AIM: TO STUDY VARIOUS TYPE OF
LOGIC GATES
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
THEORY: LOGIC GATES: Actually, the
term logic is applied to digital circuits
used to implement logic
functions. Several kinds of digital logic
circuits are the basic elements that
form the building blocks for such
complex digital system as the computer.
The lines connected to each symbol are
the inputs and outputs.
The inputs are on the left of each
symbol and the output is on the right.
A circuit that performs a specific logic
operation (AND, OR) is called a logic
gate.
1)NOT GATE: The inverter (NOT circuit)
performs the operation called inversion
or complementation. The NOT
operation changes one logic level to the
opposite logical level.
When the input is Low, the output is
high. When the input is high, the output
is low. The inverter changes one logic
level to the opposite level. In terms of
bits, it changes a 1 to a 0 and 0 to 1.
When a High level is applied to an
inverter input, a Low level will appear
on its output.
When a Low level is applied to its input,
a High will appear on its output.
LOGICAL EXPRESSION OF INVERTER
X =A’
2)AND GATE: An AND gate can have two
or more inputs and performs what is
known as multiplication. The output of
AND gate is high when all inputs are
high otherwise all outputs are low.
OPERATION OF AND GATE:
An AND gate produces a HIGH output
only when all of the inputs are HIGH.
When any of the inputs is LOW, the
output is LOW. Therefore, the basic
purpose of AND gate is to determine
when certain conditions are
simultaneously true, as indicated by
High levels on all of its inputs, and
produces a High on its output.
Its logical expression is, X=A.B
3) OR GATE: OR gate can have two or
more inputs and performs what is
known as logical addition. The output of
OR gate is Low when all inputs are low,
otherwise all outputs are high
OPERATION OF AN OR GATE;
An OR gate produces a High on the
output when any of the inputs is High.
The output is Low only when all of the
inputs are Low. Therefore, an OR gate
determines when one or more of its
inputs are High and produces a High on
its output.
Its logical expression is, X=A+B
4) NAND GATE:
The NAND gate is the one of the popular
logic element because it can be
used as a universal gate; that is NAND
gate can be used in combination to
perform the AND, OR, and inverter
operations. NAND Gate is constructed
by attaching NOT Gate at the output of
AND
Gate, hence NAND Gate is called NOT-
AND Gate. AND Gate has two or more
input and only one output. The output
of NAND gate is low when all inputs are
high, otherwise all outputs
are high.
OPERATION OF A NAND GATE: A NAND
gate produces a Low output only when
all the inputs are High.When
5) NOR GATE
The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, NOR
gate is also useful logical element
because it can also be used as a
universal gate.
NOR gate can be used in combination to
perform the AND, OR and Inverter
operations.
NOR Gate is the combination of NOT
gate at the output of OR gate, hence
NOR gate is type of NOT-OR gate.
NOR gate has two or more input and
only one output.
The Output of NOR gate is high when all
inputs are low otherwise the output
is low.
OPERATION OF NOR GATE: A NOR gate
produces a Low output when any of its
inputs is high. Only when
all of its inputs are low is the output
high.
any of the inputs is Low, the output will
be High.
Its expression is, X=(A+B)’
6) EXCLUSIVE- OR GATE:
The exclusive-OR gate has a graphical
symbol similar to that of the OR gate,
except for the additional curved line on
the input side. It can take only 2 inputs.
We can’t construct Ex-OR Gate using
three inputs Ex-OR gate. If both inputs
are Low or both are High then it
produces the output Low or 0.
otherwise it produces the High.
LOGICAL EXPRESSION
Its logical expression is X=AB’+A’B
𝑋=𝐴⊕𝐵
7) EXCLUSIVE-NOR GATE
The exclusive-NOR gate is the
complement of the exclusive-OR gate,
as
indicated by small circle on the output
side of the graphic symbol.
It can take only 2 inputs.
We can’t construct Ex-NOR Gate using
three inputs Ex-OR gate.
If both inputs are Low or both are High
then it produces the output High or 1.
otherwise it produces the Low output.
LOGICAL EXPRESSION
Its logical expression is 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴′𝐵′
𝑋=𝐴⊙𝐵
