PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 609:2016

Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding System

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Enhancement of Nutrient and
Water Use Efficiency Through Standardization of Engineering Support Systems for Precision
Farming” funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and
Natural Resources Research and Development - Department of Science and Technology
(PCAARRD - DOST).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives Part 3:2003 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soils and Water Management. March 1997. Manual
for Agrohydrology and Engineering Design for Small Water Impounding Project (SWIP)

Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soils and Water Management. Undated. Tender and
Contract DocumentsTechnical Specifications for Small Water Impounding Project (SWIP)

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources Research
and Development - Department of Science and Technology. 1986. The Philippine
Recommends for Small Water Impounding Projects

A-231
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 609:2016
Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding System

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope A-233
2 References A-233
3 Definitions A-233
4 Main Components A-235
5 Site Selection A-236
6 Preliminary Design Activities A-239
7 Design Consideration A-240
7.1 Dam A-240
7.2 Spillway A-246
7.3 Outlet Works A-249
7.4 Irrigation Works A-250

ANNEXES

A Agrohydrologic Studies and Analyses

B Design of Embankment Components
C Spillway Design
D Design of Outlet Works

A-232
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 609:2016

Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding System

1 Scope

This standard specifies the minimum design requirements of a small water

impounding system.

A small water impounding system shall be defined as an earth fill structure built
across a narrow depression or valley to harvest and store rainfall and runoff for
immediate and multiple use. It has a height of 5 m to a maximum of 15 m and service
area of 25 ha to 150 ha.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions through which reference in

this text constitute provisions in this National Standard:

PAES 603: 2016 – Open Channels – Design of Main Canals, Laterals and Farm
Ditches
PAES 606: 2016 – Design of Canal Structures – Road Crossing, Drop, Siphon and
Elevated Flume

3 Definition

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
active storage
volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and normal
water level (see Figure 4a)

3.2
dam
any barrier constructed to store water

3.3
dam height
vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest

3.4
dead storage
volume below the intake structure computed as
V = 20900 × A0.687 where A = drainage area, km2
sediment volume based on 25 years of accumulation in the reservoir (see Figure 4a)

A-233
 PAES 609:2016

3.5
filter drain
dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off fine
materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping (Figure 1)

Figure 1 – Filter Drain

3.6
homogeneous embankment
dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive for slope protection

3.7
Karst topography
geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock,
usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite

3.8
natural spillway
spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or drainage way

3.9
normal storage elevation
maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam or reservoir
without flow in the spillway (see Figure 4a)

3.10
reservoir
part of the system that impounds the runoff

A-234
 PAES 609:2016

3.11
seepage line
phreatic line
line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs

3.12
spillway
channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in the active
storage space of the reservoir

3.13
storage capacity
total capacity at normal water surface elevation

3.14
structural height
vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the bedrock

3.15
upstream face
side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water

3.16
watershed
area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir (see Figure 3)

3.17
water right
privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water

3.18
well-protected reservoir
reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by high mountain barriers

3.19
zoned embankment
dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones of more pervious
materials

4 Main Components

The main components of a small water impounding system are shown in Figure 2.

A-235
A-236
Figure 2 - Main Components of a Small Water Impounding System
PAES 609:2016
 PAES 609:2016

5 Site Selection

5.1 Physical Condition

The ideal site for the dam should be a natural depression or streambed of which slope
is at minimum and then widens out behind some natural constriction as this condition
will require the minimum inputs. Figure 3 shows a general map of a SWIS.

Figure 3 – General Map of a Small Water Impounding System

SOURCE: PCAARRD-DOST. 1986. The Philippine Recommends for Small Water Impounding
Projects

5.1.1 The earth dam should be located at the narrowest section of the depression or
gully such that the width is the shortest possible.

5.1.2 A horseshoe, U-shape or tank dam shall be used in the absence of natural
basin.

5.1.3 Seeps, springs, slides and rock outcrops shall be avoided.

5.1.4 Embankment materials such as clay to sandy clay borrows should be available
at a reasonable proximity and adequate quantity.

5.1.5 Soil shall be well-graded and shall contain at least 30% clay.

5.1.6 The dam site shall have a sound foundation to ensure stability, preferably rock
to avoid excessive leakage.

5.1.7 Spillway shall be located on a consolidated natural formation

A-237
 PAES 609:2016

5.1.8 Natural spillways should be preferred than cut spillways.

5.1.9 Spillway shall be capable of discharging excess water during flood periods
and the outfall must be secured against erosion.

5.1.10 Reservoir inflows shall be dependable and adequate to sustain its purpose.
(see Annex A for the computation of values for dependable and adequate reservoir
inflow)

5.1.11 Reservoir shall be at least 1 ha at normal water level.

5.1.12 Land area to be submerged shall be of relatively low value.

5.1.13 Site shall be accessible by vehicle.

5.1.14 Dam and reservoir sites with the following conditions shall be avoided:
 sink holes
 faults (clearance)
 alluvial deposits
 ant hills
 gravelly areas
 shale and limestone (and other water-soluble sedimentary rock) parent
materials
 mud deposits
 other formations that will allow excessive leakages or loss of impoundment
 mining areas located above the reservoir
 sites on or near a known active earthquake fault
 Karst topography

5.1.15 The subsurface geology of the site shall be determined through a

representative of a subsurface geology of the area not necessarily found in the dam
site itself but in some distant location, roadside cut, outcrops and riverbanks.

5.2 Watershed Condition

5.2.1 The watershed shall be able to provide adequate yield for the reservoir.

5.2.2 It shall have good vegetation cover.

5.2.3 It shall have a maximum slope of 18%.

5.3 Service Area

5.3.1 It shall be located as near as possible to the reservoir site.

5.3.2 It shall commensurate to the expected active storage/capacity of the reservoir.

5.3.3 It shall be contiguous and has developed paddies.

A-238
 PAES 609:2016

5.3.4 It shall have the provision for access road between the dam site and nearest
existing road.

5.4 Socio-economic Consideration

The project shall be economically viable and socially acceptable.

6 Preliminary Design Activities

6.1 Soil and Topographic Surveys

6.1.1 The types of soil in the dam sites, reservoir, watershed and service area as well
as their extent shall be determined.

6.1.2 The soil formation shall be characterized. Borings should be done along the
axis of the dam down to the impervious layer or a depth equal to the proposed height
of the dam.

6.1.3 Types and extent of existing land uses in service and watershed areas shall be
determined.

6.1.4 A soil survey report which includes the soil and topographic survey with
contour interval of 0.5 m and scale of 1:2000 shall be prepared.

6.1.5 The delineation of the boundaries of the contributing watersheds and service
areas shall be presented in the topographic map or in a digital elevation model. The
proposed location of the dam, access roads and service canals shall also be indicated.

6.1.6 A profile cross-section of the stream/depression at the selected site 20 m

upstream and 20 m downstream shall also be included.

6.2 Dam Site Characterization

6.2.1 The depth of overburden that must be removed to reach an acceptable

foundation for the dam wall shall be determined through seismic refraction or other
geographical method.

6.2.2 The rock types which make up the foundation and the extent of the effects of
surface weathering shall be specified.

6.2.3 Engineering properties of the foundation rock types such as strength,

deformability and durability shall be specified.

6.2.4 A full description of the geological structure of the foundation and its defects
such as jointing, faulting and folding of the rock strata shall be specified. The defect
pattern in the rock mass shall also be identified including orientation, spacing, extent
or persistence and aperture or openness.

6.3 Agrohydrologic Analyses

A-239
 PAES 609:2016

Agrohydrologic parameters shall be determined prior to the design of the structures

and components involved in the project. There are three major parameters considered:

6.3.1 Run-off and inflow hydrograph

6.3.2 Field water balance

6.3.3 Reservoir inflow

The process of determining each parameter is detailed in Annex A.

7 Design Considerations

7.1 Dam

The dam shall be structurally stable under all conditions and shall be sufficiently
water tight. Components and profile of an earth-fill dam is given in Figure 4.

Figure 4a – Vertical Components of an Earth-fill Dam

Figure 4b – Profile along Dam Axis

A-240
 PAES 609:2016

7.1.1 Dam height shall be determined based on the vertical storage requirements:
dead storage, active storage, flood surcharge and freeboard as shown in Figure 4a.
Section A.6 of Annex A shows an outline for dam height computation.

 Dead Storage - unless amended later, the sediment volume shall be computed
based on 25 years of accumulation in the reservoir.

 Active Storage - this shall be determined based on reservoir operation studies

(see section A.4 of Annex A)

 Flood Surcharge - this shall be determined by flood routing (see section A.5 of
Annex A)

 Freeboard - this shall be computed based on the wave run-up and embankment
settlement shown in the formula below
4
Fb1 = 1.5(0.032 √FV + 0.763 − 0.271 √F)
Fb2 = 2% to 5% of dam height
Fb = Fb1 + Fb2
where
Fb1 = freeboard due to wave run-up, m
F = reservoir effective fetch, km
V = wind velocity, km/h
Fb2 = freeboard due to embankment settlement, m
Fb = total freeboard, m

7.1.2 The dam crest width shall be computed based on the following criteria. The
largest computed dimension shall be adapted as the dam crest width.

7.1.2.1 The minimum width for maintenance purposes is 4 m.

7.1.2.2 W1 = 5/3√H1 where W1 = width of the dam crest, m; H1 = dam height, m

H2
7.1.2.3 W2 = 5
+ 10 where W2 = width of the dam crest, ft; H2 = dam height, ft

7.1.3 The type of suitable dam shall be selected based on the availability and
excavation costs of the materials for construction..

7.1.3.1 Homogeneous/Modified Homogeneous Type -This type shall be considered

if the supply of materials of low permeability such as sandy or silty clay and other
clayey material is abundant.

7.1.3.1.1 Composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive of slope

protection

7.1.3.1.2 The embankment material must be sufficiently impervious to provide

adequate water barrier

7.1.3.1.3 The slopes must be stable under critical loading condition

A-241
 PAES 609:2016

7.1.3.1.4 Modified by using carefully placed pervious material which help to control
seepage flow and pore pressure development

7.1.3.1.5 Advantages:
 Allows the use of steep slopes by lowering the phreatic level within the
embankment
 The flowing of fine particle with the seepage water is screened off which
prevents piping

7.1.3.1.6 Provisions for Drainage:

 Rockfill Toe - a filter shall be constructed between the embankment proper
and the rockfill toe.
 Horizontal Blanket - shall extend from the downstream toe deep into the
embankment to a distance not greater than 1/3 of the base of the dam but not
so far upstream as to shorten the seepage path too much to critical extent.
 Chimney Drain - shall be provided for better collection capability

7.1.3.2 Zoned Type - This type shall be considered if sufficient quantities of both
pervious and impervious materials are available.

7.1.3.2.1 Components:
 Core - central impervious portion
 Transition zone – filter
 Upstream shell – made of more pervious material which provides stability
against rapid drawdown
 Downstream shell – made of more pervious material which serves asdrain to
control seepage

7.1.3.2.2 Advantages:
 Steeper slopes could be adopted with consequent reduction in total volume of
embankment materials.
 A wide variety of materials could be utilized hence utilization of materials
excavated structure could be maximized.
 Better stability against earthquake, cracking and settlement could be provided.

A-242
 PAES 609:2016

7.1.4 The embankment slopes shall be stable against the most adverse conditions
which they can be subjected.

 Upstream Face – The slope shall be checked against drawdown condition.

The stable slope for the upstream face is 2.75:1.

 Downstream Face– The slope shall be checked against steady seepage with
full reservoir capacity. The stable slope for the upstream face is 2.5:1.

Other recommended values of slopes for homogeneous and zoned dams are presented
in Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1 – Recommended Slopes for Small Homogeneous Earth Fill Dams on Stable
Foundation

Drawdown Embankment Slopes

Case Purpose
Condition Classification2 Upstream Downstream
Homogeneous Detention GC,GM,SC 2.5:1 2:1
or Modified or Slow SM,CL,ML,CH 3:1 2.5:1
Homogeneous Storage MH 3.5:1 2.5:1
GC,GM,SC 3:1 2:1
Modified
Storage Rapid1 SM,CL,ML,CH 3.5:1 2.5:1
Homogeneous
MH 4:1 2.5:1
NOTE From the “Design of Small Dams”, US Bureau of Reclamation
1
Drawdown rates of 0.15 m/day following prolonged storage at high level
2
Definitions:
GC – Clayey, poorly graded gravel-sand-clay mixture
GM – Silty gravel, poorly graded sand-silt mixture
SC – Clayey sand, poorly graded sand-silt mixture
SM – Silty sand, poorly graded sand-silt mixture
CL – Inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity, gravely clay, sandy clay, silty clay, lean
ML – Inorganic silt and very fine sand, rock flour, silty or clayey fine sand with slight
plasticity
CH – Inorganic clay of high plasticity, fat clay
MH – Inorganic silt, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soil, elastic silt

A-243
 PAES 609:2016

Table 2 – Recommended Slopes for Small Zoned Earth Fill Dams on Stable Foundation

Drawdown Shell Core Slopes

Case Purpose Condition Material Material Upstream Downstream
Rockfill GC,GM
Zoned with
Not GW,SP SM,CL
minimum Any 2:1 2:1
Critical ML,CH,
core1 SW or SP
MH
Rockfill GC,GM 2:1 2:1
Detention GW,SP SC,SM 2.25:1 2.25:1
or Storage
Slow
SW or SP CL,ML 2.5:1 2.5:1
Zoned with
CH,MH 3:1 3:1
maximum
Rockfill GC,GM 2.5:1 2:1
core1
GW,GP SC,SM 2.5:1 2.25:1
Storage Rapid2
SW or SP CL,ML 3:1 2.5:1
CH,MH 3.5:1 3:1
NOTE From the “Design of Small Dams”, US Bureau of Reclamation
1
Minimum and maximum size of cores are shown in Figure 5.
2
Drawdown rates of 0.15 m/day following prolonged storage at high level
3
Definitions:
CW – Well-graded, gravel-sand mixture, little or no fine
GP – Poorly gravel, gravel-sand mixture, little or no fine
SW – Well graded sand, gravely sand, little or no fine
SP – Poorly graded sand, gravely sand, little or no fine

Figure 5 – Size of Impervious Core for Zoned Dam

7.1.5 The embankment slopes, upstream and downstream shall be protected against
wave action and erosion, respectively. Sizing of materials for embankment slope
protection is detailed in Annex B.

7.1.5.1 If rock or stone or riprap is available near the site, these materials shall be the
priority of use for the upstream face. Boulder riprap underlain with gravel blanket or
dumped gravel shall be used. The minimum thickness shall be 20 cm.

A-244
 PAES 609:2016

7.1.5.2 The downstream face shall be protected by using grass sodding.

7.1.5.3 For a well-protected reservoir, plain gravel shall be used to protect the
upstream face of the dam.

7.1.5.4 For unprotected reservoir, rock shall be used to protect the upstream face.
Concrete pavement shall be used only in extreme cases.

7.1.5.5 Free flow of water from the upstream face shall be prevented. Embankment
shall be compacted by layers of 20 cm with proctor density of 95%. Sections along
outlets, conduits and joints with concrete sections shall be compacted thoroughly

7.1.5.6 For zoned dams where the downstream outer shell consists of rock or cobbles,
no special treatment of the slope shall be used.

7.1.5.7 For homogeneous/modified homogeneous dams, a layer of cobbles, sodding or

interceptor canals shall be used to protect the downstream slope.

7.1.5.8 A gutter made of grouted rock or cobbles shall be provided to control the
development of unsightly gullies at the contact between the embankment and the
abutments.

7.1.5.9 The foundation shear stress shall be smaller than the shear strength to provide
a suitable margin of safety. Foundation with silt or quicksand shall not be used.

7.1.6 The seepage line shall be well within the downstream face of the dam. The
downstream face of the dam shall be provided with rock toe drain. The height of
which depends on the height of water at normal water level. The rock toe has usually
a height of 1/3 the hydraulic head.

7.1.7 Core trench along the centerline of dam axis shall be provided to cut off seepage
across the foundation.

7.1.8 To prevent the migration of small particles and to screen off fine materials that
flow with seepage water through the embankment, the filter shall satisfy the following
requirements:

 The graduation shall be able to prevent the soil particles from entering the
filter and clogging it.

 The capacity of the filter shall adequately handle total seepage flow.

 The filter shall be permeable enough to provide easy access of seepage water
to reduce the uplift forces.

7.1.9 Multi-layer of filters although more effective must be avoided in general since
these are costly. If sufficient quantities of filter material are available at reasonable
cost, it would be more economical to provide thick layers rather than process material
to meet exact requirements for a thin filter design. Determination of the thickness of
the filter drain is presented in section B.2 of Annex B.

A-245
 PAES 609:2016

7.2 Spillway

7.2.1 It shall be hydraulically and structurally adequate and shall provide sufficient
capacity. A spillway diagram is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 – Spillway Diagram

7.2.2 The width of spillway shall be determined from the result of flood routing by
allowing a maximum surcharge height of 1 m. Spillway hydraulics calculation is
detailed in Annex C.

7.2.3 It shall be located such that the spillway discharge will not have the chance to
erode or undermine the downstream toe of the dam.

7.2.4 The bounding surfaces at critical sections shall be protected with concrete
lining or erosion resistant material.

7.2.5 Type of spillway

If geologic conditions will allow, side channel or chute type spillway shall be
constructed. Unless excavation is excessive or too difficult, a chute spillway can be
made to pass on the saddle on either left or right side of the proposed dam wherein the
alignment may lead to an adjacent drainage way or to the same stream below the dam.

7.2.6 Control Section

7.2.6.1 The control section of a side channel spillway may consist of a concrete ogee
weir or sill.

7.2.6.2 The use of a flat approach control for a chute spillway should be prioritized for
economy, simplicity and ease of construction. The flat approach may be lined or not

A-246
 PAES 609:2016

depending on the approach velocity or structural requirements. Other than the flat
approach, the control section may consist of an ogee or sharp-crested weir.

7.2.7 Discharge Channel

7.2.7.1 The discharge channel shall have a single straight slope for hydraulic
efficiency and structural stability. The slope shall be approximately equal to the
general slope of the existing ground.

7.2.7.2 The cross-sectional shape of the channel may be trapezoidal, rectangular or

combination of both.

7.2.7.3 The channel can be lined or unlined depending on the channel velocity.

7.2.7.4 In designing unlined channels, Table 3 showing the permissible velocities for
cohesive soils shall be used.

7.2.7.5 For lined channels, linings can be of concrete, riprap or grass. Table 4 shows
the permissible velocities for different types of grass. This table shall be used only as
basis of comparison with similar types of grass found locally.

Table 3 - Maximum Permissible Velocities for Cohesive Soils

Water Transporting Colloidal

Clear Unit Silts
Water
Material n Tractive Unit Tractive
V V
(ft/s) Force Force
(ft/s)
Fine sand, colloidal 0.020 1.50 0.027 2.50 0.075
Sandy loam, non-colloidal 0.020 1.75 0.037 2.50 0.075
Silt loam, non-colloidal 0.020 2.00 0.048 3.00 0.11
Alluvial silt, non-colloidal 0.020 2.00 0.048 3.50 1.15
Ordinary firm loam 0.020 2.50 0.075 3.50 0.15
Volcanic ash 0.020 2.50 0.075 3.50 0.15
Stiff clay, very colloidal 0.025 3.75 0.26 5.00 0.46
Alluvial silts, colloidal 0.025 3.75 0.26 5.00 0.46
Shales& hard pans 0.025 6.00 0.67 6.00 0.67
Fine gravel 0.020 2.50 0.075 5.00 0.32
Graded loam to cobbles
0.030 3.75 0.38 5.00 0.66
when non-colloidal
Graded silts to cobbles 0.030 4.00 0.43 5.50 0.80
when colloidal
Coarse gravel, non- 0.025 4.00 0.30 6.00 0.67
colloidal
Cobble and shingle 0.035 5.00 0.91 5.50 1.10

Table 4 - Maximum Permissible Velocities for Grassed Channels

A-247
 PAES 609:2016

Permissible Velocity
Slope
Grass Cover Erosion
Range (%) Easily Eroded
Resistant
Soil
Soils
up to 5 8 6
1. Bermuda grass 5 to 10 7 5
over 10 6 4

2. Buffalo grass up to 5 7 5
Kentucky blue grass 5 to 10 6 4
Smooth Brome over 10 5 3
Blue Grama

3. Lespedeza sericea
Weeping love grass 3.5 2.5
Yellow bluestem
Kudzu up to 51
Alfalfa
Crabgrass

4. Common Lespedeza2 3.5 2.5

Sudan Grass2 up to 5 1

NOTE 1 From US Conservation Service.

NOTE 2 Values apply to average uniform stands of cover.
NOTE 3 Velocities exceeding 5 fps are to be used only where good covers and
proper maintenance can be obtained.
1
Not to be used on slopes steeper than 5%
2
Used on mild slopes or as temporary cover until permanent covers are
established

7.2.7.6 The flow depth along the discharge channel shall be determined based on the
Manning’s formula.

7.2.7.7 Freeboard channel shall be computed based on the average depth of flow
within the reach.

7.2.7.8 The terminal structure of unlined and grassed channels shall be as simple as
possible. It may consist of a concrete sill at downstream end of the channel and a
dumped riprap from the sill to a distance downstream equal to the channel width.

7.2.7.9 The terminal structure of riprapped and concrete lined-channels may consist of
an unsubmerged deflector bucket or a hydraulic jump type basin.

7.2.7.10 Formulas used and computation details related to the spillway are presented
in Annex C.

A-248
 PAES 609:2016

7.3 Outlet Works

7.3.1 The outlet works shall be able to regulate the release of water that may be
dictated by the downstream requirements.

7.3.2 It is recommended to adapt a canal outlet with closed conduit waterway

flowing under pressure and gated at the downstream end. This system consists of the
following:

 a concrete intake provided with trashrack for protection against debris

 steel pressure pipe waterway
 outlet with gate valve and energy dissipator

The physical arrangement is shown in Figure 7 and the methodology of design is

presented in Annex D.

Figure 7 – Physical Arrangement of Outlet Works

7.3.3 The provisions in this section shall be applicable to the above specified outlet
works system.

7.3.4 The design discharge-head combination shall be based on the large discharge
under low head. This combination shall be obtained from the reservoir operation
studies.

7.3.5 The size of the discharge pipe shall be computed based on a full conduit flow.
Details of computation are shown in Annex D.

7.3.6 The size of the impact type dissipator shall be determined as outlined in
Annex D.

7.3.7 A minimum of temperature reinforcement for the concrete structural

components shall be required.

A-249
 PAES 609:2016

7.3.8 Joints of the steel discharge pipe shall be water tight. This can be achieved by
using couplings that remain water tight after movement or settlement of the pipe.

7.3.9 Methods of bedding and backfilling shall prevent unequal settlement along the
pipe length and shall secure the most possible distribution of load on the foundation.

7.3.10 Tight contact between the fill and the conduit surface shall be secured.

7.4 Irrigation Works

Provisions and design procedures for irrigation works are detailed in

PAES 603: 2016 – Open Channels – Design of Main Canals, Laterals and Farm
Ditches
PAES 606: 2016 – Design of Canal Structures – Road Crossing, Drop, Siphon and
Elevated Flume

A-250
 PAES 609:2016

ANNEX A
Agrohydrologic Studies and Analyses
(Informative)

A.1 Estimation of Runoff and Derivation of Inflow Hydrograph

Required Data:
 Drainage area
 Mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge
 Mainstream outlet to point nearest basin centroid
 Elevation difference
 Watershed Gradient
 Soil Type
 Land Cover
 Land Use

A.1.1 Determine the parameters for a synthetic unit hydrograph using an appropriate
method. In this annex, Snyder’s method is used.

A.1.1.1 Lag Time

LLc a
TL = Ct × ( )
√Y
where
TL = lag time, h
Ct = coefficient with values :
1.2 for mountains drainage area
0.72 for foothill drainage area
0.35 for valley drainage area
L = mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge, mi
Lc = mainstream length from outlet to the nearest basin centroid, mi
Y = watershed gradient
a = 0.38

If the standard rainfall duration, ∆D is not equal to TL/5.5, adjust the computed TL as
shown in section A.1.1.2.

A.1.1.2 Adjusted Lag Time

1 TL
Adjusted TL = TL + (∆D − )
4 5.5
where
∆D = standard rainfall duration (duration of 1-inch excess rainfall), h

A-251
 PAES 609:2016

A.1.1.3 Time of Concentration

TL
Tc =
0.70
where
Tc = time of concentration, h
TL = lag time, h

A.1.1.4 Time to Peak

1
Tp = ∆D + TL
2
where
Tp = time to peak, h
TL = lag time, h
∆D = standard rainfall duration, h
suggested values of ∆D: 0.5 hr or 0.4 hr where Tc < 3
1 hr where 3<Tc< 6
1/5 Tc where Tc >6

A.1.1.5 Peak Rate of Runoff

0.20A
qp =
TL
where
qp = peak rate of runoff, cm/mm
A = drainage area, km2
TL = lag time, h

A.1.2 Compute for rainfall depth for different durations and tabulate as shown in
Table A.1.

P = iD
aT c
i=
(D + b)d
where
P = rainfall depth, mm
i = computed rainfall intensity using Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF)
Curve, mm/h
D = duration, h
a,b,c,d = regression coefficients of the IDF curve for different locations (see
Table A.2)
T = return period

A.1.3 Rearrange the computed rainfall increments based on 3 maximization patterns.

The sequence for peak at different positions are shown in Figure A.1

A.1.3.1 Peak ∆P1 at middle time position, i= n/2

A.1.3.2 Peak ∆P1 at 1/3 time position, i= n/3

A.1.3.3 Peak ∆P1 at 2/3-time position, i= 2n/3+1

A-252
 PAES 609:2016

Table A.1 – Rainfall Depth, Duration and Rainfall Increments

Sequence Duration, Rainfall Rainfall Depth, Rainfall

D Intensity, I P Increments, ∆P
(h) (mm/hr) (mm) (mm)
1 D1 =∆D 1 P1 ∆P1 = P1
2 D2 =2∆D1 2 P2 ∆P2 = P2-P1
3 D3 =3∆D1 3 P3 ∆P3 = P3-P2

n Dn = nD1 n Pn ∆Pn = Pn-Pn-1

Table A.2 – Regression Coefficients of the Rainfall Intensity-Duration-

Frequency Curve for Different Locations in the Philippines

Region Station/Location a b c d R
Vigan, Ilocos Sur 47.295 0.20 0.2710 0.577 0.9882
1 Baguio City 51.414 - 0.2337 0.343 0.9800
Laoag City 60.676 0.30 0.2370 0.554 0.9944
Tuguegarao, Cagayan 47.263 0.40 0.2290 0.598 0.9949
2
Aparri, Cagayan 53.503 0.20 0.2780 0.610 0.9916
San Agustin, Arayat, - - - - -
Pampanga 48.749 0.40 0.2330 0.690 0.9973
Sta. Cruz, Pampanga 41.687 0.85 0.2220 0.611 0.9976
Dagupan, Pangasinan 53.665 0.10 0.1340 0.575 0.9959
Matalava, Lingayen 0.890 0.10 0.2220 0.611 0.9973
3
Iba, Zamabales 51.960 0.80 0.2020 0.448 0.9951
Cabanatuan City 62.961 0.20 0.1395 0.754 0.9950
Cansinala, Apalit, - - - - -
Pampanga 36.597 - 0.2280 0.568 0.9962
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija 43.209 0.10 0.2150 0.487 0.9942
4 Infanta, Quezon 67.327 0.30 0.2010 0.617 0.9867
Calapan, Mondoro Or. 54.846 0.30 0.2460 0.768 0.9969
MIA 46.863 0.10 0.1940 0.609 0.9979
Pot Area, Manila 58.798 0.20 0.1980 0.679 0.9981
Tayabas, Quezon 39.710 - 0.1320 0.461 0.9912
Casiguran, Quezon 77.587 0.70 0.2380 0.717 0.9849
Alabat, Quezon 55.424 0.20 0.2310 0.491 0.9880
Ambalong, Tanauan, - - - -
Batangas 41.351 - 0.2310 0.511 0.9620
Angono, Rizal 62.314 0.70 0.1910 0.630 0.9934
5 Daet, Camarines Norte 44.553 - 0.2240 0.570 0.9971
Legaspi, City 55.836 0.20 0.2480 0.591 0.9958
Virac, Catanduanes 49.052 0.20 0.2480 0.591 0.9958
6 Iloilo City 44.390 0.15 0.2040 0.670 0.9970
7 Cebu Airport 59.330 0.40 0.2400 0.812 0.9956
Dumaguete City 100.821 1.00 0.2370 1.057 0.9963
8 Borongan, Eastern - - - - -
Samar 51.622 0.10 0.1680 0.581 0.9972
UEP, Catarman, Samar 61.889 0.40 0.2300 0.681 0.9905
Catbalogan, Samar 51.105 0.10 0.2020 0.620 0.9948
Tacloban, Leyte 39.661 0.10 0.1660 0.629 0.9968

A-253
 PAES 609:2016

Table A.2 continued…

9 Zamboanga City 48.571 0.30 0.2090 0.803 0.9973

10 Cagayan de Oro 78.621 0.50 0.1950 0.954 0.9992
Surigao City 61.486 0.60 0.2520 0.602 0.9901
Binatuan, Surigao - - - - -
del Sur 57.433 0.10 0.1340 0.577 0.9932
11 Davao City 81.959 0.50 0.1740 0.945 0.9986

Figure A.1 – Maximization Patterns for Rainfall Increments

A-254
 PAES 609:2016

A.1.4 The succeeding procedures, from section A.1.5 to A.1.8 shall be applied to all
rainfall maximization patterns to determine which will result to maximum rainfall
excess amounts. However, 2/3+1 position pattern usually result to the maximum.

A.1.5 Compute for the initial abstraction.

Ia = 0.2s

1000
s= − 10
W
where
Ia = initial abstraction, in
s = maximum potential difference between rainfall and runoff, in
W = watershed index or runoff curve number which is a function of:
soil group (see Table A.3), antecedent moisture condition (see Table A.4), and
land use cover (Table A.5) in the watershed

A.1.6 Adjust values of W for AMC I and AMC III using Table A.6.

A.1.7 Subtract he computed initial abstraction from the rainfall depth over the
necessary initial number of time increment until Ia is satisfied.

A.1.8 Apply values of uniform retention rate, f, in succeeding time increments so that
the retention depth subtracted each time from a rainfall increment is at most equal to
f × ∆P, Applicable values are given in Table A.7. Tabulated sample computation of
these values is shown in Table A.8.

Table A.3 – Soil Groups for Estimation of Watershed Index W

Soil Soil Characteristics Example

Group
A Soils with very low runoff potential Deep sand with little silt or
clay
B Light soils under/or well - structured Light sandy loam, silty loam
soils with above average infiltration
when thoroughly melted
C Medium soils and shallow soils with Clay loam
below-average infiltration when
thoroughly melted
D Soils with high runoff potential Heavy soils, particularly days
of high swelling capacity, and
very shallow soils underlain
by
dense clay horizons

A-255
 PAES 609:2016

Table A.4 – Antecedent Moisture Conditions for Estimation of Watershed Index

Antecedent Moisture
Rain in the Previous 5 Days
Condition (AMC)
Dormant Season Growing Season
I Less than 0.5 in Less than 1.4 in
II 0.5 in to 1.1 in 1.4 in to 2.1 in
III More than 1.1 in More than 2.1 in

Table A.5 – Values of Watershed Index

(Assuming Antecedent Moisture Condition II)

Land Use Farming Hydrologic Soil Group

or Cover Treatment Condition A B C D
Native Poor 70 80 85 90
pasture or - Fair 50 70 80 85
grassland Good 40 60 75 80
Poor 45 65 75 85
Timbered
- Fair 35 60 75 80
Areas
Good 25 55 70 75
Improved
Permanent Good 30 60 70 80
Pastures
Poor 65 75 85 90
Straightrow
Rotation Good 60 70 80 85
Pastures Poor 65 75 80 85
Contoured
Good 55 70 80 85
Poor 65 75 85 90
Straightrow
Good 70 80 85 90
Crop
Poor 70 80 85 90
Contoured
Good 65 75 80 85
Fallow - - 80 85 90 95
NOTE:
Native pastures - Pastures in poor condition is sparse, heavily grazed pastures with less than
half the total watershed area under plant cover. Pasture in fair condition is moderately
grazed and with between half and three-quarters of the catchment under plant cover. Pasture
in good condition is lightly grazed and with more than three-quarters of the catchment area
under plant cover
Timbered areas - Poor areas are sparsely timbered and heavily grazed with no undergrowth.
Fair areas are moderately grazed, with some undergrowth. Good areas are densely timbered
and ungrazed, with considerable undergrowth.
Improved permanent pastures - Densely sown permanent legume pastures subject to careful
grazing management are considered to be in good hydrologic condition
Rotation pastures - Dense, moderately grazed pastures used as part of a well planned, crop-
pasture-fallow rotation are considered to be in good hydrologic condition. Sparse,
overgrazed or “opportunity” pastures are considered to be poor condition.
Crops - Good hydrologic condition refers to crops which form a part of a well planned and
managed crop-pasture-follow rotation. Poor hydrologic condition refers to crops managed
according to a simple crop-follow-rotation.

A-256
 PAES 609:2016

Table A.6 – Adjustments for Watershed Index

Corresponding Values of W for:

AMC = II AMC = I AMC = III
100 100 100
95 87 99
90 80 98
85 70 97
80 65 95
75 60 90
70 50 90
65 45 85
60 40 80
55 35 75
50 30 70
45 25 65
40 20 60
35 20 55
30 15 50
25 10 45

Table A-7 - Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Group (USBR)
Hydrologic Soil Group Retention Rate, in/h
A 0.4
B 0.24
C 0.12
D 0.04

Table A.8 – Sample Rainfall Excess Computation Using Hydrologic Abstraction

Sequence Rainfall Abstraction Retention Rainfall

Number Increments (mm) (mm) Excess, E
(mm) (mm)
1 7.67 7.67 0.00 0.00
2 8.06 8.06 0.00 0.00
3 8.51 1.20 0.00 7.30
4 9.64 0.00 1.22 8.42
5 10.36 0.00 1.22 9.14
6 12.37 0.00 1.22 11.15
7 13.83 1.22 12.61
8 15.81 1.22 14.59
9 23.34 1.22 22.12
10 32.20 1.22 30.98
11 56.56 1.22 55.34
12 18.70 1.22 17.84
13 11.26 1.22 10.04
14 9.03 1.22 7.81
15 7.33 1.22 6.11

A-257
 PAES 609:2016

A.1.9 Derive the synthetic unit hydrograph using the dimensionless-unit hydrograph.

A.1.9.1 Interpolate the values from Table A.9 until q/qp is less than 0.001.

T ∆D 2∆D 3∆D
= , , , ..
Tp Tp Tp Tp
where
T = corresponding ∆D
Tp = time to peak, h
∆D = standard rainfall duration, h

Table A.9 – Time Ratio and Discharge Ratio for Dimensionless-Unit Hydrograph
Time Ratio Discharge Ratio Time Ratio Discharge Ratio
T/Tp q/qp T/Tp q/qp
0 0 1.5 0.66
0.1 0.015 1.6 0.56
0.2 0.175 1.8 0.42
0.3 0.16 2 0.32
0.4 0.28 2.2 0.24
0.5 0.43 2.4 0.18
0.6 0.6 2.6 0.13
0.7 0.77 2.8 0.098
0.8 0.89 3 0.075
0.9 0.97 3.5 0.036
1 1 4 0.018
1.1 0.98 4.5 0.009
1.2 0.92 5 0.004
1.3 0.84 Infinity 0
1.4 0.75

A.1.9.2 Compute the ordinate of the synthetic unit hydrograph.

q
Ui = ( ) × qp
qp
i
where
Ui = ordinate of synthetic unit hydrograph, cm/mm
(q/qp)i = interpolated value from dimensionless hydrograph
qp = computed peak rate of runoff, cm/mm

A.1.9.3 Determine the correction factor for synthetic unit hydrograph.

3.6 ∑ Ui × ∆D
K=
A

where
K = correction factor
Ui = ordinate of synthetic unit hydrograph, cm/mm
∆D = standard rainfall duration, h
A = drainage area, km2

A-258
 PAES 609:2016

A.1.9.4 Apply correction factor and tabulate results as shown in Table A.10.

Table A.10 – Summary of Values for the Synthetic Unit Hydrograph

Sequence Time Time Ratio Discharge Ratio Ui Adjusted Ui
Number (h) T/Tp q/qp (cm/mm)
Uu = Ui/Ki
1 ∆D ∆D/Tp (q/qp)1 qp Uu1
2 2∆D 2∆D/Tp (q/qp)2 qp Uu2
3 3∆D 3∆D/Tp Interpolated (q/qp)3 qp Uu3
4 4∆D 4∆D/Tp values from (q/qp)4 qp Uu4
5 5∆D 5∆D/Tp Table A.9 (q/qp)5 qp Uu5

n n∆D n∆D/Tp (q/qp)n qp Uun

A.1.9.5 Use the synthetic unit hydrograph according to the convolution equations to
determine the ordinates of the direct runoff hydrograph.

Q1 = Uu1 × E1
Q2 = (Uu1 × E2 ) + (Uu2 × E1 )
Q3 = (Uu1 × E3 ) + (Uu2 × E2 ) + (Uu3 × E1 )
Q4 = (Uu1 × E4 ) + (Uu2 × E3 ) + (Uu3 × E2 ) + (Uu4 × E1 )

where
Qi = runoff value at n∆D
Ei = rainfall excess
Uui = adjusted ordinate of the unit hydrograph

A.2 Field Water Balance Computation

A.2.1 Establish the most suitable cropping pattern and cropping calendar with the
following objectives:

 minimum irrigation requirements

 maximum annual production
 optimum growing conditions for the given crop and growing stages
 growing crop during wet season when water is abundant and irrigation is
minimal

A.2.2 Determine the following required data

A.2.2.1 Dependable Rainfall – 10- day dependable rainfall can be determined using
various hydrologic frequency analysis. Some of these methods are detailed in Annex
D of PAES 602:2016 – Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements.

A-259
 PAES 609:2016

A.2.2.2 Reference Evapotranspiration – determination of the reference

evapotranspiration can be determined using recommended procedures detailed in
Annex B of PAES 602:2016 – Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements.

A.2.2.3 Crop Coefficient – the crop coefficient of the crop grown in the site during
various stages shall be known. Details for some crops are listed in Table 4 of PAES
602:2016 – Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements.

A.2.2.4 Seepage and Percolation Losses – determination of these losses shall be based
on the soil type in the site. Estimated percolation values are shown in Table 5 of
PAES 602:2016 – Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements.

A.2.3 Determine the irrigation requirements using the data above. A step by step
procedure is detailed in PAES 602:2016 – Determination of Irrigation Water
Requirements.

A.3 Estimation of 10-day Reservoir Inflow

A.3.1 For Regions I. III and IV, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons,
estimate the 10-day reservoir inflow as follows:

DQj = RCj × Pj
BFj = F × Qj−1
Qj = DQj + BFj

where
DQj = direct runoff in decade j, mm
RCj = runoff coefficient in decade j, equal to estimated mean monthly runoff
coefficient (see Table A.11)
Pj = 80% dependable rainfall
BFj = baseflow in decade j, mm
F = 10-day reservoir factor
= 0.002+(0.026×DA) where DA is drainage area in km2
NOTE: Obtained from regression equation analysis of several small watersheds <100 km2 in
the Philippines)
Qj = reservoir inflow in decade j, mm
Qj-1 = inflow in the previous decade, mm

A-260
 PAES 609:2016

A.3.2 For other regions in the country which are predominantly characterized by
indistinct, short or no dry season with more or less continuous rainfall, estimate the
10-day reservoir inflow as follows:

DQj = RCj × Pj
BF = a + b × DA
% monthly BF
BFj = BF ×
3
Qj = DQj + BFj

where
DQj = direct runoff in decade j, mm
RCj = runoff coefficient in decade j, equal to estimated mean monthly runoff
coefficient (see Table A.11)
Pj = 80% dependable rainfall
BF = annual baseflow, mm
BFj = baseflow in decade j, mm
a,b =coefficient of linear curve fit (see Table A.11)
DA = drainage area, km2
Qj = reservoir inflow in decade j, mm

A sample computation is shown in Table A.12.

Table A.10 – Regional Runoff Coefficient and Monthly Baseflow Distribution

Region Month % Baseflow Runoff Coefficient
January - 0.25
February - 0.05
March - 0.03
April - 0.03
May - 0.17
June - 0.37
1
July - 0.64
August - 0.67
September - 0.75
October - 0.75
November - 0.61
December - 0.25
January 8.76 0.17
February 7.91 0.17
March 7.22 0.08
April 7.05 0.08
May 6.7 0
June 6.42 0.17
2 July 7.39 0.2
August 8.18 0.34
September 9.37 0.4
October 10.43 0.41
November 10.84 0.44
December 9.72 0.37
a = 286.021, b = -9.72 x 10-1, R = 0.74
3 January - 0.45

A-261
 PAES 609:2016

February - 0.08
March - 0
April - 0
May - 0.24
June - 0.34
July - 0.58
August - 0.7
September - 0.75
October - 0.7
November - 0.4
December - 0.5
January - 0.45
February - 0.44
March - 0.19
April - 0
May - 0
June - 0.19
4
July - 0.19
August - 0.26
September - 0.33
October - 0.47
November - 0.57
December - 0.5
January 9.17 0.5
February 8.69 0.38
March 8.28 0.3
April 7.91 0.25
May 7.64 0.1
June 7.66 0.08
5 July 7.86 0.15
August 8.08 0.15
September 8.31 0.15
October 8.53 0.35
November 8.79 0.39
December 9.07 0.47
a = 2057.31, b = 18.28, R = 0.87
January 8.06 0.39
February 8.1 0.19
March 7.96 0.16
April 8.1 0.16
May 8.26 0.16
June 8.45 0.18
6 July 8.66 0.44
August 8.73 0.44
September 8.6 0.33
October 8.47 0.49
November 8.37 0.39
December 8.21 0.39
a = 1043.65, b = 8.221, R = 0.695
January 8.23 0.26
February 8.07 0.15
7
March 8.09 0.1
April 8.22 0

A-262
 PAES 609:2016

May 8.23 0.09

June 8.35 0.15
July 8.47 0.3
August 8.66 0.3
September 8.57 0.3
October 8.45 0.3
November 8.37 0.3
December 8.29 0.26
a = 1055.85, b = 11.80, R = 0.766
January 9.1 0.38
February 8.8 0.28
March 8.6 0.25
April 8.3 0
May 8.1 0.14
June 7.9 0.22
8 July 7.7 0.3
August 7.6 0.34
September 7.7 0.34
October 7.9 0.51
November 8.4 0.7
December 9 0.7
a = 12.52, b = 14.051, R = 0.872
January 8.53 0.3
February 8.33 0.22
March 8.16 0.08
April 7.94 0
May 8 0
June 8.13 0.07
9 July 8.19 0.14
August 8.32 0.14
September 8.42 0.14
October 8.53 0.24
November 8.66 0.24
December 8.76 0.3
a = 1164.37, b = 30.36, R = 0.999
January 8.51 0.49
February 8.43 0.4
March 8.36 0.37
April 8.29 0.32
May 8.21 0.15
June 8.16 0.15
10 July 8.21 0.15
August 8.27 0.24
September 8.3 0.24
October 8.34 0.28
November 8.4 0.25
December 8.49 0.52
a = 2119.90, b = 6.09, R = 0.562
January 8.42 0.17
February 8.38 0
11 March 8.35 0
April 8.31 0
May 8.3 0.12

A-263
 PAES 609:2016

June 8.25 0.12

July 8.27 0.29
August 8.3 0.29
September 8.32 0.26
October 8.34 0.26
November 8.37 0.23
December 8.39 0.22
a = 152.608, b = 7.53, R = 0.751
January 8.13 0.21
February 7.99 0.12
March 8.03 0
April 8.13 0.13
May 8.24 0.25
June 8.39 0.35
12 July 8.54 0.44
August 8.69 0.45
September 8.66 0.45
October 8.53 0.45
November 8.4 0.21
December 8.26 0.21
a = 1751.61, b = -4.018, R = 0.915

Table A.11 – Sample Derivation of Reservoir Inflow

Region: II
Drainage Area: 187 ha
Month Decade Mean Runoff Direct Baseflow Reservoir
Rainfall Coefficient Runoff (mm) Inflow
(mm) (mm) mm m3
Jan 1 2.08 0.17 0.35 8.30 8.65 1180
2 5.59 0.17 0.95 8.30 9.25 17295
3 15.33 0.17 2.61 8.30 10.91 20393
Feb 4 8.62 0.17 1.47 7.49 8.96 16753
5 8.39 0.17 1.43 7.49 8.92 16681
6 4.99 0.17 0.85 7.49 8.34 15599
Mar 7 13.70 0.08 1.10 6.84 7.94 14839
8 41.09 0.08 3.29 6.84 10.13 18937
9 8.22 0.08 0.66 6.84 7.50 14020
Apr 10 28.38 0.08 2.27 6.88 8.95 16736
11 22.22 0.08 1.78 6.88 8.46 15813

A-264
 PAES 609:2016

A.4 Reservoir Operation Study

The reservoir operation study must be performed to optimize the reservoir to meet
water requirements. In this procedure, it is assumed that the reservoir elevation at the
end of the operation will be equal to the starting elevation

A.4.1 Obtain the following data.

A.4.1.1 Reservoir Inflow – detailed in section A.3 of this standard

A.4.1.2 Reservoir Evaporation Loss – can be determined from meteorological data

A.4.1.3 Irrigation Water Requirements - detailed in PAES 602: 2016 – Determination

of Irrigation Water Requirements

A.4.1.4 Reservoir Area-Capacity Elevation Curve – sections A.4.1.4.1 to A.4.1.4.5

A.4.1.4.1 From the topographic map of the delineated watershed, determine the area
within each contour elevation.

A.4.1.4.2 Determine the average area between consecutive contour elevations.

A.4.1.4.3 From the average area and contour interval, compute for the incremental
volume.

A.4.1.4.4 Determine the accumulated storage by adding the incremental volume

between contour elevations to the preceding accumulated storage. Table A.12 shows a
sample computation for determining the area-capacity elevation curve.

A.4.1.4.5 Construct plots of elevation of the reservoir versus surface area and
elevation of the reservoir versus volume.

A.4.2 From the Elevation-Storage Capacity Curve, determine the normal water
surface (NWS) Elevation. Assume a starting elevation lower than the NWS Elevation.

A.4.3 Follow the procedures detailed in flowchart for the reservoir operation study
shown in Figure A.2. Table A.13 shows the parameters required and computed for the
study.

A.4.4 Check the water surface elevation at the end of last decade of the last
cropping. The starting elevation must be equal or lower than the resulting water
surface elevation.

A.4.5 If two or more consecutive shortages are observed, reduce service area of the
cropping period or adjust the normal water surface elevation.

A-265
 PAES 609:2016

Table A.12 Sample Computation for the Area-Capacity Elevation Curve

Contour Interval: 1
Contour Area Within Average Area Incremental Accumulated
Elevation (m) Contour (m2) (m2) Volume (m3) Storage (m3)
82 40 0 0 0
83 80 60 60 60
84 1600 840 840 900
85 7320 4460 4460 5360
86 16420 11870 11870 17230
87 17720 17070 17070 34300
88 18920 18320 18320 52620
89 19710 19315 19315 71935
90 21250 20480 20480 92415
91 22240 21745 21745 114160
92 31800 27020 27020 141180
93 47880 39840 39840 181020
94 58920 53400 53400 234420
95 73200 66060 66060 300480
96 82880 78040 78040 378520
97 90240 86560 86560 465080
98 109240 99740 99740 564820
99 139270 124255 124255 689075
100 141440 140355 140355 829430

A-266
 PAES 609:2016

Table A.13 – Parameters for the Reservoir Operation Study

Normal Water Surface Elevation: Storage at NWS:

Minimum Elevation: Minimum Storage:
Starting Elevation: Starting Storage:

Decade or Diversion Water Evaporation Irrigation Evaporation Total

Inflow Storage Elevation Shortage Spill
Month Requirement Rate Demand Demand Release
M I DWR ER ID ED R STO EL SRT SPL
- m3 mm mm m3 m3 m3 m3 m m3 m3

A-267
 PAES 609:2016

Figure A.2 – Flow Chart for Reservoir Operation Study

A-268
 PAES 609:2016

A.5 Flood Routing

There are a number of methods used in flood routing such as Modified Pul’s Method,
Goodrich Method and other graphical and analog methods. In this informative annex
a simple and expedient method by arithmetic trial and error will be used.

A.5.1 The following assumptions are applied:

A.5.1.1 All outlets are fully closed and all discharges are allowed to pass only over
the spillway.

A.5.1.2 Water surface in the reservoir is at normal level at the start of the flood.

A.5.2 The following data are required:

A.5.2.1 Inflow hydrograph of the design flood.

A.5.2.2 Reservoir capacity-elevation curve

A.5.2.3 Spillway rating curve or equation for a broad crested weir:

Q = CLH 3/2
where: Q = discharge over the spillway, m3
C = weir coefficient, 1.704
H = surcharge height, m
L = spillway width, m

A.5.3 Follow the procedures detailed in flowchart for flood routing shown in Figure
A.3. Table A.14 shows the parameters required and computed for flood routing.

Table A.14 – Parameters for Flood Routing

Change
Trial Computed
in Storage,
Time ∆T Inflow Elevation, Outflow Elevation,
Storage, S
ELt ELc
∆S
h h Iq, cm Ivol, m3 m Oq, Ovol, m3 m3 m
cm m3

A-269
 PAES 609:2016

Figure A.3 – Flow Chart for Flood Routing

A.6 Summary of Computation

No. Parameter Formula Value

(m)
1 Creek Bed Elevation Basic data
2 Min. Water Surface Elevation From Dead Storage
3 Normal Water Surface Elevation From Reservoir Operation Study
4 Flood Surcharge Height From Flood Routing
5 Max. Water Surface Elevation Item 3 + Item 4
6 Freeboard due to Wave Run-up From section 7.1.1
7 Preliminary Dam Crest Elevation Item 5 + Item 6
8 Preliminary Dam Height Item 7 – Item 1
9 Embankment Settlement From section 7.1.1
10 Final Dam Height Item 8 + Item 9
11 Final Dam Crest Elevation Item 1 + Item 10

A-270
 PAES 609:2016

ANNEX B
Design of Embankment Components
(Informative)

B.1 Embankment Slope Protection

B.1.1 Size of Concrete Cube

0.0023Hw 3 Sr CSc 3 (p − a)
W= S
(S r − 1)
w

4
Hw = 0.032√FV + 0.763 − 0.271 √F

where
W = weight of concrete, tons
Hw = wave height, m
F = effective reservoir fetch, km
V = wind velocity, km/h
Sr = specific gravity of concrete
Sw = specific gravity of water
C = riprap factor (0.54 for hand-laced and 0.80 for dumped)
p = 70% for dumped riprap
a = angle of face slope from horizontal

B.1.2 Size of Rock or Stone

W √1 + S 2
dm = 2.23CHw ×
G − W S(S + 2)
where
dm = riprap diameter, m
W = unit weight of water, ton/m3
G = unit weight of stone, ton/m3
S = slope of embankment
Hw = wave height, m
C = riprap factor (0.54 for hand-laced and 0.80 for dumped)

A-271
 PAES 609:2016

B.2 Filter Drain - required between the impervious core and outer shell of zoned
dams and on horizontal drainage blanket or toe drains of modified homogeneous dams
to prevent migration of small particles and to screen off fine materials that flow with
seepage water

B.2.1 Requirements:

 Graduation must be such that the particles of soil are prevented from entering
the filter and clogging it.
 Capacity of the filter must be such that it adequately handles total seepage
flow.
 Permeability must be great enough to provide easy access of seepage water so
that uplift forces are reduced

B.2.2 Recommended limits to satisfy filter stability criteria:

D15 of filter
 = 5 to 40
D15 of material

where D15 = size at which 15% of the total soil particles are smaller

(provided that the filter does not contain more than 5% of material passing
through No. 200 sieve)

D15 of filter
 =5
D85 of material

where D85 = size at which 85% of the total soil particles are smaller

 The grain size curve of the filter should be roughly parallel to that of the base
material. If more than one filter layer is required, the same criteria are
followed. The finer filter is considered as base material for selection of the
gradation of coarse material.

B.2.3 Design Equation

kt 2 w
Q=
L
where
Q = design seepage value (equivalent to 5-10 times the estimated embankment
seepage)
k = average permeability of filter material
t = thickness of drain
L = length of drain
w = width of drain (perpendicular to flow)

A-272
 PAES 609:2016

ANNEX C
Spillway Design
(Informative)

C.1 Determination of Flow Depth Along the Discharge Channel

C.1.1 For unlined, grassed and riprapped channel, use the Manning’s Equation in a
trial and error solution to detemine the flow depth

(bd + zd)5/3 Qn
=
(b + 2d√z 2 + 1)2/3 √S
where
b = channel bed width, m
d = flow depth, m
z = channel side slope
Q = discharge, m3/s
n = channel roughness coefficient
S = channel slope

C.1.2 For concrete-lined channels where the flow is supercritical, use the Energy,
Manning’s and Continuity Equations in a trial and error solution to determine the flow
depth. The formula below shall be satisfied.

M + dc + hvc = d1 + hv1 + hf1

Figure C.1 – Spillway Flow Profile

A-273
 PAES 609:2016

C.2 Freeboard Along the Discharge Channel

3
Fb = 2.0 + 0.025V √d
where
Fb = freeboard, ft
V = average velocity of the channel reach, fps
d = average depth of flow within the reach, ft

C.3 Terminal Section

C.3.1 Unsubmerged Deflector Bucket

C.3.1.1 Hydraulic design considerations:

 The exit angle must not greater than 30°

 The bucket radius should be long enough to maintain a smooth and

concentric flow. Minimum bucket radius should not be less than 5 times
the depth of flow.

C.3.1.2 Compute the horizontal range of the jet using the formula:

𝐗 = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐀(𝐝 + 𝐡𝐯 )

where
X = horizontal range of the jet, m
A = exit angle of the bucket lip
d = depth of flow at the bucket, m
hv = velocity head, m

C.3.2 USBR Hydraulic Jump Type Basin

Figure C.2 – Dimensions for USBR Basin Computation

A-274
 PAES 609:2016

C.3.2.1 Determine the jump depth, d2 from the nomograph in Figure C.3

C.3.2.2 Compute for the velocity of flow.

Qo
V2 =
bd2
where
V2 = flow velocity after hydraulic jump, m/s
Qo = routed flow, m3/s
b = spillway width, m
d2 = jump depth, m

C.3.2.3 Compute for d1.

2V2 d2 d2 2 d2
d1 = √ + −
g 4 2
where
d1 = depth before jump, m
V2 = flow velocity after hydraulic jump, m/s
d2 = jump depth, m
g = gravitational acceleration, m/s2

C.3.2.4 Select the type of USBR Basin based on the Froude Number shown in Table
C.1.
V
F=
√gd1
where
F = Froude Number
V = velocity at entrance to the basin, m/s
g = gravitational acceleration, m/s2
d1 = depth of flow at the entrance to the basin, m

Table C.1 – USBR Basin Selection

Froude Number USBR Basin

2.5 ≤ F ≤ 4.5 Type IV
F > 4.5 (V ≤ 60 fps) Type III
F > 4.5 (V > 60 fps) Type II

C.3.2.2 Determine the basin length from L/d2 –F curve in Figures C.4 to C.6.

C.3.2.3 Compute for the basin freeboard.

Fb = 0.1(V1 + d2 )

where
Fb = basin freboard, m
V1 = velocity to the entrance of the basin

A-275
 PAES 609:2016

d2 = jump depth, m

Figure C.3 – Stilling Basin Depths Versus Hydraulic Heads for Various Channel
Losses

A-276
 PAES 609:2016

Figure C.4 – Type II USBR Basin (F>45; V>60 fps)

A-277
 PAES 609:2016

Figure C.5 – Type III USBR Basin (F>45; V≤60 fps)

A-278
 PAES 609:2016

Figure C.6 – Type IV USBR Basin

A-279
 PAES 609:2016

C.4 Structural Requirement

The design of a concrete cantilever is shown in Table C.2. Refer to Figure C.7 for the
symbols used.

Figure C.7 – Cantilever Retaining Wall

Table C.7 – Parameters for the Design of a Cantilever Training Wall

Bar # Spacing
H A B C D E- Bars F- Bars

ft in ft-in in ft-in # - in # - in
5 8 1–2 8 0-6 4 – 21 3 - 18
6 8 1–5 8 0-8 4 – 21 3 - 18
7 8 1–8 8 0 - 10 4 – 16 3 - 18
8 12 1 – 11 8 0-9 4 – 20 3 - 18
9 12 2–2 8 1-0 4 – 13 3 - 18
10 12 2–5 8 1–2 4 – 10 3 – 12
11 12 2–8 8 1–5 5 – 10 3 – 12
12 12 2 – 11 8 1–8 6 – 12 4 – 14
13 12 3–2 10 1 – 11 7 – 12 4 – 12
14 12 3–5 10 2–2 8 – 12 4 – 10
15 14 3–8 12 2–3 8 – 12 4 – 12
16 15 3 – 11 12 2–4 8 – 11 4 – 10
17 16 4–2 12 2–6 9 – 13 4–9
18 17 4–4 12 2–7 9 – 11 5 – 10
20 19 4 – 10 12 2 – 11 9 – 10 6 - 11
22 21 5–4 12 3–3 9–8
24 24 5 – 10 12 3–5 9–7 6 – 11
26 26 6–4 12 3–8 9–6 6–9
28 28 6 – 10 12 4–0 9–5 6-9
30 31 7–3 12 4-2 9–5

A-280
 PAES 609:2016

ANNEX D
Outlet Works
(Informative)

D.1 Discharge Pipe Sizing

D.1.1 From the resoervoir operation study in Annex A, select a critical demand-
head, Qd –h, combination which is a considerably large discharge under low head.

D.1.2 Compute for the size of a preliminary pipe.

4Qd
√
π
dp =
(2gh)1/4
where
dp = preliminary pipe diameter, m
Qd = critical demand, m3/s
g = gravitational acceleration, m2/s
h = critical head, m

D.1.3 Select a trial size, dt, of pipe larger than the computed dp.

D.1.4 Compute for the corresponding velocity.

4Qd
Vt = πd2t
( )
4
where
Vt = flow velocity in the trial pipe, m/s
Qd = critical demand, m3/s
dt = trial size of pipe, m

D.1.5 Determine the total minor losses.

Vt 2
hm = × (K t + K e + K b + K V )
2g
where
hm = total minor losses, m
Vt = flow velocity in the trial pipe, m/s
g = gravitational acceleration, m2/s
Kt = trashrack loss
Ke = entrance loss
Kb = bend loss
Kv = valve loss

A-281
 PAES 609:2016

D.1.6 Compute for the friction loss.

Vt 2
hf = f × L ×
2g

185n2
f=
(dt )1/3
where
hf = friction loss, m
f = friction loss coefficient (dt = trial size of pipe, ft)
L = total length of pipe, m
Vt = flow velocity in the trial pipe, m/s
g = gravitational acceleration, m2/s

D.1.7 Determine the total head loss, ht, which is the sum of the total minor loss and
friction loss.

D.1.8 Compute for the net head, hn, which is the difference between the critical head
and total head loss.

D.1.9 Compute for the corresponding discharge for the trial size of the pipe.

πd2t
Qt = √2ghn
4
where
Qd = discharge for the trial size, m3/s
g = gravitational acceleration, m2/s
hn = net head loss, m
dt = trial size of pipe, m

D.1.10 If Qt ≥ Qd, use the trial size as the final pipe diameter. Otherwise, assume
another trial size and repeat sections D.1.4 to D.7.9

D.2 Impact Type Dissipator

Figure D.1 – Impact Stilling Basin

A-282
 PAES 609:2016

D.2.1 Compute for the hydraulic head.

h = NWS − ElD/S
where
h = hydraulic head, m
NWS = normal water surface elevation, m
ELD/S = downstream elevation

D.2.2 Determine the equivalent square opening of the discharge pipe diameter, its
corresponding velocity and Froude number.

πd2
ds = √
4
Vs = √2gh
F = Vs √gds

where
ds = equivalent square opening, m
d = discharge pipe diameter, m
Vs = corresponding velocity, m/s
h = hydraulic head, m
F = Froude number

D.2.3 Compute for the basin width.

W = 2.85 × ds × F × 0.58
where
W = basin width, m
ds = equivalent square opening, m
F = Froude number

D.2.4 Determine the other basin dimensions shown in Figure D.1 using the equations
below. Note that all units are in meters.

H=¾W
a=½W
b = 1/6 W
c = 3/8 W
L = 4/3 W

A-283