"Pentium-D" (Dual Core Processor) : A Seminar Report On
"Pentium-D" (Dual Core Processor) : A Seminar Report On
On
“PENTIUM-D”
(DUAL CORE PROCESSOR)
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SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Dr. R.K.DESAI ROAD ATHWALINES,
SURAT-395001
CERTIFICATE
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Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to
my guide Ms. NEETI DESAI and my co-guide Mrs. MAYURI MEHTA for sparing their
valuable time. And I would also like to thank them for providing their guidance. They
also supported me patiently listening to my search for material and provide me very
grateful advice for my topic. Really, I heartily thankful to them because they always and
at any time ready for listening me and seeing my searching material. I would also like to
thank our other staff members for providing various resources.
I would like to thank my friends and all people who supported me and helped me to
DHAVAL D CHAUHAN
(Roll no-09)
B.E.-IV 7th Sem. (Computer)
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ABSTRACT
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INDEX
TOPIC: PAGE
NO.
• Introduction…………………………………………….. 6
• History………………………………………………… 11
• Why Pentium-D?.................................................................. 12
• Need for the Intel to develop dual core processor .........……….... 13
• Architecture of Pentium-D..................................................... 14
• Implementation.................................................................. 16
• Memory Requirement.......................................................... 17
• Where to use Pentium-D?...................................................... 18
• Intel Pentium-D used as server processor…………………….... 19
• Which technology is used in Pentium-D..................................... 21
• How it Works?................................................................... 22
• Cost of Pentium and Different Dual Core processor....................... 23
• Difference between various Pentium…………………………. 25
• Future............................................................................. 29
• Advantages....................................................................... 30
• Disadvantages.................................................................... 32
• Conclusion....................................................................... 33
• Reference:........................................................................ 34
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS PENTIUM-D?
The Pentium D was the first announced multicore CPU (along with its more expensive
twin, the Pentium Extreme Edition) from any manufacturer intended for desktop
computers. Intel underscored the significance of this introduction by predicting that by
the end of 2006, over 70% of its shipping desktop CPUs would be multicore. Analysts
have speculated that the clock rate race between Intel and AMD is largely over, with no
more exponential gains in clock rate looking likely. Instead, as long as Moore's Law
holds up, it is expected that the increasing numbers of transistors that chip-makers can
incorporate into their CPUs will be used to increase CPU throughput in other ways, such
as by adding cores, as the Pentium D does.
With the announcement of the Intel Core brand for their future processors, the
Pentium D is the final processor to carry the Pentium brand name that has been at the
forefront of Intel's products since 1993.
A major question for some people getting ready to buy a high-end system is
whether they want or need to have two processors available to them. For anyone doing
video editing, multi-threaded applications, or a lot of multitasking the answer is a very
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clear 'yes'. Then the question becomes whether two separate processors (as in a dual
Xeon or Opteron system) is the way to go, or whether a single dual-core CPU (like a
Pentium D or Athlon64 X2) will do just as well. Dual CPU vs dual core -- which is
better?!
Intel released the first Pentium D products (codenamed "Smithfield") on May 26,
2005, with clock speeds of 2.8, 3.0, and 3.2 GHz. The chips carried model numbers of
820, 830 and 840 respectively. An 805, clocked at 2.66 GHz with a 533 MT/s bus,
appeared in early 2006.
Smithfield is made on a 90nm process with 1MiB of L2 cache per core. The
Smithfield Pentium D does not support Hyper-Threading, although similar Pentium
Extreme Edition counterparts do. Smithfield does not support VT, Intel's virtualization
feature formerly called Vander pool.
The Pentium D processor supports Intel's EM64T technology, the XD Bit and like
most current Pentium 4s, uses the LGA775 form factor on an 800 MT/s bus. The only
motherboards guaranteed to work with the Pentium D (and Extreme Edition) are those
based on the 945, 955 and 975 series of chipsets, as well as the enforce 4 SLI Intel
Edition. The Pentium D 820 won't work with the nForce 4 SLI Intel Edition due to some
power design issues, though they were rectified for the X16 version of the chipset.
Motherboards based on the 915 and 925 series of chipsets will not work at all, as the
chipsets do not have support for more than one processor core (a result of Intel trying to
prevent motherboard manufacturers making Xeon motherboards with the chipsets, as
happened with the 875P). The 865 and 875 series chipsets do have multiprocessor
support, so motherboards based on these chipsets may be Pentium D compatible, so long
as the manufacturer provides an appropriate BIOS update.
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applications, and each core can handle a different application. Most business applications
and games as of 2005 only use a single thread, so for these applications running alone,
the Pentium D will deliver largely the same performance as an older Pentium 4 running at
the same clock rate. However, applications rarely run alone on PCs running Linux, BSD-
family, or Microsoft Windows operating systems.
After a week of confusion following the processor's launch, Intel officially denied
a report in Computerworld Today Australia that the Pentium D includes "secret" digital
rights management features in hardware that could be utilized by Microsoft Windows and
other operating systems, but was not publicly disclosed. While it admitted that there were
some DRM technologies in the 945 and 955 series of chipsets, it stated that the extent of
the technologies was exaggerated, and that the technologies in question had been present
in Intel's chipsets since the 875P.
The newest generation of Pentium D processors are based on the Presler core, a
pairing of "Cedar Mill" cores. Even though Presler is a single package, that package has
two dies in it, enhancing manufacturing yields of the processor over a single die
approach. Presler can be supported by the same chipsets as Smithfield. It is produced
using the 65 nm technology. Presler communicates with the system with an 800 MT/s
FSB (while the Pentium Extreme Edition 955 and 965 use a 1066 MT/s FSB), and the
two cores communicate using the FSB, just as Smithfield does. It also includes VT
(Virtualization Technology, aka Vander pool), EM64T, XD bit and EIST (Enhanced Intel
SpeedStep Technology)¹. It was released in the 1st quarter of 2006. Models include 920,
930, 940, 950 and 960 (2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4 and 3.6 GHz).
¹ - First batch of Presler CPUs (revision B1) have EIST feature turned off by
microcode update because of stability issues. This affects only idle power consumption
and thermal dissipation. Chips with working EIST will start shipping in Q2 2006. They
will have different S-Spec number which can be found in Intel errata documentation, or
here.
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In a single-processor scenario, the CPU-to-north bridge link is point-to-point and
the only real requirement is that it is fast enough to keep the CPU fed with data from
memory.
Above
figure shows the Intel dual core processor. There are two cores in it. Core 0 contains 32
bit and core 1 contains 32 bit
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History
Intel released the first Pentium D products (codenamed "Smithfield") on May 26,
2005, with clock speeds of 2.8, 3.0, and 3.2 GHz. The chips carried model numbers of
820, 830 and 840 respectively. An 805, clocked at 2.66 GHz with a 533 MT/s bus,
appeared in early 2006.
Smithfield is made on a 90nm process with 1MiB of L2 cache per core. The
Smithfield Pentium D does not support Hyper-Threading, although similar Pentium
Extreme Edition counterparts do. Smithfield does not support VT, Intel's virtualization
feature formerly called Vanderpool.
The Pentium D processor supports Intel's EM64T technology, the XD Bit and like
most current Pentium 4s, uses the LGA775 form factor on an 800 MT/s bus. The only
motherboards guaranteed to work with the Pentium D (and Extreme Edition) are those
based on the 945, 955 and 975 series of chipsets, as well as the nForce 4 SLI Intel
Edition. The Pentium D 820 won't work with the nForce 4 SLI Intel Edition due to some
power design issues, though they were rectified for the X16 version of the chipset.
Motherboards based on the 915 and 925 series of chipsets will not work at all, as the
chipsets do not have support for more than one processor core (a result of Intel trying to
prevent motherboard manufacturers making Xeon motherboards with the chipsets, as
happened with the 875P). The 865 and 875 series chipsets do have multiprocessor
support, so motherboards based on these chipsets may be Pentium D compatible, so long
as the manufacturer provides an appropriate BIOS update.
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and games as of 2005 only use a single thread, so for these applications running alone,
the Pentium D will deliver largely the same performance as an older Pentium 4 running at
the same clock rate. However, applications rarely run alone on PCs running Linux, BSD-
family, or Microsoft Windows operating systems.
After a week of confusion following the processor's launch, Intel officially denied
a report in Computerworld Today Australia that the Pentium D includes "secret" digital
rights management features in hardware that could be utilized by Microsoft Windows and
other operating systems, but was not publicly disclosed. While it admitted that there were
some DRM technologies in the 945 and 955 series of chipsets, it stated that the extent of
the technologies was exaggerated, and that the technologies in question had been present
in Intel's chipsets since the 875P.
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Why PENTIUM- D?
Revved up multitasking
With an Intel Pentium D processor-based PC featuring two full processing cores,
you get the flexibility and performance to handle multimedia entertainment, digital photo
editing, even multiple users, simultaneously.
Your PC gets resources for multitasking, and you get to accomplish more while
running multiple applications, such as editing video while downloading music.
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Need for the Intel to develop dual core processor
Intel did not increase the speed of their front-side-bus (the connection
between the CPU and the motherboard) when they switched to dual-core,
meaning that though the processing power doubled, the amount of
bandwidth for each core did not. This puts a bit of a strain on the Intel
design, and likely prevents it from being as powerful as it could be. To
counteract this effect, Intel continues to use faster system memory to keep
information supplied to the processor cores. As a side note, the highest-end
Intel chip, the Pentium Extreme Edition 955, has a higher front-side-bus speed, as well as
having a larger (2MB per core) cache memory and the ability to use Hyper threading
(which all non-Extreme Edition Pentium D processors lack). This makes it a very
tempting choice for those wanting to overcome some of the design handicaps of Intel's
dual-core solution.
AMD, on the other hand, does not use a front-side-bus in the traditional
sense. They use a technology called Hyper Transport to communicate
with the chipset and system memory, and they have also moved the
memory controller from the chipset to the CPU. By having the memory
controller
Directly on the processor, AMD has given their platform a large
advantage, especially with the move to dual-core. The latest generation of AMD single-
core processors can use single- or dual-channel PC3200 memory, but it is interesting to
note that even though dual-channel operation doubles the memory speed, it does not
double the actual memory performance for single-core processors. It appears that dual-
channel memory just provides significantly more bandwidth than a single processor core
can use. However, with dual-cores processors all that extra bandwidth can be put to good
use, allowing the same technology already present in single-core chips to remain
unchanged without causing the same sort of bottleneck Intel suffers from.
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ARCHITECTURE OF PENTIUM- D
Figure 1. The Smithfield (left) and Presler processors generate two bus-interface loads on the
Pentium 4 bus, unlike a single-core processor. The extra bus loading of these dual-core designs
will limit the bus speed to 800MHz. The Xeon version of Presler is called Dempsey, and
a single-core/die version is called Cedar Mill. The bus interface for the dual-core Xeon
processor, code-named to one load. Intel had to integrate the bus interface in order to support two
sockets on one bus and to be able to run the bus at speeds exceeding 533MHz (the frequency
limit for a bus with four processor bus loads).
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From above table Different version of Pentium-D has different core stepping
(SMITHFEILD & PRESLER), here Smithfield version is not actual dual core.
Also, we get FSB speed, CLOCK speed, Support to visualization, Hyper-Threading
Technology.
Going from a 533 MT/s FSB to an 800 MT/s FSB a 3 GHz Pentium 4 achieved a
speed increase of up to 12%, typically around 6%.
Because of the different ways AMD and Intel came into the dual-core market,
each platform deals with the increased communication needs of their new processors
differently. AMD claims that they have been planning the move to dual-core for several
years now, since the first Athlon64s and Opterons were released. The benefit of this can
be seen in the way that the two cores on their processors communicate directly -- the
structure was already in place for the dual cores to work together. Intel, on the other
hand, simply put two of their Pentium cores on the same chip, and if they need to
communicate with each other it has to be done through the motherboard chipset. This is
not as elegant a solution, but it does its job well and allowed Intel to get dual-core designs
to the market quickly. In the future Intel plans to move to a more unified design.
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Memory Requirement
• Here two different caches are there, each contains 2MB, so each core contains
2MB.
• For Intel, we have compiled a comparison between a pair of Xeon 3.0Ghz CPUs
with 1MB cache each and a single Pentium D 830.
• The Pentium D has two cores with each running at 3.0 GHz with 1MB of cache.
• Again, the motherboards themselves are different but each system has the same
amount of memory (2GB) and similar video cards (GeForce 6800GT 256MB).
• There is a little more variation between these two systems because the memory is
configured differently: the Xeon is using two sticks of 1GB PC3200, while the
Pentium is using 4 sticks of 512MB PC2 5400.
• This gives the Pentium D a definite advantage in overall memory bandwidth
available, but that is a very tangible benefit of using the Pentium D line.
• Intel has not yet, as of this writing, updated its Xeon processors and their chipsets
to handle higher speed RAM.
• The RAM that was used in the Pentium D system is standard for that platform, but
even if we wanted to, we could not build a Xeon setup with the same speed of
memory.
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Where to use Pentium-D?
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Intel Pentium-d used as server processor
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Intel is also working with thousands of hardware and software vendors to deliver
the broadest choice of business solutions optimized for Intel® dual-core and
multi-core processor-based servers. Optimized software is particularly critical,
and Intel has over a decade of experience in optimizing code for multi-threaded
throughput, first for multi-processor servers, then for Hyper-Threading
Technology (HT Technology) and now for dual-core processors. Over this time,
Intel has established the tools, resources, expertise and relationships needed to
drive increasing thread-optimization across the full range of business applications.
View a demo highlighting the difference between HT Technology and multi-core
processing.
• Extensive migration support that helps businesses transition smoothly and cost-
effectively to achieve value faster and more reliably. Intel is integrating a variety
of new server technologies in its dual-core processor-based systems to improve
performance, scalability, flexibility and overall business value. Examples include
Intel® Virtualization Technology, Intel® I/O Acceleration Technology (Intel®
I/OAT), Intel® Active Management Technology and Intel® Power Tools. In
conjunction with 64-bit Intel® processors and Hyper-Threading Technology,
these technologies will be instrumental in optimizing value, reducing costs and
mitigating risk in real-world business and IT environments.
Intel is also working with thousands of hardware and software vendors to deliver
the broadest choice of business solutions optimized for Intel® dual-core and
multi-core processor-based servers. Optimized software is particularly critical,
and Intel has over a decade of experience in optimizing code for multi-threaded
throughput, first for multi-processor servers, then for Hyper-Threading
Technology (HT Technology) and now for dual-core processors. Over this time,
Intel has established the tools, resources, expertise and relationships needed to
drive increasing thread-optimization across the full range of business applications.
View a demo highlighting the difference between HT Technology and multi-core
processing.
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Which technology is used in Pentium-D?
• 64-bit pointers
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How it works?
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So, here two CPUs are there ,we give two different acknowledgement CPUs does
all two ACK execute simultaneously from two different cache & control ,cache & control
has two different floating point & integer ,so we execute two different acknowledgement
at a same time. So we get speedy performance.
• But what of pricing for the CPUs? In quantities of 1,000, (which admittedly isn’t much use
to the end user) the Pentium 670 (3.8GHz) costs $851 and for the Pentium D 820
(2.8GHz), you'll have to fork out $241, moving up to $316 for the 830 (3.0GHz) and $530
for the 840 (3.2GHz).
• Based on the benchmarks and my subjective tests, I know which processor I’d prefer –
it’s the dual-core, and for most people I don’t think the faster but less agile Pentium 4 is
going to find many end user customers, especially considering that it costs so much
more.
• The Pentium 4 670 is just more of the same and is expensive to boot. The Pentium D
however, is a decent introduction to dual-core from Intel, and for most consumers it will
be the better choice by far. It's clear that AMD's X2 is a far better performer, but it also
costs a lot more. Ultimately, with Intel's projected pricing, we could see entry level dual
core PCs sooner rather than later.
• TABLE (1): DIFFERENT B/W TWO DUALCOREPROCESSOR AND TABLE (2) IS
DIFFERENT B/W DUAL CORE, SINGLE CORE.
• FROM BELOW TWO TABLES E CAN SAY THAT DUAL CORE PROCESSOR IS
COSTLIER THAN SINGLE CORE, BUT INTEL PENTIUM-D IS NOT COSTLIER THAN
ATHLON 64-BIT PROCESSOR, IT IS CHEAPER.
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Athlon 64 $803
X2 4600+
Athlon 64 $581
X2 4400+ CPU PRICE
$537 $530
Athlon 64 Pentium
X2 4200+ D 840
Pentium $316
D 830
Pentium $241
D 820
CC
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Difference between various Pentium
In many ways, the two CPUs Intel is introducing today are fundamentally similar.
Both are based on the latest version of the Pentium 4's Net burst micro architecture, both
ride on an 800MHz front-side bus, and both are capable of 64-bit computing via Intel's
EM64T extensions. But beyond these wide areas of overlap are deep differences in
approach.
The Pentium 4 670 is arguably the last of an old guard, a CPU intended to extract
maximum performance out of a single processor core. The P4 670 extends the familiar
Pentium 4 600 series one more speed grade, to 3.8GHz, and like the rest of the 600 series,
the P4 670 packs 2MB of onboard cache to further improve performance. For the
privilege of owning a CPU that runs at this dizzying speed, you'll have to pay something
close to Intel's list price of $851.
The cores on the Pentium D 820 pulse along at a relatively leisurely pace of
2.8GHz, but there are two of 'em, so its overall performance in multithreaded applications
or when multitasking may be superior to a single-core CPU. We've already reviewed the
Extreme Edition of Intel's dual-core desktop chip, code-named Smithfield. The Pentium
D is a de-tuned version of the Smithfield core that's had its Hyper-Threading capabilities
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disabled and its clock speed dialed back a few notches to 2.8GHz. In fact, its clock speed
is sufficiently slow that Intel apparently saw no need for the 820 to have power
management features like Enhanced Speed step, the C1E halt state, or TM2 thermal
throttling. Other recent Pentium desktop processors run at 2.8GHz when throttled back,
and the Pentium D 820 is already there.
The real virtue of the Pentium D 820 isn't just its dual processor cores, though; it's
the price. At only $241, the Pentium D 820 signals that Intel is dead serious about
bringing dual-core CPUs to desktop PCs. In fact, the Pentium D's price is low enough to
shake up the whole CPU market. Its arrival presents consumers with a series of stark
choices between single-core and dual-core processors at roughly comparable prices.
That fact, combined with the proliferation of very different model numbering
systems from AMD and Intel, has made head-to-head competitive comparisons of CPUs
quite a bit trickier than in the past. Freed from the constraints of model number-clock
speed comparisons, Intel and AMD have priced their CPUs at points that don't entirely
correspond to one another. I've made an attempt, in the table below, to classify competing
CPUs in a reasonably direct manner, but I may have only succeeded in illustrating the
problem.
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Celeron - Introduced in 1998 (266MHz-2.8GHz)
Less expensive Pentium chips due to smaller L2 caches. First Celerons had no L2 cache,
but 128KB on-die cache was added in 1999. Celerons started out with 66 and 100MHz
system buses that migrated to 400MHz.
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process and housed in a dual cavity PGA package. When introduced, it was touted as
being superior to the Pentium for 32-bit applications.
Maximum Multimedia
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Future
The Pentium D was succeeded by the Intel Core 2 line of processors using the
"Conroe" core based upon the Intel Core Micro architecture, released on July 27, 2006.
Intel Core 2 processors have been released as dual core CPUs only. A single core
variation of the Core 2 has been rumored for 2007, but remains unconfirmed.
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Advantages
Built for advanced applications: Get the most out of your demanding, multi-threaded
applications, perfect for the new world of immersive, high-end entertainment. The Intel
Pentium D processor-bass PC with Intel dual-core processing technology provides the
performance to take advantage of sophisticated gaming software which can result in
realistic game environments and challenging game play.
Multiply your multimedia experience: Combined with a digital media adaptor and a
home network, an Intel Pentium D processor-based PC allows two people to share the
content from one PC - in the same room, or even from different places in the house. For
example, one person can be checking email while the other uses a remote control to
access digital photos stored on the same PC and view them on the TV from the comfort
of their living room.
Dual Core: Provides two execution cores in one physical processor allowing the
platform to do more in less time while enjoying smooth interaction with your PC.
Execute disable Bit: Can help to prevent some classes of viruses and worms that exploit
buffer overrun vulnerabilities thus helping to improve the overall security of the system.
Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology: Processors with Intel EM64T allow platforms
to access larger amounts of memory and will support 64-bit extended operating systems.
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Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology: Enables cooler and quieter PC designs—
depending on system implementation and usage.
Intel Designed Thermal Solution : Includes a 4-pin connector for fan speed control to
help minimize the acoustic noise levels generated from running the fan at higher speeds
for thermal performance. The fan speed control technology is based on actual CPU
temperature and power usage.
• Proximity of multiple CPU cores on the same die have the advantage that the
cache coherency circuitry can operate at a much higher clock rate than is possible
if the signals have to travel off-chip, so combining equivalent CPUs on a single
die significantly improves the performance of cache snoop(alternative: Bus
snooping) operations.
• Assuming that the die can fit into the package, physically, the multi-core CPU
designs require much less Printed Circuit Board (PCB) space than multi-chip
SMP designs.
• A dual-core processor uses slightly less power than two coupled single-core
processors, principally because of the increased power required to drive signals
external to the chip and because the smaller silicon process geometry allows the
cores to operate at lower voltages; such reduction reduces latency. Furthermore,
the cores share some circuitry, like the L2 cache and the interface to the front
side bus (FSB).
In terms of competing technologies for the available silicon die area, multi-core
design can make use of proven CPU core library designs and produce a product
with lower risk of design error than devising a new wider core design. Also,
adding more cache suffers from diminishing returns.
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Disadvantages
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Conclusion
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References
• www.intel.com
• www.X-bitslabs.com
• www.wikipedis.un.org
• www.trustedreviews.com
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