CONTENT

SI. Topics Page No.

No.

1. Introduction. 02-02

2. Transitioning from Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to 03-03

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

3. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 03-47

4. Overview of Integration the SDGs with Government 7FYP in 47-50

Bangladesh.

5. Proposed Better and Lesser Integrated Sustainable 51-51

Development Goals.

6. MDGs Vs. SDGs 51-53

7. Importance of Sustainable Development Goals. 54-54

8. Challenges to Sustainable Development Goals. 55-56

9. Prospective Challenges of Sustainable Development Goals in 56-56

Bangladesh.

10. Conclusion. 56-56

11. References. 57-57

 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Introduction:
SDGs or Sustainable Development Goals are nothing but a set of aims to endure the
progress of Millennium Development Goals or MDGs which was assigned to fight
against extreme poverty, hunger and preventable diseases. SDGs will also fight against
these, along with ensuring more veritable development and environmental
sustainability. They were adopted by the all the world’s nations at the United Nations in
2015. It is a guideline for global development till 2030.
SDGs contain 17 goals and these goals are providing abundant opportunities to each and
every person in the world. It tries to cover more or less every aspect of human life. There
are 169 targets for the 17 goals. Each target has between 1 and 3 indicators used to
measure progress toward reaching the targets. In total, there are 304 indicators that will
measure compliance. The United Nations Development Programme has been asked to
provide easy to understand lists of targets and facts and figures for each of the 17 SDGs.
In September 2015, Heads of State and Government agreed to set the world on a path
towards sustainable development through the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development. This agenda includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals, or
SDGs, which set out quantitative objectives across the social, economic, and
environmental dimensions of sustainable development — all to be achieved by 2030. The
goals provide a framework for shared action “for people, planet and prosperity,” to be
implemented by “all countries and all stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership.”
As articulated in the 2030 Agenda, “never before have world leaders pledged common
action and endeavor across such a broad and universal policy agenda.” 169 targets
accompany the 17 goals and set out quantitative and qualitative objectives for the next 15
years. These targets are “global in nature and universally applicable, taking into account
different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national
policies and priorities.” A set of indicators and a monitoring framework will also
accompany the goals. The indicators are defined by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group
on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs), which will present its recommendations to the UN
Statistical Commission in March 2016. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals form a
cohesive and integrated package of global aspirations the world commits to achieving by
2030. Building on the accomplishments of their predecessors the MDGs, the SDGs
address the most pressing global challenges of our time, calling upon collaborative
partnerships across and between countries to balance the three dimensions of sustainable
development — economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Transitioning from MDGs to SDGs:

This United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)- World Bank Report pulls
together the main lessons learned from the MDGs Reviews for the UN system and for its
engagement at the country level, which took place at the united Nations(UN) System
Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). The Reviews, which brought together
UN and World Bank Group staff, systematically identified the country situation, the
bottlenecks to MDGs attainment, and potential solutions to be implemented. Since many
MDGs have been absorbed into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), many of the
observations and solutions provided could prove useful to the implementation of the
SDGs. Sixteen countries from across the world and the sub-region of the Pacific Island
countries took part in the CEB reviews, addressing several different MDGs. These
strongly advocated for cross-sectoral and cross-institutional thinking within the UN
system to accelerate progress on off-track MDGs targets. Bottleneck analysis, proposed
under the MDGs Acceleration Framework (MAF), helped UN system organizations fully
appreciate that investing in solutions within a particular sector may be necessary, but not
sufficient to gain enough momentum to meet a particular target. Three main conclusions
clearly apply to the transition from the MDGs to the 2030 Agenda:

 Support cross-institutional collaboration between the UN system and the World

Bank;

 Advance better understanding of cross-sectoral work, and the interrelatedness of

goals and targets; and

 Promote global and high-level advocacy.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

On 25 September 2015, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, along with a new set of development goals that
are collectively called the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Agenda is a
culmination of many years of negotiation and was endorsed by all 193 member nations
of the General Assembly, both developed and developing and applies to all countries.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon noted that “the new agenda is a promise by leaders
to all people everywhere. It is an agenda for people, to end poverty in all of its forms—
an agenda for the planet, our common home.”

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy
peace and prosperity. These 17 Goals build on the successes of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), while including new areas such as climate change,
economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among
other priorities. The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve
tackling issues more commonly associated with another. The SDGs work in the spirit of
partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life in a
sustainable way for future generations. They provide clear guidelines and targets for all
countries to adopt in accordance with their own priorities and the environmental
challenges of the world at large. The SDGs are an inclusive agenda. They tackle the root
causes of poverty and unite us together to make a positive change for both people and
planet. The SDGs of 17 Goals with 169 Targets came into effect on 1 January 2016 and will
guide the international development agenda over the next 15 years. A global indicator
framework comprising a list of 304 unique indicators was adopted by the United Nations
Statistical Commission at its 47th Meeting in March 2016. Now, the proposed goals,
targets and indicators of SDGs are discussed in the table-1:

Table-1: Proposed goals, targets and indicators of SDGs:

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Targets Indicators

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty 1.1.1 Proportion of population below the
for all people everywhere, currently international poverty line, by sex, age,
measured as people living on less than employment status and geographical
$1.25 a day. location (urban/rural).

1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the
proportion of men, women and national poverty line, by sex and age
children of all ages living in poverty in
1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children
all its dimensions according to national
of all ages living in poverty in all its
definitions.
dimensions according to national definitions.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

1.3 Implement nationally appropriate 1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by

social protection systems and measures social protection floors/systems, by sex,
for all, including floors, and by 2030 distinguishing children, unemployed persons,
achieve substantial coverage of the older persons, persons with disabilities,
poor and the vulnerable. pregnant women, newborns, work injury
victims and the poor and the vulnerable.

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and 1.4.1 Proportion of population living in
women, in particular the poor and the households with access to basic services 1.4.2
vulnerable, have equal rights to Proportion of total adult population with
economic resources, as well as access to secure tenure rights to land, with legally
basic services, ownership and control recognized documentation and who perceive
over land and other forms of property, their rights to land as secure, by sex and by
inheritance, natural resources, type of tenure.
appropriate new technology and
financial services, including
microfinance.

1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the 1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and
poor and those in vulnerable situations persons affected by disaster per 100,000
and reduce their exposure and people.
vulnerability to climate-related
1.5.2 Direct disaster economic loss in relation
extreme events and other economic,
to global gross domestic product (GDP).
social and environmental shocks and
disasters. 1.5.3 Number of countries with national and
local disaster risk reduction strategies.

1.a Ensure significant mobilization of 1. a.1 Proportion of resources allocated by the

resources from a variety of sources, government directly to poverty reduction
including through enhanced programmes.
development cooperation, in order to
1. a. 2 Proportion of total government
provide adequate and predictable
spending on essential services (education,
means for developing countries, in
health and social protection).
particular least developed countries, to

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

implement programmes and policies to

end poverty in all its dimensions.

1. B Create sound policy frameworks at 1. b.1 Proportion of government recurrent and

the national, regional and international capital spending to sectors that
levels, based on pro-poor and gender- disproportionately benefit women, the poor
sensitive development strategies, to and vulnerable groups.
support accelerated investment in
poverty eradication actions.

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture

2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment

access by all people, in particular the
2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food
poor and people in vulnerable
insecurity in the population, based on the Food
situations, including infants, to safe,
Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES).
nutritious and sufficient food all year
round.

2.2 By 2030, end all forms of 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2
malnutrition, including achieving, by standard deviation from the median of the
2025, the internationally agreed targets World Health Organization (WHO) Child
on stunting and wasting in children Growth Standards) among children under 5
under 5 years of age, and address the years of age.
nutritional needs of adolescent girls,
pregnant and lactating women and 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for
older persons. height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the
median of the WHO Child Growth Standards)
among children under 5 years of age.

2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural 2.3.1 Volume of production per labor unit by
productivity and incomes of small- classes of farming/pastoral/forestry
scale food producers, in particular enterprise size
women, indigenous peoples, family
farmers, pastoralists and fishers,

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

including through secure and equal 2.3.2 Average income of small-scale food
access to land, other productive producers, by sex and indigenous status.
resources and inputs, knowledge,
financial services, markets and
opportunities for value addition and
non-farm employment.

2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food 2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under
production systems and implement productive and sustainable agriculture.
resilient agricultural practices that
increase productivity and production,
that help maintain ecosystems, that
strengthen capacity for adaptation to
climate change, extreme weather,
drought, flooding and other disasters
and that progressively improve land
and soil quality.

2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic 2.5.1 Number of plant and animal genetic
diversity of seeds, cultivated plants resources for food and agriculture secured in
and farmed and domesticated animals either medium or long-term conservation
and their related wild species, facilities
including through soundly managed
2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as
and diversified seed and plant banks at
being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of
the national, regional and international
risk of extinction.
levels, and promote access to and fair
and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic
resources and associated traditional
knowledge, as internationally agreed.

2.a Increase investment, including 2. a.1 The agriculture orientation index for
through enhanced international government expenditures.
cooperation, in rural infrastructure,

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

agricultural research and extension 2. a.2 Total official flows (official development
services, technology development and assistance plus other official flows) to the
plant and livestock gene banks in order agriculture sector.
to enhance agricultural productive
capacity in developing countries, in
particular least developed countries.

2.b Correct and prevent trade 2. b.1 Producer Support Estimate.

restrictions and distortions in world
2. b.2 Agricultural export subsidies.
agricultural markets, including
through the parallel elimination of all
forms of agricultural export subsidies
and all export measures with
equivalent effect, in accordance with
the mandate of the Doha Development
Round.

2. c Adopt measures to ensure the 2. c.1 Indicator of food price anomalies.

proper functioning of food commodity
markets and their derivatives and
facilitate timely access to market
information, including on food
reserves, in order to help limit extreme
food price volatility.

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio
mortality ratio to less than 70 per
3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled
100,000 live births.
health personnel.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate.

newborns and children under 5 years
3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate.
of age, with all countries aiming to
reduce neonatal mortality to at least as
low as 12 per 1,000 live births and
under-5 mortality to at least as low as
25 per 1,000 live births.

3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, 3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1,000
tuberculosis, malaria and neglected uninfected population, by sex, age and key
tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, populations.
water-borne diseases and other
3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 1,000
communicable diseases.
population.

3.3.3 Malaria incidence per 1,000 populations.

3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000
population.

3.3.5 Number of people requiring

interventions against neglected tropical
diseases.

3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third 3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to

premature mortality from non- cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or
communicable diseases through chronic respiratory disease.
prevention and treatment and promote
3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate.
mental health and well-being.

3.5 Strengthen the prevention and 3.5.1 Coverage of treatment interventions

treatment of substance abuse, (pharmacological, psychosocial and
including narcotic drug abuse and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for
harmful use of alcohol. substance use disorders.

3.5.2 Harmful use of alcohol, defined

according to the national context as alcohol per

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

capita consumption (aged 15 years and older)

within a calendar year in liters of pure alcohol.

3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global 3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries.
deaths and injuries from road traffic
accidents.

3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to 3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age
sexual and reproductive health-care (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for
services, including for family planning, family planning satisfied with modern
information and education, and the methods.
integration of reproductive health into
3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years;
national strategies and programmes.
aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women in that age
group.

3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, 3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services
including financial risk protection, (defined as the average coverage of essential
access to quality essential health-care services based on tracer interventions that
services and access to safe, effective, include reproductive, maternal, and newborn
quality and affordable essential and child health, infectious diseases, non-
medicines and vaccines for all. communicable diseases and service capacity
and access, among the general and the most
disadvantaged population).

3.8.2 Number of people covered by health

insurance or a public health system per 1,000
population.

3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the 3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household
number of deaths and illnesses from and ambient air pollution.
hazardous chemicals and air, water
3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water,
and soil pollution and contamination.
unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene
(exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene for All (WASH).

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional

poisoning.

3. a Strengthen the implementation of 3. a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current

the World Health Organization tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and
Framework Convention on Tobacco older.
Control in all countries, as appropriate.

3.b Support the research and 3. b.1 Proportion of the population with access
development of vaccines and to affordable medicines and vaccines on a
medicines for the communicable and sustainable basis.
non-communicable diseases that
3. b.2 Total net official development assistance
primarily affect developing countries,
to medical research and basic health sectors.
provide access to affordable essential
medicines and vaccines, in accordance
with the Doha Declaration on the
TRIPS Agreement and Public Health,
which affirms the right of developing
countries to use to the full the
provisions in the Agreement on Trade-
Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights regarding flexibilities
to protect public health, and, in
particular, provide access to medicines
for all.

3. c Substantially increase health 3. c.1 Health worker density and distribution.

financing and the recruitment,
development, training and retention of
the health workforce in developing
countries, especially in least developed
countries and small island developing
States.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

3. d Strengthen the capacity of all 3. d.1 International Health Regulations (IHR)

countries, in particular developing capacity and health emergency preparedness.
countries, for early warning, risk
reduction and management of national
and global health risks.

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all

4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and 4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people:
boys complete free, equitable and (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and
quality primary and secondary (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at
education leading to relevant and least a minimum proficiency level in:
effective learning outcomes.
(i) reading and

(ii) mathematics, by sex.

4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and 4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of
boys have access to quality early age who are developmentally on track in
childhood development, care and pre- health, learning and psychosocial well-being,
primary education so that they are by sex.
ready for primary education.
4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning
(one year before the official primary entry age),
by sex.

4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all 4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in
women and men to affordable and formal and non-formal education and training
quality technical, vocational and in the previous 12 months, by sex.
tertiary education, including
university.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the 4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with
number of youth and adults who have information and communications technology
relevant skills, including technical and (ICT) skills, by type of skill.
vocational skills, for employment,
decent jobs and entrepreneurship.

4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender 4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male,

disparities in education and ensure rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and
equal access to all levels of education others such as disability status, indigenous
and vocational training for the peoples and conflict affected, as data become
vulnerable, including persons with available) for all education indicators on this
disabilities, indigenous peoples and list that can be disaggregated.
children in vulnerable situations.

4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a 4.6.1 Percentage of population in a given age
substantial proportion of adults, both group achieving at least a fixed level of
men and women, achieve literacy and proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b)
numeracy. numeracy skills, by sex.

4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners 4.7.1 Extent to which:

acquire the knowledge and skills
(i) global citizenship education and
needed to promote sustainable
development, including, among others, (ii) education for sustainable development,
through education for sustainable including gender equality and human rights,
development and sustainable lifestyles, are mainstreamed at all levels in:
human rights, gender equality,
(a) national education policies,
promotion of a culture of peace and
non-violence, global citizenship and (b) curricula,
appreciation of cultural diversity and (c) teacher education and
of culture’s contribution to sustainable
development. (d) student assessment.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

4. a Build and upgrade education 4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to: (a)
facilities that are child, disability and electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical
gender sensitive and provide safe, non- purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical
violent, inclusive and effective learning purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and
environments for all. materials for students with disabilities; (e)
basic drinking water; (f) single sex basic
sanitation facilities; and (g) basic hand
washing facilities (as per the WASH indicator
definitions.

4.b By 2020, substantially expand 4. b.1 Volume of official development

globally the number of scholarships assistance flows for scholarships by sector and
available to developing countries, in type of study.
particular least developed countries,
small island developing States and
African countries, for enrolment in
higher education, including vocational
training and information and
communications technology, technical,
engineering and scientific
programmes, in developed countries
and other developing countries.

4. c By 2030, substantially increase the 4.c.1 Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-
supply of qualified teachers, including primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and
through international cooperation for (d) upper secondary education who have
teacher training in developing received at least the minimum organized
countries, especially least developed teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training)
countries and small island developing pre-service or in-service required for teaching
States. at the relevant level in a given country.

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

5.1 End all forms of discrimination 5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks are in
against all women and girls place to promote, enforce and monitor equality
everywhere. and non-discrimination on the basis of sex.

5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence 5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and
against all women and girls in the girls aged 15 years and older subjected to
public and private spheres, including physical, sexual or psychological violence by a
trafficking and sexual and other types current or former intimate partner in the
of exploitation. previous 12 months, by form of violence and
by age.

5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls aged 15

years and older subjected to sexual violence by
persons other than an intimate partner in the
previous 12 months, by age and place of
occurrence.

5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, 5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years
such as child, early and forced who were married or in a union before age 15
marriage and female genital and before age 18.
mutilation.
5.3.2 Proportion of girls and women aged 15-
49 years who have undergone female genital
mutilation/cutting, by age.

5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care 5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid
and domestic work through the domestic and care work, by sex, age and
provision of public services, location.
infrastructure and social protection
policies and the promotion of shared
responsibility within the household
and the family as nationally
appropriate.

5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective 5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in
participation and equal opportunities national parliaments and local governments.
for leadership at all levels of decision-

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

making in political, economic and 5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial

public life. positions.

5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual 5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15-49 years
and reproductive health and who make their own informed decisions
reproductive rights as agreed in regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use
accordance with the Programme of and reproductive health care.
Action of the International Conference
5.6.2 Number of countries with laws and
on Population and Development and
regulations that guarantee women aged 15-49
the Beijing Platform for Action and the
years access to sexual and reproductive health
outcome documents of their review
care, information and education.
conferences.

5.a Undertake reforms to give women 5. a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural
equal rights to economic resources, as population with ownership or secure rights
well as access to ownership and control over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of
over land and other forms of property, women among owners or rights-bearers of
financial services, inheritance and agricultural land, by type of tenure.
natural resources, in accordance with
5. a.2 Proportion of countries where the legal
national laws.
framework (including customary law)
guarantees women’s equal rights to land
ownership and/or control.

5. B Enhance the use of enabling 5. b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a

technology, in particular information mobile telephone, by sex.
and communications technology, to
promote the empowerment of women.

5. c Adopt and strengthen sound 5. c.1 Proportion of countries with systems to

policies and enforceable legislation for track and make public allocations for gender
the promotion of gender equality and equality and women’s empowerment.
the empowerment of all women and
girls at all levels.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely
equitable access to safe and affordable managed drinking water services.
drinking water for all.

6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely
and equitable sanitation and hygiene managed sanitation services, including a
for all and end open defecation, paying hand-washing facility with soap and water.
special attention to the needs of women
and girls and those in vulnerable
situations.

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by 6.3.1 Proportion of wastewater safely treated.
reducing pollution, eliminating
6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good
dumping and minimizing release of
ambient water quality.
hazardous chemicals and materials,
halving the proportion of untreated
wastewater and substantially
increasing recycling and safe reuse
globally.

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase 6.4.1 Change in water-use efficiency over time.
water-use efficiency across all sectors
6.4.2 Level of water stress: freshwater
and ensure sustainable withdrawals
withdrawal as a proportion of available
and supply of freshwater to address
freshwater resources.
water scarcity and substantially reduce
the number of people suffering from
water scarcity.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated 6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources

water resources management at all management implementation (0-100).
levels, including through trans-
6.5.2 Proportion of trans-boundary basin area
boundary cooperation as appropriate.
with an operational arrangement for water
cooperation.

6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water- 6.6.1 Change in the extent of water-related
related ecosystems, including ecosystems over time.
mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers,
aquifers and lakes.

6.a By 2030, expand international 6. a.1 Amount of water- and sanitation-related

cooperation and capacity-building official development assistance that is part of a
support to developing countries in government-coordinated spending plan.
water- and sanitation-related activities
and programmes, including water
harvesting, desalination, water
efficiency, wastewater treatment,
recycling and reuse technologies.

6. b Support and strengthen the 6. b.1 Proportion of local administrative units

participation of local communities in with established and operational policies and
improving water and sanitation procedures for participation of local
management. communities in water and sanitation
management.

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to
affordable, reliable and modern energy electricity
services.
7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary
reliance on clean fuels and technology.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the 7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the total final
share of renewable energy in the global energy consumption.
energy mix.

7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of 7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of
improvement in energy efficiency. primary energy and GDP.

7.a By 2030, enhance international 7. a.1 Mobilized amount of United States

cooperation to facilitate access to clean dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable
energy research and technology, towards the $100 billion commitment.
including renewable energy, energy
efficiency and advanced and cleaner
fossil-fuel technology, and promote
investment in energy infrastructure and
clean energy technology.

7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and 7. b.1 Investments in energy efficiency as a

upgrade technology for supplying percentage of GDP and the amount of foreign
modern and sustainable energy services direct investment in financial transfer for
for all in developing countries, in infrastructure and technology to sustainable
particular least developed countries, development services.
small island developing States and
landlocked developing countries, in
accordance with their respective
programmes of support.

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all

8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth 8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per
in accordance with national capita.
circumstances and, in particular, at least

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

7 per cent gross domestic product

growth per annum in the least
developed countries.

8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic 8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per
productivity through diversification, employed person.
technological upgrading and
innovation, including through a focus
on high-value added and labor-
intensive sectors.

8.3 Promote development-oriented 8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in

policies that support productive non-agriculture employment, by sex.
activities, decent job creation,
entrepreneurship, creativity and
innovation, and encourage the
formalization and growth of micro-,
small- and medium-sized enterprises,
including through access to financial
services.

8.4 Improve progressively, through 8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per
2030, global resource efficiency in capita, and material footprint per GDP 8.4.2
consumption and production and Domestic material consumption, domestic
endeavor to decouple economic growth material consumption per capita, and
from environmental degradation, in domestic material consumption per GDP.
accordance with the 10-Year
Framework of Programmes on
Sustainable Consumption and
Production, with developed countries
taking the lead.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive 8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and
employment and decent work for all male employees, by occupation, age and
women and men, including for young persons with disabilities
people and persons with disabilities,
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and
and equal pay for work of equal value.
persons with disabilities.

8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the 8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years)
proportion of youth not in employment, not in education, employment or training.
education or training.

8.7 Take immediate and effective 8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged
measures to eradicate forced labor, end 5-17 years engaged in child labor, by sex and
modern slavery and human trafficking age.
and secure the prohibition and
elimination of the worst forms of child
labor, including recruitment and use of
child soldiers, and by 2025 end child
labor in all its forms.

8.8 Protect labor rights and promote 8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal
safe and secure working environments occupational injuries, by sex and migrant
for all workers, including migrant status
workers, in particular women migrants,
8.8.2 Increase in national compliance of labor
and those in precarious employment.
rights (freedom of association and collective
bargaining) based on International Labor
Organization (ILO) textual sources and
national legislation, by sex and migrant status.

8.9 By 2030, devise and implement 8.9.1 Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of
policies to promote sustainable tourism total GDP and in growth rate.
that creates jobs and promotes local
8.9.2 Number of jobs in tourism industries as
culture and products.
a proportion of total jobs and growth rate of
jobs, by sex.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic 8.10.1 Number of commercial bank branches
financial institutions to encourage and and automated teller machines (ATMs) per
expand access to banking, insurance 100,000 adults.
and financial services for all.
8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and
older) with an account at a bank or other
financial institution or with a mobile-money-
service provider.

8. a Increase Aid for Trade support for 8. a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and
developing countries, in particular least disbursements.
developed countries, including through
the Enhanced Integrated Framework
for Trade-related Technical Assistance
to Least Developed Countries.

8. b By 2020, develop and operationalize 8. b.1 Total government spending in social

a global strategy for youth employment protection and employment programmes as a
and implement the Global Jobs Pact of proportion of the national budgets and GDP.
the International Labor Organization.

Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable

industrialization and foster innovation

9.1 Develop quality, reliable, 9.1.1 Proportion of the rural population who
sustainable and resilient infrastructure, live within 2 km of an all-season road.
including regional and trans-border
9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode
infrastructure, to support economic
of transport.
development and human well-being,
with a focus on affordable and equitable
access for all.

9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable 9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a

industrialization and, by 2030, proportion of GDP and per capita.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

significantly raise industry’s share of 9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a

employment and gross domestic proportion of total employment.
product, in line with national
circumstances, and double its share in
least developed countries.

9.3 Increase the access of small-scale 9.3.1 Proportion of small-scale industries in

industrial and other enterprises, in total industry value added.
particular in developing countries, to
9.3.2 Proportion of small-scale industries with
financial services, including affordable
a loan or line of credit.
credit, and their integration into value
chains and markets.

9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and 9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value added.
retrofit industries to make them
sustainable, with increased resource-
use efficiency and greater adoption of
clean and environmentally sound
technologies and industrial processes,
with all countries taking action in
accordance with their respective
capabilities.

9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure
the technological capabilities of as a proportion of GDP.
industrial sectors in all countries, in
9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per
particular developing countries,
million inhabitants.
including, by 2030, encouraging
innovation and substantially increasing
the number of research and
development workers per 1 million
people and public and private research
and development spending.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

9. a Facilitate sustainable and resilient 9. a.1 Total official international support

infrastructure development in (official development assistance plus other
developing countries through enhanced official flows) to infrastructure.
financial, technological and technical
support to African countries, least
developed countries, landlocked
developing countries and small island
developing States.

9. b Support domestic technology 9. b.1 Proportion of medium and high-tech

development, research and innovation industry value added in total value added.
in developing countries, including by
ensuring a conducive policy
environment for, inter alia, industrial
diversification and value addition to
commodities.

9. c Significantly increase access to 9. c.1 Proportion of population covered by a

information and communications mobile network, by technology.
technology and strive to provide
universal and affordable access to the
Internet in least developed countries by
2020.

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and 10.1.1 Growth rates of household expenditure
sustain income growth of the bottom 40 or income per capita among the bottom 40 per
per cent of the population at a rate cent of the population and the total
higher than the national average. population.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the 10.2.1 Proportion of people living below 50
social, economic and political inclusion per cent of median income, by age, sex and
of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, persons with disabilities.
race, ethnicity, origin, religion or
economic or other status.

10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and 10.3.1 Proportion of the population reporting
reduce inequalities of outcome, having personally felt discriminated against
including by eliminating or harassed within the previous 12 months on
discriminatory laws, policies and the basis of a ground of discrimination
practices and promoting appropriate prohibited under international human rights
legislation, policies and action in this law.
regard.

10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, 10.4.1 Labor share of GDP, comprising wages
wage and social protection policies, and and social protection transfers.
progressively achieve greater equality.

10.5 Improve the regulation and 10.5.1 Financial Soundness Indicators.

monitoring of global financial markets
and institutions and strengthen the
implementation of such regulations.

10.6 Ensure enhanced representation 10.6.1 Proportion of members and voting

and voice for developing countries in rights of developing countries in international
decision-making in global international organizations.
economic and financial institutions in
order to deliver more effective, credible,
accountable and legitimate institutions.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and 10.7.1 Recruitment cost borne by employee as
responsible migration and mobility of a proportion of yearly income earned in
people, including through the country of destination.
implementation of planned and well-
10.7.2 Number of countries that have
managed migration policies.
implemented well-managed migration
policies.

10. a Implement the principle of special 10. a.1 Proportion of tariff lines applied to
and differential treatment for imports from least developed countries and
developing countries, in particular least developing countries with zero-tariff.
developed countries, in accordance
with World Trade Organization
agreements.

10. b Encourage official development 10. b.1 Total resource flows for development,
assistance and financial flows, by recipient and donor countries and type of
including foreign direct investment, to flow (e.g. official development assistance,
States where the need is greatest, in foreign direct investment and other flows).
particular least developed countries,
African countries, small island
developing States and landlocked
developing countries, in accordance
with their national plans and
programmes.

10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per 10. c.1 Remittance costs as a proportion of the
cent the transaction costs of migrant amount remitted.
remittances and eliminate remittance
corridors with costs higher than 5 per
cent.

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all too 11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living
adequate, safe and affordable housing in slums, informal settlements or inadequate
and basic services and upgrade slums. housing.

11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, 11.2.1 Proportion of population that has
affordable, accessible and sustainable convenient access to public transport, by sex,
transport systems for all, improving age and persons with disabilities.
road safety, notably by expanding
public transport, with special attention
to the needs of those in vulnerable
situations, women, and children,
persons with disabilities and older
persons.

11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and 11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to
sustainable urbanization and capacity population growth rate.
for participatory, integrated and
11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a direct
sustainable human settlement planning
participation structure of civil society in urban
and management in all countries.
planning and management that operate
regularly and democratically.

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and 11.4.1 Total expenditure (public and private)
safeguard the world’s cultural and per capita spent on the preservation,
natural heritage. protection and conservation of all cultural and
natural heritage, by type of heritage (cultural,
natural, mixed and World Heritage Centre
designation), level of government (national,
regional and local/municipal), type of
expenditure (operating
expenditure/investment) and type of private
funding (donations in kind, private non-profit
sector and sponsorship).

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the 11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and
number of deaths and the number of persons affected by disaster per 100,000
people affected and substantially people.
decrease the direct economic losses
11.5.2 Direct disaster economic loss in relation
relative to global gross domestic
to global GDP, including disaster damage to
product caused by disasters, including
critical infrastructure and disruption of basic
water-related disasters, with a focus on
services.
protecting the poor and people in
vulnerable situations.

11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per 11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste
capita environmental impact of cities, regularly collected and with adequate final
including by paying special attention to discharge out of total urban solid waste
air quality and municipal and other generated, by cities.
waste management.
11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate
matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities
(population weighted).

11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to 11.7.1 Average share of the built-up area of
safe, inclusive and accessible, green and cities that is open space for public use for all,
public spaces, in particular for women by sex, age and persons with disabilities.
and children, older persons and persons
11.7.2 Proportion of persons victim of physical
with disabilities.
or sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability
status and place of occurrence, in the previous
12 months.

11. a Support positive economic, social 11. a.1 Proportion of population living in cities
and environmental links between that implement urban and regional
urban, peri-urban and rural areas by development plans integrating population
strengthening national and regional projections and resource needs, by size of city.
development planning.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

11.b By 2020, substantially increase the 11. b.1 Proportion of local governments that
number of cities and human settlements adopt and implement local disaster risk
adopting and implementing integrated reduction strategies in line with the Sendai
policies and plans towards inclusion, Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-
resource efficiency, mitigation and 2030.
adaptation to climate change, resilience
11. b.2 Number of countries with national and
to disasters, and develop and
local disaster risk reduction strategies.
implement, in line with the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030, holistic disaster risk
management at all levels.

11. c Support least developed countries, 11. c.1 Proportion of financial support to the
including through financial and least developed countries that is allocated to
technical assistance, in building the construction and retrofitting of
sustainable and resilient buildings sustainable, resilient and resource-efficient
utilizing local materials. buildings utilizing local materials.

Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework 12.1.1 Number of countries with sustainable
of Programmes on Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) national
Consumption and Production Patterns, action plans or SCP mainstreamed as a
all countries taking action, with priority or a target into national policies.
developed countries taking the lead,
taking into account the development
and capabilities of developing
countries.

12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable 12.2.1 Material footprint, material footprint
management and efficient use of per capita, and material footprint per GDP.
natural resources.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

12.2.2 Domestic material consumption,

domestic material consumption per capita,
and domestic material consumption per GDP.

12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global 12.3.1 Global food loss index.
food waste at the retail and consumer
levels and reduce food losses along
production and supply chains,
including post-harvest losses.

12.4 By 2020, achieve the 12.4.1 Number of parties to international

environmentally sound management of multilateral environmental agreements on
chemicals and all wastes throughout hazardous waste, and other chemicals that
their life cycle, in accordance with meet their commitments and obligations in
agreed international frameworks, and transmitting information as required by each
significantly reduce their release to air, relevant agreement.
water and soil in order to minimize
12.4.2 Hazardous waste generated per capita
their adverse impacts on human health
and proportion of hazardous waste treated, by
and the environment.
type of treatment.

12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste 12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of material
generation through prevention, recycled.
reduction, recycling and reuse.

12.6 Encourage companies, especially 12.6.1 Number of companies publishing

large and transnational companies, to sustainability reports.
adopt sustainable practices and to
integrate sustainability information into
their reporting cycle.

12.7 Promote public procurement 12.7.1 Number of countries implementing

practices that are sustainable, in sustainable public procurement policies and
action plans.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

accordance with national policies and

priorities.

12.8 By 2030, ensure that people 12.8.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship
everywhere have the relevant education and (ii) education for sustainable
information and awareness for development (including climate change
sustainable development and lifestyles education) are mainstreamed in (a) national
in harmony with nature. education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher
education; and (d) student assessment.

12. a Support developing countries to 12. a.1 Amount of support to developing

strengthen their scientific and countries on research and development for
technological capacity to move towards sustainable consumption and production and
more sustainable patterns of environmentally sound technologies.
consumption and production.

12. b Develop and implement tools to 12. b.1 Number of sustainable tourism
monitor sustainable development strategies or policies and implemented action
impacts for sustainable tourism that plans with agreed monitoring and evaluation
creates jobs and promotes local culture tools.
and products.

12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel 12. c.1 Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit
subsidies that encourage wasteful of GDP (production and consumption) and as
consumption by removing market a proportion of total national expenditure on
distortions, in accordance with national fossil fuels.
circumstances, including by
restructuring taxation and phasing out
those harmful subsidies, where they
exist, to reflect their environmental
impacts, taking fully into account the

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

specific needs and conditions of

developing countries and minimizing
the possible adverse impacts on their
development in a manner that protects
the poor and the affected communities.

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive 13.1.1 Number of countries with national and
capacity to climate-related hazards and local disaster risk reduction strategies.
natural disasters in all countries.
13.1.2 Number of deaths, missing persons and
persons affected by disaster per 100,000
people.

13.2 Integrate climate change measures 13.2.1 Number of countries that have
into national policies, strategies and communicated the establishment or
planning. operationalization of an integrated
policy/strategy/plan which increases their
ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of
climate change, and foster climate resilience
and low greenhouse gas emissions
development in a manner that does not
threaten food production (including a
national adaptation plan, nationally
determined contribution, national
communication, biennial update report or
other).

13.3 Improve education, awareness- 13.3.1 Number of countries that have

raising and human and institutional integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact
capacity on climate change mitigation, reduction and early warning into primary,
secondary and tertiary curricula.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

adaptation, impact reduction and early 13.3.2 Number of countries that have
warning. communicated the strengthening of
institutional, systemic and individual
capacity-building to implement adaptation,
mitigation and technology transfer, and
development actions.

13. a Implement the commitment 13. a.1 Mobilized amount of United States
undertaken by developed-country dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable
parties to the United Nations towards the $100 billion commitment.
Framework Convention on Climate
Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly
$100 billion annually by 2020 from all
sources to address the needs of
developing countries in the context of
meaningful mitigation actions and
transparency on implementation and
fully operationalize the Green Climate
Fund through its capitalization as soon
as possible.

13.b Promote mechanisms for raising 13.b.1 Number of least developed countries
capacity for effective climate change- and small island developing States that are
related planning and management in receiving specialized support, and amount of
least developed countries and small support, including finance, technology and
island developing States, including capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising
focusing on women, youth and local capacities for effective climate change-related
and marginalized communities. planning and management, including
focusing on women, youth and local and
marginalized communities.

Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly 14.1.1 Index of coastal eutrophication and
reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in floating plastic debris density.
particular from land-based activities,

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

including marine debris and nutrient

pollution.

14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and 14.2.1 Proportion of national exclusive

protect marine and coastal ecosystems economic zones managed using ecosystem-
to avoid significant adverse impacts, based approaches.
including by strengthening their
resilience, and take action for their
restoration in order to achieve healthy
and productive oceans.

14.3 Minimize and address the impacts 14.3.1 Average marine acidity (pH) measured
of ocean acidification, including at agreed suite of representative sampling
through enhanced scientific stations.
cooperation at all levels.

14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate 14.4.1 Proportion of fish stocks within

harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, biologically sustainable levels.
unreported and unregulated fishing
and destructive fishing practices and
implement science-based management
plans, in order to restore fish stocks in
the shortest time feasible, at least to
levels that can produce maximum
sustainable yield as determined by their
biological characteristics.

14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per 14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation
cent of coastal and marine areas, to marine areas.
consistent with national and
international law and based on the best
available scientific information.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of 14.6.1 Progress by countries in the degree of
fisheries subsidies which contribute to implementation of international instruments
overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate aiming to combat illegal, unreported and
subsidies that contribute to illegal, unregulated fishing.
unreported and unregulated fishing
and refrain from introducing new such
subsidies, recognizing that appropriate
and effective special and differential
treatment for developing and least
developed countries should be an
integral part of the World Trade
Organization fisheries subsidies
negotiations.

14.7 By 2030, increase the economic 14.7.1 Sustainable fisheries as a percentage of

benefits to small island developing GDP in small island developing States, least
States and least developed countries developed countries and all countries.
from the sustainable use of marine
resources, including through
sustainable management of fisheries,
aquaculture and tourism.

14.a Increase scientific knowledge, 14. a.1 Proportion of total research budget
develop research capacity and transfer allocated to research in the field of marine
marine technology, taking into account technology.
the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission Criteria and Guidelines on
the Transfer of Marine Technology, in
order to improve ocean health and to
enhance the contribution of marine
biodiversity to the development of
developing countries, in particular

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

small island developing States and least

developed countries.

14. b Provide access for small-scale 14. b.1 Progress by countries in the degree of
artisanal fishers to marine resources application of a legal/ regulatory/ policy/
and markets. institutional framework which recognizes and
protects access rights for small-scale fisheries.

14.c Enhance the conservation and 14.c.1 Number of countries making progress
sustainable use of oceans and their in ratifying, accepting and implementing
resources by implementing through legal, policy and institutional
international law as reflected in the frameworks, ocean-related instruments that
United Nations Convention on the Law implement international law, as reflected in
of the Sea, which provides the legal the United Nation Convention on the Law of
framework for the conservation and the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable
sustainable use of oceans and their use of the oceans and their resources.
resources, as recalled in paragraph 158
of “The future we want”.

Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land
restoration and sustainable use of area.
terrestrial and inland freshwater
15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for
ecosystems and their services, in
terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are
particular forests, wetlands, mountains
covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type
and dry lands, in line with obligations
under international agreements.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

15.2 By 2020, promote the 15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest

implementation of sustainable management.
management of all types of forests, halt
deforestation, restore degraded forests
and substantially increase afforestation
and reforestation globally.

15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, 15.3.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over
restore degraded land and soil, total land area.
including land affected by
desertification, drought and floods, and
strive to achieve a land degradation-
neutral world.

15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of 15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of

mountain ecosystems, including their important sites for mountain biodiversity.
biodiversity, in order to enhance their 15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index.
capacity to provide benefits that are
essential for sustainable development.

15.5 Take urgent and significant action 15.5.1 Red List Index.
to reduce the degradation of natural
habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity
and, by 2020, protect and prevent the
extinction of threatened species.

15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing 15.6.1 Number of countries that have adopted
of the benefits arising from the legislative, administrative and policy
utilization of genetic resources and frameworks to ensure fair and equitable
promote appropriate access to such sharing of benefits.
resources, as internationally agreed.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching 15.7.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was
and trafficking of protected species of poached or illicitly trafficked.
flora and fauna and address both
demand and supply of illegal wildlife
products.

15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to 15.8.1 Proportion of countries adopting

prevent the introduction and relevant national legislation and adequately
significantly reduce the impact of resourcing the prevention or control of
invasive alien species on land and water invasive alien species.
ecosystems and control or eradicate the
priority species.

15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and 15.9.1 Progress towards national targets
biodiversity values into national and established in accordance with Aichi
local planning, development processes, Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for
poverty reduction strategies and Biodiversity 2011-2020.
accounts.

15. a Mobilize and significantly increase 15. a.1 Official development assistance and
financial resources from all sources to public expenditure on conservation and
conserve and sustainably use sustainable use of biodiversity and
biodiversity and ecosystems. ecosystems.

15. b Mobilize significant resources 15. b.1 Official development assistance and
from all sources and at all levels to public expenditure on conservation and
finance sustainable forest management sustainable use of biodiversity and
and provide adequate incentives to ecosystems.
developing countries to advance such
management, including for
conservation and reforestation.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

15. c Enhance global support for efforts 15. c.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was
to combat poaching and trafficking of poached or illicitly trafficked.
protected species, including by
increasing the capacity of local
communities to pursue sustainable
livelihood opportunities.

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels

16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of 16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional

violence and related death rates homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and
everywhere. age.

16.1.2 Conflict-related deaths per 100,000

population, by sex, age and cause.

16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to

physical, psychological or sexual violence in
the previous 12 months.

16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe

walking alone around the area they live.

16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking 16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 1-17 years
and all forms of violence against and who experienced any physical punishment
torture of children. and/or psychological aggression by
caregivers in the past month.

16.2.2 Number of victims of human trafficking

per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form
of exploitation.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men

aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual
violence by age 18.

16.3 Promote the rule of law at the 16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the
national and international levels and previous 12 months who reported their
ensure equal access to justice for all. victimization to competent authorities or
other officially recognized conflict resolution
mechanisms.

16.3.2Un-sentenced detainees as a proportion

of overall prison population.

16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit 16.4.1 Total value of inward and outward
financial and arms flows, strengthen the illicit financial flows (in current United States
recovery and return of stolen assets and dollars).
combat all forms of organized crime.
16.4.2 Proportion of seized small arms and
light weapons that are recorded and traced, in
accordance with international standards and
legal instruments.

16.5 Substantially reduce corruption 16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at least
and bribery in all their forms. one contact with a public official and who
paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked
for a bribe by those public officials, during the
previous 12 months.

16.5.2 Proportion of businesses that had at

least one contact with a public official and that
paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked
for a bribe by those public officials during the
previous 12 months.

16.6 Develop effective, accountable and 16.6.1 Primary government expenditures as a

transparent institutions at all levels. proportion of original approved budget, by
sector (or by budget codes or similar).

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

16.6.2 Proportion of the population satisfied

with their last experience of public services.

16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, 16.7.1 Proportions of positions (by sex, age,
participatory and representative persons with disabilities and population
decision-making at all levels. groups) in public institutions (national and
local legislatures, public service, and
judiciary) compared to national distributions.

16.7.2 Proportion of population who believe

decision making is inclusive and responsive,
by sex, age, and disability and population
group.

16.8 Broaden and strengthen the 16.8.1 Proportion of members and voting
participation of developing countries in rights of developing countries in international
the institutions of global governance. organizations.

16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for 16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of
all, including birth registration. age whose births have been registered with a
civil authority, by age.

16.10 Ensure public access to 16.10.1 Number of verified cases of killing,

information and protect fundamental kidnapping, enforced disappearance,
freedoms, in accordance with national arbitrary detention and torture of journalists,
legislation and international associated media personnel, trade unionists
agreements. and human rights advocates in the previous
12 months.

16.10.2 Number of countries that adopt and

implement constitutional, statutory and/or
policy guarantees for public access to
information.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

16.a Strengthen relevant national 16. a.1 Existence of independent national

institutions, including through human rights institutions in compliance with
international cooperation, for building the Paris Principles.
capacity at all levels, in particular in
developing countries, to prevent
violence and combat terrorism and
crime.

16. b Promote and enforce non- 16. b.1 Proportion of population reporting
discriminatory laws and policies for having personally felt discriminated against
sustainable development. or harassed in the previous 12 months on the
basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited
under international human rights law.

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global
Partnership for Sustainable Development

Finance

17.1 Strengthen domestic resource 17.1.1 Total government revenue as a

mobilization, including through proportion of GDP, by source 17.1.2
international support to developing Proportion of domestic budget funded by
countries, to improve domestic capacity domestic taxes.
for tax and other revenue collection.

17.2 Developed countries to implement 17.2.1 Net official development assistance,

fully their official development total and to least developed countries, as a
assistance commitments, including the proportion of the Organization for Economic
commitment by many developed Cooperation and Development (OECD)
countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per Development Assistance Committee donors’
cent of gross national income for official gross national income (GNI).
development assistance (ODA/GNI) to
developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20
per cent of ODA/GNI to least
developed countries; ODA providers

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

are encouraged to consider setting a

target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of
ODA/GNI to least developed
countries.

17.3 Mobilize additional financial 17.3.1 Foreign direct investments (FDI),

resources for developing countries from official development assistance and South-
multiple sources. South Cooperation as a proportion of total
domestic budget.

17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United States

dollars) as a proportion of total GDP.

17.4 Assist developing countries in 17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of exports

attaining long-term debt sustainability of goods and services.
through coordinated policies aimed at
fostering debt financing, debt relief and
debt restructuring, as appropriate, and
address the external debt of highly
indebted poor countries to reduce debt
distress.

17.5 Adopt and implement investment 17.5.1 Number of countries that adopt and
promotion regimes for least developed implement investment promotion regimes for
countries. least developed countries.

Technology

17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South 17.6.1 Number of science and/or technology

and triangular regional and cooperation agreements and programmes
international cooperation on and access between countries, by type of cooperation.
to science, technology and innovation
17.6.2 Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions
and enhance knowledge-sharing on
per 100 inhabitants, by speed.
mutually agreed terms, including
through improved coordination among
existing mechanisms, in particular at

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

the United Nations level, and through a

global technology facilitation
mechanism.

17.7 Promote the development, transfer, 17.7.1 Total amount of approved funding for
dissemination and diffusion of developing countries to promote the
environmentally sound technologies to development, transfer, dissemination and
developing countries on favorable diffusion of environmentally sound
terms, including on concessional and technologies.
preferential terms, as mutually agreed.

17.8 Fully operationalize the technology 17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the
bank and science, technology and Internet.
innovation capacity-building
mechanism for least developed
countries by 2017 and enhance the use
of enabling technology, in particular
information and communications
technology.

Capacity-building

17.9 Enhance international support for 17.9.1 Dollar value of financial and technical
implementing effective and targeted assistance (including through North-South,
capacity-building in developing South and triangular cooperation) committed
countries to support national plans to to developing countries.
implement all the Sustainable
Development Goals, including through
North-South, South-South and
triangular cooperation.

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Trade

17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, 17.10.1 Worldwide weighted tariff-average.

open, non-discriminatory and equitable
multilateral trading system under the
World Trade Organization, including
through the conclusion of negotiations
under its Doha Development Agenda.

17.11 Significantly increase the exports 17.11.1 Developing countries’ and least
of developing countries, in particular developed countries’ share of global exports.
with a view to doubling the least
developed countries’ share of global
exports by 2020.

17.12 Realize timely implementation of 17.12.1 Average tariffs faced by developing

duty-free and quota-free market access countries, least developed countries and small
on a lasting basis for all least developed island developing States.
countries, consistent with World Trade
Organization decisions, including by
ensuring that preferential rules of origin
applicable to imports from least
developed countries are transparent
and simple, and contribute to
facilitating market access.

Systemic issues

Policy and institutional coherence

17.13 Enhance global macro-economic 17.13.1 Macroeconomic Dashboard.

stability, including through policy
coordination and policy coherence.

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17.14 Enhance policy coherence for 17.14.1 Number of countries with mechanisms
sustainable development. in place to enhance policy coherence of
sustainable development.

17.15 Respect each country’s policy 17.15.1 Extent of use of country-owned results
space and leadership to establish and frameworks and planning tools by providers
implement policies for poverty of development cooperation.
eradication and sustainable
development.

Multi-stakeholder partnerships

17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership 17.16.1 Number of countries reporting

for Sustainable Development, progress in multi-stakeholder development
complemented by multi-stakeholder effectiveness monitoring frameworks that
partnerships that mobilize and share support the achievement of the sustainable
knowledge, expertise, technology and development goals.
financial resources, to support the
achievement of the Sustainable
Development Goals in all countries, in
particular developing countries.

17.17 Encourage and promote effective 17.17.1 Amount of United States dollars
public, public private and civil society committed to public-private and civil society
partnerships, building on the partnerships.
experience and resourcing strategies of
partnerships.

Data, monitoring and accountability

17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity- 17.18.1 Proportion of sustainable

building support to developing development indicators produced at the
countries, including for least developed national level with full disaggregation when
countries and small island developing relevant to the target, in accordance with the
States, to increase significantly the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics
availability of high-quality, timely and

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

reliable data disaggregated by income, 17.18.2 Number of countries that have

gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory national statistical legislation that complies
status, disability, geographic location with the Fundamental Principles of Official
and other characteristics relevant in Statistics.
national contexts.
17.18.3 Number of countries with a national
statistical plan that is fully funded and under
implementation, by source of funding.

17.19 By 2030, build on existing 17.19.1 Dollar value of all resources made
initiatives to develop measurements of available to strengthen statistical capacity in
progress on sustainable development developing countries.
that complement gross domestic
17.19.2 Proportion of countries that (a) have
product, and support statistical
conducted at least one population and
capacity-building in developing
housing census in the last 10 years; and (b)
countries.
have achieved 100 per cent birth registration
and 80 per cent death registration.

Overview of Integration the SDGs with Government 7FYP in Bangladesh:

Government has integrated the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 7FYP in
Bangladesh. Apparently the 7FYP (7th Five Year Plan 2016-2020) has been prepared in
coordination with the targets of SDGs. Government has claimed that the preparation and
launching of the plan coincided with the global discourse on SDGs and Bangladesh was
one of the forefront countries that played a significant role in formulating the SDGs at
that time. The 7FYP has made a reflection on the core goal of SDGs especially in ending
poverty in all its form. Bangladesh has achieved remarkable success in reducing the
poverty in last few decades. The following table-1 that has reflected the major SDGs
targets that are integrated with government 7FYP in Bangladesh:

Table-2: Integration of SDGs with Govt.7FYP in Bangladesh:

SDGs Integrated Issues (Development Targets)

SDG 1. End poverty in i. Reduction in the head-count poverty ratio by about
all its forms 6.2 percentage points (from 24.8% to 18.6%)
everywhere. ii. Reduction in extreme poverty by about 4.0
percentage points (i.e. 8.9 % in 2020)

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

iii. Spending on Social Protection as a share of GDP to

be increased to 2.3%.
iv. Creation of a Lagging Region Fund.
SDG 2. End hunger, i. Consolidation of Food Transfer Program as
achieve food security suggested by National Social Security Programme.
and improved nutrition ii. Reduce proportion of stunting among under-five
and promote children from 36.1% to 25%.
sustainable agriculture. iii. Reduce proportion of underweight children among
under-five children from 32.6% to 20%.
SDG 3. Ensure healthy i. Under 5 mortality rate to be reduced from 41 to 37
lives and promote per 1000 live births.
wellbeing For all at all ii. Maternal Mortality Ratio to be reduced from 170 to
ages. 105 per 100,000 live births.
iii. Immunization, measles (percent of children under
12 months) to be increased to 100 percent.
iv. Births attended by skilled health staff to be
increased to 65 percent.
v. Reduction of Total Fertility Rate to 2.0.
vi. Increasing Contraceptive Prevalence Rate to 75%.
SDG 4. Ensure inclusive i. Achieving 100% net enrollment rate for primary
and equitable quality and secondary education.
education and promote ii. Ensure quality education at primary, secondary and
lifelong learning tertiary education.
opportunities for all. iii. Percentage of cohort reaching grade 5 to be
increased to 100% from current 80%.
SDG 5. Achieve gender i. Gender Parity Index in tertiary education to be
equality and empower raised from current 0.70 to 1.0.
all women and girls. ii. The ratio of literate female to male for age group 20-
24 to be raised to 100% from the current 86%.
iii. Increase the share of female officers in the public
sector to 25% by 2020.
SDG 6. Ensure i. Safe drinking water to be made available for all
availability and rural and urban population.
sustainable ii. Proportion of urban population with access to
management of water sanitary latrines to be increased to 100 percent and
and sanitation for all. 90 percent for rural population.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7. Ensure access to i. Generation of electricity to be increased to 23,000

affordable, reliable, MW.
sustainable and modern ii. Electricity coverage to be increased to 96%. iii.
energy for all. Increase energy efficiency by 10%.
SDG 8. Promote i. Attaining average real GDP growth rate of 7.4% per
sustained, inclusive and year over the plan period.
sustainable economic ii. Total revenue to be raised from 10.7% of GDP to
growth, full and 16.1% by FY20.
productive employment iii. 12.9 million Additional jobs will be available during
and decent work for all. 7th FYP including some 2 million jobs in abroad.
iv. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) to be increased
substantially to $9.6 billion by FY20 from present
$1.57 billion.
SDG 9. Build resilient i. Focus on fast tracking a number of transformational
infrastructure, promote infrastructure projects.
inclusive and ii. Increase the contribution of the manufacturing
sustainable sector to 21.5% of GDP by FY20 from 17.8% of FY15.
industrialization and
foster innovation.
SDG10. Reduce i. Spending on Social Protection as a share of GDP to
inequality within and be increased to 2.3%of GDP.
among countries. ii. Reduce Income Inequality from 0.458 to downward.
SDG 11. Make cities and i. Access to improved water source will be ensured
human settlements for all urban dwellers.
inclusive, safe, resilient ii. Ensure sustainable urban development that
and sustainable. supports increased productivity, investment and
employment.
SDG 12. Ensure No Action Plan
sustainable
consumption and
production patterns.
SDG 13. Take urgent i. Environmental, Climate Change and disaster risk
action to combat climate reduction considerations are integrated into project
change and its impacts. design, budgetary allocations and implementation
process.
ii. 500 meter wide green belt to be established and
protected along the coast.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 14. Conserve and i. Develop law & regulation in pollution control including
sustainably use the sea vessel and ship breaking industries.
oceans, seas and marine
resources for
sustainable
development.
SDG 15. Protect, restore i. Increase productive forest coverage to 20 percent
and promote with 70% tree density.
sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage
forests, combat
desertification, and halt
and reverse land
degradation and halt
biodiversity loss.
SDG 16. Promote i. To ensure all persons are able to live securely under
peaceful and inclusive the rule of law.
societies for sustainable ii. Enhancing Integrity & Controlling Corruption.
development, provide iii. Strengthen Right to Information (RTI) and Access to
access to justice for all Information process.
and build effective, iv. Making parliamentary process effective.
accountable and
inclusive institutions at
all levels.
Goal 17. Strengthen the i. Develop effective Aid Information Management
means of System (AIMS).
implementation and ii. Ensure development partners’ policy alignment
revitalize the Global and system harmonization.
Partnership for iii. Effective national Policy on Development.
Sustainable Cooperation to guide development cooperation in
Development. Bangladesh.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Proposed Better and Lesser Integrated Sustainable Development Goals:

8 Goals are better integrated in the existing national prioritization processes and rest of
the 9 goals are lesser integrated. These are shown in the following table- 2;

Table-3: Better and Lesser Integrated Goals:

Better Integrated Goals Lesser Integrated Goals

Goal 1: No poverty. Goal 3: Good health and well-being.
Goal 2: Zero hunger. Goal 8: Decent work and economic
growth.
Goal 4: Quality education. Goal 9: Industry, innovation and
infrastructure.
Goal 5: Gender equality. Goal 10: Reduced inequalities.
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation. Goal 11: Sustainable cities and
communities.
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy. Goal 12: Responsible consumption and
production.
Goal 13: Climate action. Goal 14: Life below water Goal.
Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals. Goal 15: Life and land.
Goal 16: Peace, Justice and strong
institutions.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) vs. Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGS):
Particulars MDGS SDGS

Zero Goals The MDG targets for 2015 were The SDGs are designed to finish
set to get us “half way” to the the job – to get to a statistical
goal of ending hunger and “zero” on hunger, poverty,
poverty, with similar preventable child deaths and
proportional goals in other other targets.
fields.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Universal Goals The MDGs were in the context of The SDGs will then be a set of
“rich donors aiding poor goals applicable to every
recipients. Official development country.
assistance (ODA) is now tiny
compared to other resources
flows, and the majority of the
poorest people live in the
middle-income countries.
Inequality is the issue, not
national-level poverty – and this
applies to rich and poor
countries alike.

Inclusive Goal The MDGs were created through The SDGs are being created in
Setting a top-down process. one of the most inclusive
participatory processes the
world has ever seenwith face-
to-face consultations in more
than 100 countries.
Distinguishing In the MDGs, Hunger and The SDGs treat the issue of
Hunger and Poverty were lumped together in poverty separately from Food
Poverty MDG1 – as if solving one would and Nutrition Security.
solve the other.

Funding The MDGs were largely The SDGs put sustainable,

envisioned to be funded by aid inclusive economic
flows – which did not development at the core of the
materialize. strategy, and address the ability
of countries to address social
challenges largely through
improving their own revenue
generating capabilities.

Peace Building Over the past 15 years, we’ve It is controversial in the SDGs,
seen that peaceful, reasonably but so far it has remained there.
well governed countries prosper.
After 2015, experts predict that
the majority of those in extreme
poverty will live in conflict-

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

affected states. The inclusion of

peace-building is thus critical to
the success of ending hunger and
poverty — yet was totally
ignored in the MDGs.

Data Revolution The MDGs said nothing about The SDGs target by 2020 to
monitoring, evaluation and “increase significantly the
accountability. availability of high-quality,
timely and reliable data
disaggregated by income,
gender, age, race, ethnicity,
migratory status, disability,
geographic location and other
characteristics relevant in
national contexts.”

Quality The MDGs focused on quantity The SDGs represent the first
Education (e.g., high enrollment rates) only attempt by the world
to see the quality of education community to focus on the
decline in many societies. quality of education – of
learning – and the role of
education in achieving a more
humane world: “education for
sustainable development and
sustainable lifestyles, human
rights, gender equality,
promotion of a culture of peace
and non-violence, global
citizenship, and appreciation of
cultural diversity and of
culture’s contribution to
sustainable development.”

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Importance of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

A set of 17 goals and 169 targets aimed at resolving the social, economic and
environmental problems troubling the world. Covering the next 15 years, the SDGs
replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). We need the SDGs, because of the
following reasons:

 Around 800 million people still live in extreme poverty and suffer from hunger,
with fragile and conflict-torn states experiencing the highest poverty rates.

 Between 2008 and 2012, 144 million people were displaced from their homes by
natural disasters, a number predicted to rise as the planet warms, bringing more
extreme weather and rising seas.

 Water scarcity affects 40 percent of the global population and is projected to

increase.

 Some 946 million people still practice open defecation.

 Gender inequality persists in spite of more representation for women in

parliaments and more girls going to school.

If we meet the SDGs, the world will improve:

 End poverty and hunger everywhere.

 Combat inequalities within and between countries.

 Build peaceful, just and inclusive societies.

 Protect human rights and promote gender equality and the empowerment of
women and girls.

 Ensure lasting protection of the planet and its natural resources.

 Create conditions for sustainable, inclusive and sustained economic growth,

shared prosperity and decent work for all.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Challenges to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aim to eradicate poverty and
inequalities and spur economic growth while respecting planetary boundaries. Reaching
consensus on global goals that include responsibilities for all countries is certainly worth
a celebration. But these goals are meant to be the bread for daily implementation, not cake
for special occasions. So, there are four important key challenges await world leaders
upon returning home. These are as follows:

1. Involve the Whole of Government:

Goals need to be embraced across ministries and integrated into national planning and
policies to deliver the integrated vision embedded in the SDGs. Some objectives can serve
multiple purposes investing in education will also help gender equality and health.
Moreover, a coherent, coordinated approach to implementation is not just needed in
developing countries. Leaders in developed countries will need to address poverty and
inequalities at home and curb the cross-border impacts of their consumption and
production patterns, which contribute to freshwater scarcity, deforestation, soil
degradation, biodiversity loss and climate change and make poverty eradication harder
to achieve.

2. Engage All Sectors of Society:

Transparency, participatory decision making and mobilizing the strength and innovation
of local governments, the private sector and civil society are essential to implement the
SDG agenda. We know from the Open Government Partnership that multi-stakeholder
initiatives can change lives through citizen engagement. Leaders must now make sure it
happens across all SDGs.

3. Buy-in by Financial Institutions:

Even when made a national priority, implementation of the SDGs will require significant
resources: public and private, national and international, concessional and non-
concessional. Domestic resources will dominate the resource envelope for
implementation in all countries except LDCs, reinforcing the importance of getting
national policies right. Financial institutions such as the World Bank, regional
development banks and new development finance institutions such as the Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank can play a key role by aligning their portfolios with the
SDGs and in stimulating private finance.

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 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

4. Make Stakeholders Accountable:

Reaching the SDGs will require collaboration, coordination and coherence within
governments and engagement with a multitude of partners beyond national
governments. As an intergovernmental system, the United Nations is only able to track
progress of sovereign member states, based on voluntary progress reports. When
national leaders implement the right to environmental transparency, including citizens
in decision making so they can seek accountability and justice, ecosystems that are better-
managed and protected will result.

Perspective Challenges of SDGs in Bangladesh:

The challenge for country like Bangladesh would be how to contextualize the goals and
the indicators and allocate among concerned agencies to plan and implement. Major
challenges identified in achieving SDG are as follows:

 Infrastructural development, renewable affordable energy and its security, skill

development, technology adaptation, policy framework, long term strategies are
meant to be essential to meet SDGs.
 Financing $45 Billion per year will be a key challenge for Bangladesh.
 The seventh five year plan endorsed the SDG goals but marked no clear
indications on sourcing fund, allocation and explicit roadmap with plan of actions
to implement the goals.
 Promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent
work for all.
 Energy security outlook for Bangladesh based on fossil fuel mix of imported and
local.
 LNG and natural gas demand and supply.
 Transition to planned and sustainable industrialization and manufacturing
considering consistent but unplanned growth.
 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Conclusion:
The Sustainable Development Goals make the co-creation of new knowledge among
countries, state institutions and non-state actors a must, and indeed for most countries,
achieving the goals may well depend on it. The proposed universality of the SDGs
underscores the reality that most countries acknowledge.

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References:
 https://sdg.guide/chapter-1-getting-to-know-the-sustainable-development-
goals-e05b9d17801.
 www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/sdgs/transitioning-
form-the-mdgs-to-sdgs.html.
 Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal
Indicators (E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev.1), Annex IV.
 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Implementation Challenges for
Bangladesh, Presented at CPD-IRBD Appreciation Course for the Journalists on
LDC Graduation in the context of SDGs Achievements.
 SDGs and country process in Bangladesh: The Missing Links and where
Assistance is an Obligation of International Community especially in Climate
Compensation and Stopping Illicit Flow, Available at: www.equitybd.net.
 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/09/why-do-we-need-Sdgs/.
 http://.wri.org/blog/2015/09/key-challenges-sdgs.

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