Downfall of Muslim Rule: cause and consequences

 Weak successive Rulers: The character of Mughal kings had deteriorated over a period of
time. They had become ease loving and cowardly. The absense of any definite law of
appointment was another important factor. The law of successions not only lead to bitterness,
bloodshed and loss of money.

 Demoralization of Army: The millitary of mughal empire become inefficient because of lack of
millitary training and were using out-dated equipments.

 Lack of Naval Force: The navy was the weakest of Mughal military. The empire did maintain
warships but they were relatively small.

 Arrival of British: All historians are agree on this that arrival of British was the main cause of
the decline of mughal empire.

War of Independence of 1857

The revolt of 1857 was the most severe outburst of anger and discontent accumulated in the hearts of
various sections of indian society.
Political Cause:

 Doctrine of Lapse was the policy by which the state of an issueless deceased ruler would
automatically pass to the British Company.
 The British mistreated various indian and Mughal rulers.
 The British replaced the persian and declared english as the official language.
Religious Cause:

 The use of new type of rifle with a paper cartridges covered with grease. A rumor was spread
that cartridges were made from cow and pig fat. This insulted religious practice of Hindu and
Muslims.
 Missionaries used to come to india to promote their religion.
 Regular rumors were that Sikh and Muslims soldiers were forced to convert to Chritianity.
Social Cause:

 British and Indians were not socially equal, they considered Indian as inferior race.
Economic Cause:

 British made profit from indian wealth

 Practice of imposing high taxes.
Consequences of the revolt of 1857:
 Administration of India was transferred from the East India Company to British Crown.
 Policy of territorial extension was to be abandoned .

 The army was re-organised to strengthen British control over the country and the number
of British soldiers was increased.

 The revolt of 1857 created a big gap between the different religious communities especially the
Hindus and the Muslims as each blamed the other for its failure.

Formation of All India Muslim league and its objective:

On December 30, 1906, Muslim league was formed under the leadership of Aga Khan, the Nawab of
Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk to the notion to safeguard the rights of Indian
Muslims.

Factor promoting the Muslim league

 Lacks of Education: Muslims were isolated from western and technical education.

 Loss Sovereignty by Muslims: 1857 revolt makes British to think that Muslims are dangerous
 for their colonial policy. As they were established their rule after dethroning the Mughal rule.

 Economic backwardness of India: Lack of Industrialisation causes acute unemployment and

British attitude towards cottage industry was poor.

 Objectives of the formation of league

 To promote loyalty of Indian Muslims towards the British government.
 To protect the political and other rights of the Indian Muslims and to place their needs and
aspirations before the Government.
 To overcome on the feeling of hostility among Muslims towards other communities.

Formation of Indian National Congress and its objective:

The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885. By a retired British official in India name Allan
Octavian Hume. He established contact with the some of the most important Indian leader all over the
country and received their cooperation in forming the congress.
The first president of the congress was Womesh Chandra Banerjee.

Objectives of the formation of league

The objectives of the congress, as stated by him, were to bring together leaders from different parts of
the country to remove all possible prejudices of race, religion and region, to discuss important problems
facing the country, and to decide on the activities that the Indian leaders should take up.
Role of Sufi Movement:
The Ulema and sufis played a dominant role in preservation of Islam in India. In the cities the ulema
were the custodians(protector) of the religion. In the remote(far-off) places the sufis played an important
role. The sufis preserved the inner spirit of Islam among the Muslims. They also mixed up with the
masses of low caste Hindus.
Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi:
He was commonly known Mujadid-e-Alfsani which means reformer of second millennium.
Services:
Mughal emperor Akbar had promulgated (introduce) Deen-e-Illahi in place of Islam. After his death
emperor Jehangir sat on the throne.
Shaikh Ahmed Sarhindi wrote letters to Jehangir and his nobleman refuting (disproving) the Deen-e-
Illahi and asking them to follow Islam. Jehangir was misguided by his advisers and he imprisoned the
Shaikh. In jail all the fellow prisoners were grealty impressed by Shaikh Sarhindi and hundreds of non-
Muslim prisoners embraced Islam.At last emperor Jehangir felt sorry and released Shaikh Ahmad. He
also requested the Shaikh to meet him after maghrib everyday. The Shaikh in these meetings talked
about religious affairs.
Shah Waliullah:
Shah Waliullahs father Shah Abdur Rahim was a saint and a great scholar. He had opened a big
Madrassah named Madrssah Rahimia Shah Waliullah was educated in this Madrassah where his father
was teaching. For higher studies he went to Madina.
Services:
He believed that by simply reading Quran in Arabic people cannot understand the message of Allah
which is a complete code of life. He therefore translated Quran in Persian which was the national
language of India at that time. His two sons translated the Quran in Urdu.
He studied the Fiqah of all the four renowned Imams i.e. Hanafi, Shafai, Maliki and Hambli and advised
people to formulate (make) a new legal system based on Quran and Sunnah and to adhere (stay) to
one of the four schools of Fiqah. He also tried to bring the Shias and Sunnis closer.

Kashmir Dispute:
Kashmir dispute is a bone of contention between India and Pakistan since independence of India and
formation of Pakistan. Before Independence from British in 1947. Kashmir was ruled by maharaja of
India from 1820.
The Kashmir Valley’s inhabitants were predominantly Muslims, with a small community of Sikhs and
Kashmiri Pandits; Jammu had a Dogra Hindu majority with a significant Muslim component.
At the time of the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 the State of Jammu and Kashmir had
faced the choice of either joining India or Pakistan but the Maharaja refused to opt for Pakistan. Faced
with the armed revolt by Muslims from Poonch in June 1947, the Maharaja retaliated with brutal force
against them but Pakistan succeeded in capturing several towns, massacred large number of civilians,
and advanced within four miles of the capital, Srinagar. Maharaja requested military aid from India
which was approved that was the first war over Kashmir in 1947-48 India and Pakistan signed a cease-
fire agreement on January 1, 1949 India and Pakistan went to war over Kashmir again in 1965, and the
resulting line of control divided old Jammu and Kashmir into four political units: (1) Ladakh and Jammu
and Kashmir Valley (Indian-occupied Kashmir; (2) Azad Kashmir (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir); (3) the
Northern Area, administered by Pakistan; and (4) Aksai Chin, controlled by China.

Constitutional History of Pakistan:

Liaquat Ali Khan and its objective resolution of 1949

Main Features of Objective Resolution

 Sovereignty of Allah
 Democracy: Elected representation
 Federal Republic based on Islamic Principles, justice, equality and tolerance with an
independent judiciary plus protection of minorities
 Muslim way of life according to teachings of Quran and Sunnah

Constitution of 1956:

 Name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan

 Parliamentary Republic in Nature
 President to be a Muslim
 President to be elected by National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies
 President to appoint Prime Minister and Cabinet elected by the National Assembly
 Equal seats for East and West Pakistan in the legislative Assembly
 President could dissolve National Assembly on the advice of the Prime Minister
 2/3rd majority required to pass any bill and amend the constitution.

Constitution of 1962:

 Presidential form of Government.

 Basic Democracy
 Principle of maximum provincial autonomy, equality of mankind, independence of judiciary,
rights of minorities.
 Islamic advisory council was constituted to advise govt. over Islamic law making.

Constitution of 1973:

 Parliamentary form of Govt

 Prime Minister as the head and real executive of government, Ordinances to be counter signed
by the Prime Minister
 Declared Qadianis or Ahmadis as non muslims
 Bicameral legislature
 Independence of judiciary
 Urdu as national language
 Provincial autonomy guaranteed residuary powers given to the provinces
 A clear and definite definition for Muslim was given.
 An Islamic ideology council was set up for framing of Laws for Islamic injunctions.
Water Dispute
Came into light on April 1st 1948 after partition of punjab. After independence problem arose between
india and pakistan on water distribution. Ferozepur and Madhopur head-works given to india. River
flows into Pakistan territory from across india. India stopped the river Ravi and Sutlej. It cause effect on
economy and agriculture of Pakistan. After that Pakistan used to purchased water from India.

Indus Water Treaty:

Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan in 1960.

Features of Treaty:
 Three major Eastern river Sutlej, Beas and Ravi were given to india.
 Three major Western river Chenab, Jhelum and Indus were given to Pakistan
 Canal and Reservoir construction financed through World Bank.

Education System of Islam:

Islam is a Monotheistic religion, originating with the teaching of Muhammad (SAW), Islam is from
“Asslamah” mean to “the total surrender of oneself to Allah. An adherent of Islam is known as Muslim.
Degree of Knowledge:
Knowledge by inference (Ilm Al-Yaqin): it is based on actual experience (