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EXPERIMENT 3B: FM Demodulation Using Slope Detector: Lab Report Group #8

The document summarizes an experiment to demodulate an FM wave using a slope detector circuit. Key points: - The circuit diagram includes a 555 timer as a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), capacitors, resistors, a diode, and inductor used in a slope detector circuit. - Oscilloscope traces show the output of the FM generator and demodulated output for pulse and sinusoidal modulating waves, with the demodulated output showing distortions. - Conclusions discuss improving the VCO design and linearity, and an application of the 555 timer in an alarm circuit using a light dependent resistor and switches.

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Girija Shankar Kuanr
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93 views

EXPERIMENT 3B: FM Demodulation Using Slope Detector: Lab Report Group #8

The document summarizes an experiment to demodulate an FM wave using a slope detector circuit. Key points: - The circuit diagram includes a 555 timer as a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), capacitors, resistors, a diode, and inductor used in a slope detector circuit. - Oscilloscope traces show the output of the FM generator and demodulated output for pulse and sinusoidal modulating waves, with the demodulated output showing distortions. - Conclusions discuss improving the VCO design and linearity, and an application of the 555 timer in an alarm circuit using a light dependent resistor and switches.

Uploaded by

Girija Shankar Kuanr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT 3B: FM Demodulation Using Slope Detector

LAB REPORT
Group #8
Objective:
To demodulate FM wave generated by 555 timer (as VCO) using a slope detector circuit.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure1.

Equipment and Components Used:

Component Quantity
10nF Capicator 2

10 KΩ resistor 1
1 KΩ resistor 1
diode 1
1mH Inductor 1
Probes 3
Bread board 1
1. The output of capacitor of FM generator and the output of the envelope detector
observed are shown below.

Figure2. Output of capacitor of FM generator on channel 1 and output of envelope


detector on channel 2

Figure3. Zoomed view of signals in figure2


2. The output of capacitor of FM generator (channel 1) and the demodulated output
(channel 2) for a pulse modulating wave are shown below
Figure4. Output of FM demodulator and voltage across capacitor of FM generator.
The output wave has quiet lot of distortions compared to input signal. This is probably
due to the inaccuracy of the values of capacitor and inductor.
3. For a sinusoidal modulating wave, the output of envelope detector (channel 2) and
the modulated wave (channel 1) are shown below.

Figure5. Output of envelop detector and modulating wave for sinusoidal input
4. For sinusoidal modulating wave the modulated wave (channel 1) and the
demodulated wave (channel 2) are shown below.
Figure6. Demodulated sinusoidal output
5. The FFT of demodulated output signal for pulse modulating wave is shown below.
The impulses occurring at integral multiples of 5 KHz show that output is a periodic
signal with frequency 5 KHz.

Figure7. FFT of demodulated pulse output


Conclusions:
1. The demodulated output for sinusoidal input modulating wave has quiet a lot of
distortions. One reason for this is that the band pass filter does not have ideal linear
characteristics over the pass band region which affects the AM converted wave. Also
the magnitude response is low leading to distortions of output.
2. The most important factor while designing a VCO is the range of voltage for which
there is a linear relation between voltage and frequency. A possible design for VCO is
shown below:

Another factor to keep in mind is the Sweep Range of VCO. It is the range of possible
frequencies produced by VCO. The first op-amp is integrator. (+) terminal gets half of
the control voltage due to voltage divider. When MOSFET is ON, capacitor gets charged
and triangular waveform is obtained. When MOSFET is OFF, capacitor discharges. The
second capacitor is Schmitt Trigger taking triangular waveform as inout and having
2/3Vcc as upper trigger point and 1/3 Vcc as lower trigger point.

3. Another application of IC 555 is in Alarm circuits. (in astable mode).

• A 50 kilohm resistance is connected between Pin 8 and Pin 7 and a 1 kilohm


resistance is connected between Pin 7 and Pin 6.
• Pin 2 is shorted to Pin 6.
• The positive terminal of a 0.047 microfarad capacitor is connected to Pin 6 and
the other end of the capacitor is grounded.
• The speaker is connected to the output Pin 3 through a 4.7 mircofarad capacitor.
The other terminal of the speaker is grounded.
• For detecting light, an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is used. The LDR is
connected between Pin 5 and Pin 8 using DPDT (Double Pole, Double Throw)
switch.
• Another DPDT switch is connected in between Pin 4 and Pin 8 with a 10 Khm
resistance in between.
• Finally we connect Pin 8 to the 5 Volt power supply and Pin 1 is grounded.

Now, whenever the LDR is exposed to direct light or when the LDR is place in complete
darkness, the speaker will produce an alarm. What is explained above, is a simple alarm
circuit using the 555 timer. IC 555 can be used similarly, in major alarm systems.

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