SYNOPSIS
ON
Application of Harvested Rainwater in Plastic Pond for
Cultivation of Mustard Crop
Submitted by
NEEL PRAVEEN KULLU
M.Tech.(Agricultural Engineering) Student
Registration no.: M.Tech/BAU/4438/2017
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Birsa Agricultural University
Kanke, Ranchi-834006
Post graduate degree programme : M.Tech. (Agricultural Engineering)
Department : Agricultural Engineering
Name of student : NEEL PRAVEEN KULLU
Major subject : Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
Minor subject : Farm Machinery and Power Engineering
Major Advisor : Dr. Mintu Job
Registration no. : M.Tech/BAU/4438/2017
Title of the Research:
“Application of Harvested Rainwater in Plastic Pond for Cultivation
of Mustard Crop.”
I. INTRODUCTION
In India, the agriculture sector accounts for about 83% of all water uses. The remaining
uses are included 5%, 3%and 3% by domestic, industrial, energy sectors and other consumers,
respectively (Anonymous 2017). Increasing competition with the other water users in the future
would limit the water availability for expanding irrigated area. Water is one of the most
important input essential for the production of crops. India is blessed with abundant water
resources, however, due to various physiographic constraints, existing legal constraints and the
present method of utilization, the utilizable water for irrigation is very limited.
Water is essential to all kind of lives on earth. The total quantity of available water is
estimated to be about 1386 million cubic kilometers. Out of all this water, only 10.6 million
cubic kilometers is available as fresh water on land, and rest is contained either in the oceans
(97%), or in the form of frozen ice on mountain tops and glaciers (Subramanya, 1997). The total
fresh water available has remained constant over the years but the needs of water are increasing
day by day due to the population growth, economic development, urbanization and the other
factors. The United Nations predicted that the global water demand will exceed the available
water approximately by the year 2050. If the available water resources are not utilized
efficiently, the water demand will exceed the available water supply sooner than later.
Drought is the common calamity of Jharkhand state. The fate of agriculture oscillates
with the progress of onset monsoon and its distribution and amounts. The intermittent and
terminal dry spells are likely to occur in the state. Thus, the crop fails due to longer dry spells
and scarcity of water.
The rain water harvesting is the simple technique of catching the water where it falls.
Rain water harvesting , can be defined as a method of capturing rainwater where it falls, storing
it for longer duration and utilizing it as and when needed for various purpose e.g. agriculture,
drinking and recharge of ground water etc. There is considerable evidence to show that the
rainwater harvesting has been extremely practiced for ages in India for providing supplemental
irrigation to crops during dry spell periods (Jain, 2008).
India is a traditional user of ponds; these are small water bodies either man-made or
natural which have been use since ages. They are traditional water harvesting structures and the
water stored in these structures is commonly used for drinking water supply, washing / bathing
for human and animals, irrigating crops and raising the fish. The seepage losses in some soil
types are as high as 11 m3 /s/ per million square meter area. Seepage losses not only mean loss of
useful water but it also leads to other problems such as trench in the embankments, water logging
or increased salinity in the adjacent area. (Ashwani Kumar et al., 2010))
The use of plastic films as a lining material has offered tremendous scope as lining
material which provides an impervious lining thus prevent water losses due to seepage .The
performance of these films as lining material have been found very satisfactory. These linings
using Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) film have been tried
experimentally. Out of all the types tested so far, LDPE film appears to be the best whereas, PVC
lining has several limitations (Singh and Kumar, 2007).
Mustard is important oilseed crop of India grown in Rabi season. India is fourth largest
contributor of oilseeds and mustard contributes about 28.6% in total oilseeds production
(Anonymous 2018). Mustard seeds and its oil is used for culinary purpose. Young leaves are used
for vegetable purpose. Its oil cake is used for feeding cattle.
The knowledge of crop water requirement is an important practical consideration for
designing and managing irrigation system. The yield of mustard in India is low as the crop is
grown under rainfed condition. Estimation of water requirement and evapotranspiration or
consumptive use and irrigation scheduling requires careful consideration for any irrigation
project. CROPWAT is a Windows computer program for the calculation of crop water
requirements and irrigation requirements based on soil, climate and crop data.
Due to scarcity and unavailability of irrigation water, Production of Mustard is lesser
than average productivity of country. Average yield of 646 kg/ha of Jharkhand as against the
country’s average yield 1156 kg/ha (Anonymous 2108)
The total irrigation potential of the Jharkhand is 37.22 lakh Ha. Out of which only 17.82
lakh hectare are utilized in the state (Anonymous 2018). The scarcity of water for agriculture is
one of the hindrances in promotion of crop production in the state. Underground water depletion,
climate change, extreme climatic condition like draught has reduced the availability of water.
This has also affected the food supply casing food scarcity.
Systematic studies on rain water harvesting through farm pond are extremely scarce in the
region. Recurrent droughts have put tremendous pressure on ground water resources and
depleted the water table. Sustained development of surface water resources demands evaluatory
studies on rain water harvesting and its efficient recycling to moderate moisture stress in the
region. OBJECTIVES:
1. To compare the irrigation scheduling for mustard crop using climatological method and
CROPWAT Model.
2. Comparative study of different methods of surface irrigations for mustard crop.
II. REVEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Water Harvesting in plastic pond
Tiwari and Pant (1990) studied the performance evaluation of lining materials for seepage
control from farm ponds. Six farm ponds of 100 m3 capacity were constructed and their seepage
rate was observed during monsoon periods. During monsoon, the water table was observed to be
close to the pond bottom which restricted vertical flow of water and sometimes negative seepage
was observed.
Galkate et al. (2008) studied to assess rainwater availability and planning for water resources and
development in chindwara district of M.P. India. The results revealed that water availability in
the district is sufficient enough to meet the domestic as well as agriculture water demand through
proper management and planning.
Natchaya et al. (2010) studied for planning to construct a small scale on farm pond in rained
agricultural areas, the selection of an appropriate location and capacity is extremely important in
order to maximize the availability and hydrologic functions related to water harvesting and
distribution at existing on farm ponds in Nong saeng village, khon kaen Province, North east
Thailand.
Jat et al.(2011) studied to assess calcareous soil lining for seepage reduction from farm pond
under dryland ecosystem. Results revealed that dugout pond constructed with lining of
calcareous soil recorded minimum seepage rate from 1.05 to 1.08 cm/m2/day at different heads
over without calcareous soil lined pond.
Swagatika et al. (2016) conducted study on water auditing of small watershed under Agro
Ecology and Environment Center, Dr. PDKV, akola to plan appropriate utilization of water
resources. The rainfall, runoff and evapotranspiration data for the period 2002-2014 of AEEC
watershed was used to compute water balance using the water balance equation. This indicates
the water deficit, water surplus, soil moisture used and soil moisture recharged. It was observed
that the water available either in the form of rainfall or soil moisture storage.
2.2 Determination of ETo, Etc and water requirement of the crops and water use
efficiencies of different irrigation methods:
Bhandarkar et al. (2005) estimated crop evapo-transpiration (ETc) for field crops and vegetables
from 20 year weather data collected from CIAE observatory, Bhopal. Crop coefficients were
obtained from the literature for different crops. ETo was estimated by using FAO penman-
Monteith equation and CROPWAT software. The seasonal crop evapotranspiration for
vegetables crops potato,cabbage, tomato and pea were 338, 268, 380 and 305 mm respectively.
Patel et al. (2009) compared the performances of Different surface irrigation methods for their
ability to save irrigation water and improve the crop yields. Cabbage, Okra, mustard and
sugarcane were grown with all these three methods in the same season and in the same different
Agro ecological Situations (AES) in south Gujarat but Okra with surface were grown in different
AES. With the same amount of water used (450mm); the cabbage yield was found 16.20, 24.12
and 18.50 t/ha for surface, sprinkler and drip respectively.
Erdem et al. (2010) conducted experiment to determine the possibility of a crop water stress
Index to schedule irrigation for Mustard grown with drip irrigation during the spring and autumn
cultivation periods of 2007. The effects of five irrigation level which were applied based on a
ratio of class A pan evaporation with 7 days interval on broccoli yields and resulting CWSI were
investigated. The highest yield and water use was obtained in the treatment of applied 50 % of
the evaporation in the treatments varied from 187- 326 mm during the spring period and from
242-346 mm during the autumn period.
Sekyere et al. (2010) conducted study to determine the seasonal water requirement of Mustard
crop, the crop coefficient under full water requirement as well as the effect of deficit irrigation
on pepper growth and development under a rain shelter. The treatments imposed were T1,
application of 100 per cent Crop water requirement. T2, was 80 %, T3 60 % and T4 40 % of crop
water requirement. It was determined that pepper requires about 587.48 mm of water over the
growth season. The study also revealed that reduction in 20% water need of hot pepper has no
significant effect on growth, development and fruiting of the crop.
Vijayakumar et al. (2010) conducted two year experiment with three irrigation levels 100, 75 and
50 % of pan evaporation along with three fertigation levels, viz. 125, 100 and 75 % of
recommended N and K through drip irrigation and replicated thrice and recorded, higher Mustard
yields in treatment drip irrigation at 75 % of PE with fertigation of 75 % of recommended N and
K with maximum shoot length and number of branches plant-1. The highest water use efficiency
of 111.5 t/ha/mm and N, K use efficiency were recorded in drip irrigation at 75 % of PE with
fertigaion of 75 % of recommended N and K.
Parihar (1991 ). Observed that irrigation schedule has a significantinfluence on yield and yield
components, irrigation scheduling at 0.6 IW/CPEratio recorded significantly greater yield
compared with at 0.4 IW/CPE ratio.However, frequent irrigation (under 0.8 IW/CPE) produced
significantly higherstover yield and hampered the fruiting.
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this section the methodology adopted in achieving the set of objectives in light of basic ground
data, the location of the study area and its characteristics features and other relevant component
have been taken into consideration.
Plan of Work
1. Harvesting of Rainwater in Plastic pond (from June 2018-March 2019)
2. Measurement of losses and change in storage of plastic pond
3. Estimation of Irrigation Scheduling for mustard cropusing climatological method and
CROPWAT Model
4. Cultivation of mustard crop using different methods of surface irrigation viz. check basin
Furrow, border, and controlled flooding with broadcasting.
5. Comparison of water use efficiencies of these different methods of surface irrigation
3.1 Description Of Study Area
Location of study area:
The catchment area of the pond is located at Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke , Ranchi,
Jharkhand. The geographical location of Kanke, Ranchi is 2317'N latitude and longitude of
8510’E at an elevation of 651 m above mean sea level. The study area falls under Ranchi region
of Jharkhand Agro Climatic zone VII of the country known as Eastern Plateau and Hill region.
Climate:
Ranchi has a Humid Subtropical Climate. Summer temperatures range from 20˚C to 42˚C,
whereas winter temperatures from 0˚C to 25˚C. December and January are the coolest months,
with temperature dipping to the freezing point in some areas like kanke. The annual rainfall is
about 1430 mm (56.34 inches). From June to September the rainfall is about 1,100 mm.
3.2 Experimental design
Crop:
Mustard (Brassica nigra)- Shivani Variety
Seed rate- 5 kg/ hectare
Spacing- 30 X 15 cm
RDF N: P: K: S- 80:60:40:20
Total area of experiment= 30 X 40= 1200 m2
Design: RBD (Randomized Block Design)
Replication: 5 Plot size: 12X 3= 36 m2
Treatments: 4
T1: Check Basin Irrigation Method
T2: Furrow irrigation Method
T3: Border irrigation with inline sowing Method
T4: Flooding(Controlled) with broadcasting (farmer’s Practice)
Growth Parameters:
1. Plant height (cm) 30, 60, 90 cm DAS and at harvest.
2. Number of leaves per plant 30, 60, 90 cm DAS and at harvest
3. Number of pods per plant
Yield and yield attributes:
1. Grain weight (q/ha)
3.3 Climatological data
1) Daily meteorological data for a period of 20 years
2) Daily weather data for the year 2018-2019(Temp. (max-min.), evaporation, wind velocity,
relative humidity)
3) Soil data of experimental field will be obtained after analysis of soil sample at soil testing
lab, Department of soil science and soil chemistry and department of agro meteorology and
environmental science , Birsa Agricultural University kanke, Ranchi.
3.4 Measurement of losses
A study will be conducted to find out evaporation losses, seepage losses and available
water..Average storage losses will be determined by measuring the daily water level in the on
farm reservoir at morning time with a gauging system. Average storage losses include
evaporation and seepage losses. Daily evaporation data will be recorded from pan evaporimeter
From BAU meteorological observatory. Evaporation loss from pond will be taken as 75 % of pan
evaporation. Total water losses from pond will be recorded daily by recording water level in
pond. Seepage from pond will be calculated by subtracting evaporation described below in
subsequent section.
LDPE Plastic lined is used as sealant materials for control of seepage losses of farm pond. The
details of Plastic lined farm pond are being described in table:
S.No. Parameter Poly lined farm pond
1. Capacity (m3) 1359 m3
2. Top width (m2) 27 m X 27 m
3. Bottom width (m2) 15 m X 15 m
4. Depth (m) 3
5. Side slope 2:1
Fig 1: Cross section Of plastic farm pond
Table : Details of Plastic farm Pond
3.5 Determination of Crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling for mustard crop
using Climatological Methoid (IW/CPE) and CROPWAT MODEL:
3.5.1 Estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo)
………………………………………(3.1)
Where, ETo= Reference Evapotranspiration [mm day-1],
Rn= Net Radiation at the crop surface [MJ m-2 day-1],
G= Soil Heat Flux Density [MJ m-2 day-1],
T =Mean Daily Air Temperature at 2 m height [°C],
u2= Wind Speed at 2 m height [m s-1],
es= Saturation vapour pressure [kPa],
ea= Actual Vapour Pressure [kPa],
es - ea Saturation Vapour Pressure deficit [kPa],
D= Slope Vapour Pressure curve [kPa °C-1],
g= Psychrometric Constant [kPa °C-1].
3.5.2Determination of crop evapotranspiration:
Crop evapotranspiration obtained as:
ETc= Kc X ETo
Where,
ETc= crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Kc= crop coefficient
ETo= Reference crop evapotranspiration
3.5.3 Irrigation scheduling:
For irrigation scheduling of mustard crop will use climatological approach and later on will
compare the result with irrigation scheduling obtained by CROPWAT Model.
3.5.3.1 Climatological method (IW/CPE)
In IW/CPE approach, a known amount of irrigation water (IW) is applied when cumulative
pan evaporation (CPE) reaches a predetermined level. The amount of water given at each
irrigation ranges from 4 to 6 cm, most common being 5 cm. Generally, irrigation is given at 0.75
to 0.8 ratio with 5 cm of irrigation water.
3.5.3.2 CROPWAT Model
CROPWAT is a computer program based on climate, soil and crop growth parameters
that uses the FAO Penman-Monteith method to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ETo),
crop water requirements (ETC) and irrigation scheduling (FAO 1992).
3.6 Comparison of water use efficiency for different surface irrigation methods:
For comparison of field water use efficiency of different surface irrigation crop yield at different
treatments and total amount of water used at different treatment will be taken into consideration.
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Field water use efficiency =𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ………………………….. (3.2)
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Crop water use efficiency =𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛……………………………………………… (3.3)
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MAJOR ADVISOR:
…………………………………..
Dr. Mintu Job
(Jr. Scientist-cum-Asstt. Prof., Agril. Engg.)
OTHER MEMBERS OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE:
……………………………….
D.K. Rusia
(Sr. Scientist-cum-Assoc. Prof., Agril. Engg.)
………………………………..
Dr. Uttam Kumar
(Jr. Scientist-cum-Asstt. Prof., Agril. Engg.)
…………………………………
Dr. Pramod Rai
(Jr. Scientist-cum-Asstt. Prof., Agril. Engg.)
Nominee of the Dean P.G.
………………….....................
Forward six (6) copies to the director of Resident Instruction-cum-Dean, Post Graduate
studies through Dean,Faculty of Agriculture for approval.
Dean Head
Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agril. Engg.
………………………………...
Directorate Resident Instruction-cum-Dean
Post- Graduate studies
