanks my
classmates for their timely help and support
for compilation of this project.
 CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that the project
“Dyeing of fabrics with Malachite green” is
an original and genuine investigation work
carried out to investigate about the subject
matter and the related data collection and
investigation has been completed solely ,
sincerely and satisfactorily
by,____________________
Of class XII-B as per the requirement for
the CBSE Board Examination for the year
2019-20.

➢ ROLL NO. :
➢ DATE :
➢ TEACHERS SIGN. :
 CONTENT

1) INTRODUCTION
2) OBJECTIVE
3) REQUIREMENT
4) PROCEDURE
5) CONCLUSION
6) BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere to the
surface of materials and are used to give colour to
paper foodstuffs and various textiles such as cotton
wool synthesis fibers silk etc.

For example alizarin, indigo, Congo red etc. chemically a

dye contains:-

i. Some groups (such as azo, indigoid,

triphenylmethyl, anthraquinone, etc.) Which is
responsible for the colour of the dyes
ii. Some groups (such as -NH2, -SO3H, -COOH etc.)
which makes the dye to stick to the fabric by
formation of some salt.

Dyeing is the process of adding colour to textile

products like fibers, yarn and fabrics. The
temperature and time controlling are the two key
factors in dyeing.
The primary source of dye historically has been nature
with the dyes being extracted from plants and animals.
Since the 18th century humans produced artificial dyes
to achieve a broad range of colors and to render the
dyes more stable to resist washing and general use.

The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because a

particular dye absorbs radiation of some specific
wavelengths from the visible region of electromagnetic
radiation which fall on the surface. The remaining
radiations of light are reflected the colour which we
observe is due to the reflected light.

For example, if a dye absorbs the light in the

wavelength region corresponding to red then it would
appear green, which is complementary colour of red.
Similarly, if a dye absorbs blue colour, it would appear
orange.

Methods to apply dye

Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing from dye
solutions and by printing from dye pastes. methods
include
❖ Direct application
❖ Yarn dyeing

Characteristics of a dye
• It must have a suitable colour
• It must be capable of being fixed to the material
• When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps,
water, dry cleaning solvents, light and dilute acids

Type of dye
The dyes are classified by dye manufacturers for
Marketing into the following types:

❖ Acid dyes: These are azo dyes and are

characterized by the presence of acidic groups.
The presence of soluble and serves as the
reactive points for fixing the dye to the fiber they
 are chiefly used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon for
example, orange 1 and orange 2.
❖ Basic dyes: These contains NH2 or NR2. In acidic
solution these form water soluble cations and use
the anionic sites on the fabric to get used for
dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For example, aniline
yellow, butter yellow
❖ Direct dyes: These are also azo dyes and are used
to dye fabrics directly by placing in aqueous
solution of the dye. These dyes attach to the
fabrics by the means of hydrogen bonding.
❖ Disperse dyes: these dyes are applied in the form
of dispersion of minute particles of the dyes in a
soap solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic
acid. These dyes are used to dye rayon’s, dacron,
nylon, polyesters etc. for example celliton fats pink
B and celliton fast blue B
❖ Fibre reactive dyes: These dyes are linked to the
fibre by oh or nh2 group present he on the fibre.
These dyes induce fast colour on fibre which is
retained for a longer time. These dyes are used
for dyeing cotton , wool and silk.
❖ Insoluble dyes: These dyes are directly
synthesized on the fibre . The fabric to be
coloured is soaked in an alkaline solution of phenol
and then treated with a solution of diazotised
amine to produce azo dyes. The colour induced by
Such dyes is not fast. These dyes are used for
dyeing of cotton, silk, polyester nylon, etc. For
example, nitroaniline red.
❖ Vat dyes: These dyes are water insoluble and
before dyeing these are reduced to colourless
compounds in wooden vats bye alkaline reducing
agent. The fibre is then soaked in the solution of
the dye. Fibre is then exposed to air or an
oxidizing agent. By doing so the colourless
compound get s reoxidised to coloured dye on the
fabric . For example, indigo.
❖ Mordant dyes: These dyes are applied after
treating the fabric with precipitates the of
certain substance (mordant material) which the
combines the dye to form a coloured complex
called lake. Some of the mordant are salts of
aluminum, iron and tannic account acids. Depending
 on the mordant used, the same mordant dye can
give different colour and shades.

OBJECTIVE
To dye wool and cotton with malachite green.

REQUIREMENTS
500 ml beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod,
spatula, wool cloth and cotton cloth.

Chemicals required- sodium carbonate, tannic acid,

tartaremetic acid, and malachite green dye.

PROCEDURE
1. PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARCONATE
SOLUTION: take about 0.5 g of solid sodium
carbonate and dissolve it in 250 ml of water.
2. PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC SOLUTION:
take about 0.2 g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100
ml of water by stirring with the help of glass rod.

3. PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID SOLUTION: take

100 ml of water in a beaker and add about 1.0 g o tannic
acid to. Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution
of tannic acid is obtained.

4. PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION: take about 0.1

g of malachite green dye and add to it 400 ml of water.
On warming a clear solution of the dye results.

5. DYEING OF WOOL: take about 200 ml of dye

solution and dip it in the woolen cloth to be dyed. Boil
the solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove
the cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4 times,
squeeze and keep it for drying.

6. DYEING OF COTTON: cotton does not absorb

malachite green readily, therefore it requires the use
of a mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in sodium
carbonate solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse
with water. Then put the cloth in hot tannic acid
solution for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth
from tannic acid solution and keep it in tartaremetic
solution for about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and
squeeze it with spatula to remove most of the solution.
Now place the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for
about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth
thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.

7. DYEING OF COTTON DIRECTLY: take another

piece of cotton cloth and put it directly into the boiling
solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes.
Remove the cloth, wash with water, squeeze and keep it
for drying.

Compare the colour of this cloth with that dyed by

using mordant.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. comprehensive practical chemistry (class 12)

2. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/dyeing

3. www.scribd.com