SOLUTIONS for Exam # 3

1. { 15 points } Analyze the signs of the derivatives of the function

f (x) = x3 − 9x2 + 24x

to find the following:
(a) the interval(s) on which f is increasing Answer: (−∞, 2] ∪ [4, +∞)
(b) the interval(s) on which f is decreasing Answer: [2, 4]
(c) the open interval(s) on which f is concave up Answer: (3, +∞)
(d) the interval(s) on which f is concave down Answer: (−∞, 3)
(e) the x-coordinates of all inflection points Answer: x = 3

Calculations: The first derivative is

f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 18x + 24 = 3(x3 − 6x + 8) = 3(x − 2)(x − 4)
and therefore f 0 (x) ≥ 0, if x ≤ 2 or x ≥ 4, and also f 0 (x) ≤ 0 for
2 ≤ x ≤ 4. The second derivative is f 00 = 6x − 18 = 6(x − 3)
which gives that f 00 (x) > 0 for x > 3, f 00 (x) < 0 for x < 3, and x = 3 is
the only inflection point.

2. { 20 points } Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function
2
f (x) = x2 (x − 2) 3 on the interval [−1, 3] ,
and state where those values occur.

The first derivative of the function is

µ ¶ µ ¶
2 2 1 2 1 2 1
f 0 (x) = 2x(x − 2) 3 + x2 (x − 2)− 3 = · 3 x(x − 2)1− 3 + x2 (x − 2)− 3
3 3 3
µ ¶
2 2 8 3
1
( ) 1
= x(x − 2)− 3 3(x − 2) + x = x(x − 2)− 3 (4x − 6) = x(x − 2)− 3 x −
3 3 3
1

2
.

Thus, f 0 is not defined for x = 2 and f 0 (x) = 0 for x = 0 and x = 23 .

All three critical points are in the interval [−1, 3]. We evaluate f (x) at
them and at the ends of the interval
µ ¶ 23
√
µ ¶
2 2 3 3 9 1 9
f (−1) = 1 (−3) 3 = 9 ; f (0) = 0 ; f = − = √ ;
2 4 2 434
2
f (2) = 0 ; f (3) = 32 1 3 = 9
and receive that the absolute maximum of f is 9 at x = 3 and the
absolute minimum is 0 at x = 0 and at x = 2.
3. { 15 points } A sheet of cardboard 6 in square is used to make an open box by
cutting squares of equal size x from the corners and folding up the sides. What
should be x to obtain a box with largest possible volume?

The base of the box is a square with length of the side 6 − 2x, and the
hight of the box is x. Thus, the volume of the box is V (x) = (6 − 2x)2 x.
Since the dimensions of the box cannot be negative, we have that
6 − 2x ≥ 0 and x ≥ 0 which gives that x ∈ [0, 3]. To find the critical
points we examine the derivative

V 0 (x) = 2(6 − 2x)(−2)x + (6 − 2x)2 = (6 − 2x)(−4 + 6 − 2x) = 4(3 − x)(1 − x) .

So, the critical points are x = 3 and x = 1. We evaluate V (x) at 0, 1,
and 3 and receive V (0) = 0, V (1) = 42 (1) = 16, V (3) = 0. Hence, the
maximal volume is 16 cubic inches at x = 1.

4. { 15 points } Determine whether all of the hypotheses of the Mean-Value Theorem

are satisfied on the given interval. If not, state which hypotheses fail; if so, find all
values of c in that interval that satisfy the conclusion of the theorem.

x+3
f (x) = ; [2, 3]
x−1

The function f (x) is continuous for all real x 6= 1 and in particular in

the interval [2, 3]. The derivative
(x − 1) − (x + 3) −4
f 0 (x) = =
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)2
is defined also for all real x 6= 1 and therefore for all x in the interval
(2, 3). Thus, both hypotheses of the Mean-Value Theorem are satisfied
and therefore there exists a point c ∈ (2, 3) such that
3+3 2+3
0 −4 f (3) − f (2) 3−1 − 2−1
f (c) = = = = 3 − 5 = −2
(c − 1)2 3−2 1
−4
From the above equation we receive that (c−1) 2 = −2 and therefore
√
(c − 1)2 √
= 2. Solving the
√ equation gives c − 1 = ± 2 and thus
c = 1 ± 2. Since√ 1 − 2 is not in (2, 3), we have that the only
solution is c = 1 + 2.
5. { 15 points } Evaluate the integral.
2 + x3
Z µ ¶
3
− cos x + √ dx
x 1 − x2
Z µ ¶
2 1
Z Z
= + x2 dx − cos x dx + 3 √ dx
x 1 − x2
x3
= 2 ln |x| + − sin x + 3 sin−1 x + C
3

6. { 15 points } Evaluate the integral

Z r ³ ´
2 2
x− 3 x +1
3 dx
2
u = 1 + x3 .
by making the substitution
³ 2
´0 1
p 2
2 − 2
We have that du = 1 + x 3 dx = 3 x 3 dx = 3 x− 3 dx. Thus,
Z r 3
3 √ 3 ´ 23
Z
2
−3
³ 2 ´ u 2
³ 2
x x 3 + 1 dx = u du = +C = 1+x 3 +C
2 2 32

7. { 15 points } Expand the sum for n = 3 and find its value.

n
X k(n − k)
n
k=1
Express the above sum in closed form for arbitrary n.
3
X k(3 − k) (1)(3 − 1) (2)(3 − 2) (3)(3 − 3) 2 2 0 4
= + + = + + =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
k=1

n n n n
X k(n − k) X kn − k 2 X 1X 2
= = k − k
n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
2
n(n + 1) 1 n(n + 1) 2n + 1 3n + 3n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
= − = −
2 n 2 3 6 6

3n2 + 3n 2n2 + 3n + 1 n2 − 1
= − =
6 6 6
9−1 8 4
For n = 3 the above formula gives = = which confirms the
6 6 3
first calculation.
8. { 15 points } Evaluate the integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
1 √
µ ¶
2
Z
x
e + − 4x dx
0 1 + x2
1 √ 1 1
¶ 1 µ
2
Z Z Z
dx
= ex dx + 2 x dx = ex 0 + 2 tan−1 x 0 − 2
1 + x2
− 4
1
2
3
3
x2 0
| | |
0
1 0
¡ −1 −1
¢ 4³ 3 3
´ ³π ´ 4
= e − e + 2 tan 1 − tan 0 − 1 −0 =e−1+2
2 2 −0 −
3 4 3
π 7
=e+ −
2 3

First Bonus Problem. { 15 points } Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to

find the derivative. Z 2 x
d
√
(ln t)2 dt
dx x

(ln x)2 dx .
R
Let F (x) = Then from the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus Z x2 √
√
(ln t)2 dt = F (x2 ) − F ( x)
x
and using that F (x) = (ln x)2 we receive
0

Z x2
d 2 0 2 0
√ 1
√
(ln t) dt = F (x )(2x) − F ( x) √
dx x 2 x
¡ √ ¢2 1
µ ¶
¡ 2 2
¢ 2 1
= ln x (2x) − ln x √ = (ln x) 8x − √
2 x 8 x

Second Bonus Problem. { 15 points } Evaluate the integral using an appropriate

substitution. ¡ π ¢
Z 1sin x+1
dx
0 (x + 1)2
π −π
Let u= x+1 . Then du = (x+1) 2 dx .
Using that x = 0 7→ u = π and x = 1 7→ u = π2 we receive
Z 1 ¡ π ¢ Z π
sin x+1
π
1 2 1
(x + 1)2
dx = −
π π
sin u du =
π
cos u |π
2

0
1³ π 1 1
( )
´
= cos − cos π = 0 − (−1) =
π 2 π π