STREET LIGHT GLOW UPON DETECTING

VEHICLE MOVEMENT

J COMPONENT CONTROL SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By

MD AFRIDI MASUD 17BEC0641

UJJWAL PRAKASH 17BEC0155

CONTROL SYSTEMS (ECE2010)

Name of Faculty: Prof MALAYA KUMAR HOTA

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is a matter of great pleasure for us to express our gratitude to people without whom we
would not have been able to carry out our project successfully.

We would like to thank our faculty, Prof MALAYA KUMAR HOTA for their
continued support in all our endeavours.

Special thanks to all the people who took our survey, without which we wouldn’t have
been able to carry forward our report and analysis.

We thank our friends who helped us in this project through their guidance and
encouragement.

Our thanks and appreciations also go to the team members in developing the project
and people who have willingly helped out with their abilities.
 VIT VELLORE, 632014

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “STREET LIGHT GLOW UPON

DETECTING VEHICLE MOVEMENT” is the bonafide work of
“Afridi and UJJWAL”, who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE
 ABSTRACT
With the increasing energy requirements and demands caused due to the rapid
increase in population, there is a crucial need for better energy management and
using. Our project indirectly aims at the same along with better traffic lighting with
the use of simple optoelectronic requisites in sync with our syllabus.

During the night all the lights on the highway remain switched ON for the vehicles,
but lots of energy is wasted when there is no movement. As a vehicle moves along
the highway, the lights few blocks ahead switch on as the trailing lights go down
to save energy.
 AIM
1. To promote energy efficiency and the balanced use of energy resources.

2. To endorse renewable, and new energy sources and to upkeep energy

variation.
3. To encourage energy proficiency and use of new and renewable energy
source in the transport.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WHY DID WE CHOOSE THE TOPIC?

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4. COMPONENTS REQUIRED

5. PROCEDURE

6. WORKING

7. BENEFITS TO THE SOCIETY

8. RESULT
 1. INTRODUCTION

What is Control Systems?

A control system manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behaviour of other

devices or systems using control loops. It can range from a single home heating
controller using a thermostat controlling a domestic boiler to large Industrial
control systems which are used for controlling processes or machines.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when
an electric current pass through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most
LEDs, it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength and therefore
frequency.

With the use of a system of transistors and capacitors, a band pass filter can be
designed that will filter the digital sound frequencies into the desired categories. This
was the base of our project.

2. WHY DID WE CHOOSE THE TOPIC?

Saving energy means decreasing the amount of energy used while achieving a similar
outcome of end use. Using less energy has lots of benefits – you can save money and
help the environment. Generating energy requires precious natural resources, for
instance coal, oil or gas.

If we didn't have energy efficiency, we'd have to produce or import energy sources like
oil, natural gas, and coal. So, energy efficiency helps us keep more resources on the
earth longer. This project is an attempt to provide a better alternative for highway
lighting and a classic example of how various little alterations can make a huge
difference in the field of energy saving.
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4. COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. IR Sensor

2. Arduino Mini Pro

3. LED

4. Resistor

5. Battery
5. PROCEDURE

1. Design a circuit diagram for the required layout for the project.
2. The next thing we did was finalize and write the code with the help of
various online tools and the according to the requirement of arduino Pro
Mini

3. In the code, we first define the pin outputs of all the components
viz, IR sensor, LEDs. Other components include resistor and jumper
wires.

4. We attach all the components and the IR sensor is given a digital

input and an analog input.

5. If the input sensed by the IR is less than 500 then it’s considered to
be night time and the LEDs should glow but with a low intensity.

6. Finally as a vehicle passes by, a digital input of 0 (if no vehicle) or

1(if there’s a vehicle) is sensed by the IR sensor, and the intensity
increases accordingly.
6. WORKING
Infrared Sensor

IR LED emits infrared rays. Photodetector detects the infrared rays emitted.

If an obstacle is present in the path then as a result the IR light is reflected back and
is detected by the photo detector.

Microcontroller

Analog input is from the Adruino. If input voltage is low, the LED glows with a low
intensity and is dim.

IR sensor gives digital input. If the input from IR sensor is LOW, the intensity of LED
is increased and is no longer dim.
7. BENEFITS TO SOCIETY
When we use less energy, the less energy we need to generate at power plants,
which reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improves the quality of our air. Energy
efficiency helps the economy, too, by saving consumers and businesses millions of
dollars in energy costs.
It’s a no-brainer: When we use less energy, we save precious natural resources and
cut down on pollution.
Energy efficiency safeguards our nation by decreasing the overall demand for energy,
and therefore the need to import and transport fossil fuels.
Safer highway lights will provide better security while travelling in a vehicle at night.
Better light intensity control and cuts down expenditure.
 8. RESULT

We have successfully completed the project and built a prototype that lights up on passing
of vehicles and controls the intensity of light. This project can further be built up and can
really bring a change in energy management and can be economical.

ADRUINO CODE
#define ROAD1_SENSOR A0
#define ROAD1_GREEN 13
#define ROAD1_YELLOW 12
#define ROAD1_RED 11
#define ROAD2_SENSOR A1
#define ROAD2_GREEN 10
#define ROAD2_YELLOW 9
#define ROAD2_RED 8
#define ROAD3_SENSOR A2
#define ROAD3_GREEN 7
#define ROAD3_YELLOW 6
#define ROAD3_RED 5
#define ROAD4_SENSOR A3
#define ROAD4_GREEN 4
#define ROAD4_YELLOW 3
#define ROAD4_RED 2
#define DELAY_GREEN 500 /*500*20mS = 10 sec*/
#define DELAY_YELLOW 100 /*100*20mS = 2 Sec*/
#define STATE_CLOSED 0
#define STATE_CLOSING 1
#define STATE_OPENING 2
#define STATE_OPENED 3
#define openRoad1(){r1s = STATE_OPENING; yellowCount = DELAY_YELLOW;}
#define closeRoad1(){r1s = STATE_CLOSING; yellowCount = DELAY_YELLOW;}
#define openRoad2(){r2s = STATE_OPENING; yellowCount = DELAY_YELLOW;}
#define closeRoad2(){r2s = STATE_CLOSING; yellowCount = DELAY_YELLOW;}
#define openRoad3(){r3s = STATE_OPENING; yellowCount = DELAY_YELLOW;}
#define closeRoad3(){r3s = STATE_CLOSING; yellowCount = DELAY_YELLOW;}
#define openRoad4(){r4s = STATE_OPENING; yellowCount = DELAY_YELLOW;}
#define closeRoad4(){r4s = STATE_CLOSING; yellowCount = DELAY_YELLOW;}
unsigned r1s, r2s, r3s, r4s;
unsigned r1d, r2d, r3d, r4d;
unsigned yellowCount;
unsigned greenCount;
byte s1ls, s2ls, s3ls, s4ls;
void pciSetup();
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.print("Density based traffic control");

pinMode(ROAD1_SENSOR, INPUT);
pinMode(ROAD1_GREEN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD1_YELLOW, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(ROAD1_RED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD2_SENSOR, INPUT);
pinMode(ROAD2_GREEN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD2_YELLOW, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD2_RED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD3_SENSOR, INPUT);
pinMode(ROAD3_GREEN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD3_YELLOW, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD3_RED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD4_SENSOR, INPUT);
pinMode(ROAD4_GREEN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD4_YELLOW, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ROAD4_RED, OUTPUT);

closeRoad1();
closeRoad2();
closeRoad3();
openRoad4();
r4d = r3d = r2d = r1d = 0;
s1ls = s2ls = s3ls = s4ls = 0;
}
void loop() {
byte s1cs, s2cs, s3cs, s4cs;
switch(r1s){
case STATE_CLOSED:
digitalWrite(ROAD1_GREEN, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD1_YELLOW, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD1_RED, HIGH);
break;

case STATE_CLOSING:
if(yellowCount){
digitalWrite(ROAD1_GREEN, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD1_YELLOW, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ROAD1_RED, LOW);
}
else
r1s = STATE_CLOSED;
break;

case STATE_OPENING:
if(!yellowCount){
r1s = STATE_OPENED;
}
break;

case STATE_OPENED:
if(yellowCount){
r1s = STATE_CLOSING;
}else{
digitalWrite(ROAD1_GREEN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ROAD1_YELLOW, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD1_RED, LOW);
}
break;
}
switch(r2s){
case STATE_CLOSED:
digitalWrite(ROAD2_GREEN, LOW);
 digitalWrite(ROAD2_YELLOW, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD2_RED, HIGH);
break;

case STATE_CLOSING:
if(yellowCount){
digitalWrite(ROAD2_GREEN, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD2_YELLOW, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ROAD2_RED, LOW);
}
else
r2s = STATE_CLOSED;
break;

case STATE_OPENING:
if(!yellowCount){
r2s = STATE_OPENED;
}
break;

case STATE_OPENED:
if(yellowCount){
r2s = STATE_CLOSING;
}else{
digitalWrite(ROAD2_GREEN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ROAD2_YELLOW, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD2_RED, LOW);
}
break;
}
switch(r3s){
case STATE_CLOSED:
digitalWrite(ROAD3_GREEN, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD3_YELLOW, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD3_RED, HIGH);
break;

case STATE_CLOSING:
if(yellowCount){
digitalWrite(ROAD3_GREEN, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD3_YELLOW, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ROAD3_RED, LOW);
}
else
r3s = STATE_CLOSED;
break;

case STATE_OPENING:
if(!yellowCount){
r3s = STATE_OPENED;
}
break;

case STATE_OPENED:
if(yellowCount){
r3s = STATE_CLOSING;
}else{
digitalWrite(ROAD3_GREEN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ROAD3_YELLOW, LOW);
 digitalWrite(ROAD3_RED, LOW);
}
break;
}
switch(r4s){
case STATE_CLOSED:
digitalWrite(ROAD4_GREEN, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD4_YELLOW, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD4_RED, HIGH);
break;

case STATE_CLOSING:
if(yellowCount){
digitalWrite(ROAD4_GREEN, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD4_YELLOW, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ROAD4_RED, LOW);
}
else
r4s = STATE_CLOSED;
break;

case STATE_OPENING:
if(!yellowCount){
r4s = STATE_OPENED;
}
break;

case STATE_OPENED:
if(yellowCount){
r4s = STATE_CLOSING;
}else{
digitalWrite(ROAD4_GREEN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ROAD4_YELLOW, LOW);
digitalWrite(ROAD4_RED, LOW);
}
break;
}
s1cs = digitalRead(ROAD1_SENSOR);
s2cs = digitalRead(ROAD2_SENSOR);
s3cs = digitalRead(ROAD3_SENSOR);
s4cs = digitalRead(ROAD4_SENSOR);
if(s1ls != s1cs && s1cs == LOW){
r1d++;
}
s1ls = s1cs;

if(s2ls != s2cs && s2cs == LOW){

r2d++;
}
s2ls = s2cs;

if(s3ls != s3cs && s3cs == LOW){

r3d++;
}
s3ls = s3cs;

if(s4ls != s4cs && s4cs == LOW){

r4d++;
}
 s4ls = s4cs;
if(!greenCount){
if(r1d > r2d && r1d > r3d && r1d > r4d){
r1d = 0;
openRoad1();
}else if(r2d > r3d && r2d > r4d){
r2d = 0;
openRoad2();
}else if(r3d > r4d){
r3d = 0;
openRoad3();
}else{
r4d = 0;
openRoad4();
}
greenCount = DELAY_GREEN;
}

if(!yellowCount && greenCount)

greenCount--;
if(yellowCount)
yellowCount--;
Serial.print(" ROAD 1:");
Serial.print(r1d);
Serial.print(" ROAD 2:");
Serial.print(r2d);
Serial.print(" ROAD 3:");
Serial.print(r3d);
Serial.print(" ROAD 4:");
Serial.print(r4d);
Serial.println();
delay(10);
}