J. A. Ines/Chemistry 26.

1 (2018) P a g e |3

APPENDIX

A. CALCULATIONS

I. Standardization of NaOH

mKHP 1 mol NaOH

x x % Purity
MWKHP 1 mol KHP
MNaOH =
VNaOH

Trial 1:
0.1011 g 1 mol NaOH
x x 0.998
204.22 g/mol 1 mol KHP
MNaOH = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟐 𝐌
1L
5. 3 mL x
1000 mL

Trial 2:
0.1012 g 1 mol NaOH
x x 0.998
204.22 g/mol 1 mol KHP
MNaOH = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟏 𝐌
1L
5. 2 mL x
1000 mL

Trial 3:
0.1012 g 1 mol NaOH
x x 0.998
204.22 g/mol 1 mol KHP
MNaOH = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟔 𝐌
1L
5. 4 mL x
1000 mL

Average MNaOH = 0.0933 M

II. Veq of Second Derivative Plot

y2 −y1
y − y1 = ( ) (x − x1 )
x2 −x1

where x- V’’ and y - Δ2pH/ ΔV2, equivalence point at y = 0

Trial 1:

Point 1 = (V’’, Δ2pH/ ΔV2) = (22.00 mL, 0.14 mL-2) 0 − 0.14 mL−2 = (
−0.14 mL−2 −0.14 mL−2
) (x − 22.00 mL)
23.00 mL−22.00 mL
Point 2 = (V’’, Δ2pH/ ΔV2) = (23.00 mL, -0.14 mL-2)

x = 22.50 mL

Trial 2:

Point 1 = (V’’, Δ2pH/ ΔV2) = (16.00 mL, 0.18 mL-2) 0 − 0.18 mL−2 = (
−0.12 mL−2 −0.18 mL−2
) (x − 16.00 mL)
17.00 mL−16.00 mL
Point 2 = (V’’, Δ2pH/ ΔV2) = (17.00 mL, -0.12 mL-2)

x = 16.60 mL

Trial 3:

Point 1 = (V’’, Δ2pH/ ΔV2) = (17.20 mL, 0.41 mL-2) 0 − 0.41 mL−2 = (
−0.51 mL−2 −0.41 mL−2
) (x − 17.20 mL)
17.40 mL−17.20 mL
Point 2 = (V’’, Δ2pH/ ΔV2) = (17.40 mL, -0.51 mL-2)
 J. A. Ines/Chemistry 26.1 (2018) P a g e |4

x = 17.29 mL

III. Percent Purity of KHP Sample

MNaOH x VNaOH
% Purity = x 100 %
mKHP 1 mol NaOH
x
MWKHP 1 mol KHP

Trial 1:

1L
0.0933 M x 22.50 mL x
% Purity = 1000 mL x 100 % = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟏𝟕 %
0.5002 g 1 mol NaOH
x
204.22 g/mol 1 mol KHP

Trial 2:

1L
0.0933 M x 16.60 mL x
% Purity = 1000 mL x 100 % = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟏𝟕 %
0.5007 g 1 mol NaOH
x
204.22 g/mol 1 mol KHP

Trial 3:

1L
0.0933 M x 17.29 mL x
% Purity = 1000 mL x 100 % = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟕 %
0.5009 g 1 mol NaOH
x
204.22 g/mol 1 mol KHP

Average % Purity = 71.55 %

Standard Deviation = 0.1233
s
Relative Standard Deviation = x 1000 ppt
x̅
0.1233
= x 1000 ppt
71.55%
= 172.33 ppt

ts
Confidence Interval = x̅ ±
√n
(4.30)(0.1233)
= 71.55 ppm ±
√3
= 71.55 ± 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏%

IV. Acid Dissociation Constant of KHP

y2 −y1
y − y1 = ( ) (x − x1 )
x2 −x1

where x- V and y - pH

Trial 1:
Veq
Veq = 22.50 mL = 11.25 mL pKa = pH at 11.25 mL
2
 J. A. Ines/Chemistry 26.1 (2018) P a g e |5

Point 1 = (V, pH) = (11.00 mL, 4.75) y − 4.75 = (

4.83−4.75
) (11.25 mL − 11.00 mL)
11.00 mL−12.00 mL
Point 2 = (V, pH) = (12.00 mL, 4.83)
y = 4.77

Trial 2:
Veq
Veq = 16.60 mL = 8.30 mL pKa = pH at 8.30 mL
2

Point 1 = (V, pH) = (8.00 mL, 4.65) y − 4.65 = (

4.76−4.65
) (8.30 mL − 8.00 mL)
9.00 mL−8.00 mL
Point 2 = (V, pH) = (9.00 mL, 4.76)
y = 4.68

Trial 3:
Veq
Veq = 17.29 mL = 8.64 mL pKa = pH at 8.64 mL
2

Point 1 = (V, pH) = (8.00 mL, 4.61) y − 4.61 = (

4.71−4.61
) (8.64 mL − 8.00 mL)
9.00 mL−8.00 mL
Point 2 = (V, pH) = (9.00 mL, 4.71)
y = 4.67

Average pKa = 4.71

Standard Deviation = 0.05033
s
Relative Standard Deviation = x 1000 ppt
x̅
0.0530
= x 1000 ppt
4.71
= 11.26 ppt

ts
Confidence Interval = x̅ ±
√n
(4.30)(0.0530)
= 4.71 ±
√3
= 4.71 ± 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑%

% Deviation = (Theoretical – Experimental) / Theoretical x 100%

= (5.51 –4.71 ppm)/ 4.71 ppm x 100%
= 14.53 %
 J. A. Ines/Chemistry 26.1 (2018) P a g e |6

B. GRAPHS AND FIGURES

Trial 1:

pH versus Volume
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
pH

6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Volume (mL)

First Derivative Plot

4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
ΔpH/ ΔV

2.50
'

2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
V'(mL)

Second Derivative Plot

0.20
0.15
0.10
Δ2pH/ ΔV2

0.05
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
V''(mL)
 J. A. Ines/Chemistry 26.1 (2018) P a g e |7

Trial 2:

pH versus Volume
12.00
10.00
8.00
pH

6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Volume (mL)

First Derivative Plot

4.00
3.50
3.00
ΔpH/ ΔV

2.50
2.00
'

1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
V'(mL)

Second Derivative Plot

0.20
0.15
0.10
Δ2pH/ ΔV2

0.05
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
V''(mL)
 J. A. Ines/Chemistry 26.1 (2018) P a g e |8

Trial 3:

pH versus Volume
12.00
10.00
8.00
pH

6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Volume (mL)

First Derivative Plot

14.00
12.00
10.00
ΔpH/ ΔV

8.00
'

6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
V'(mL)

Second Derivative Plot

0.60

0.40
Δ2pH/ ΔV2

0.20

0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
-0.20

-0.40

-0.60
V''(mL)